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Document : 160

Title: Lowland Scotch as Spoken in the Lower Strathearn District of Perthshire

Author(s): Wilson, Sir James

THE AUTHORITIES
LOWLAND SCOTCH
AS SPOKEN IN THE
LOWER STRATHEARN DISTRICT
OF PERTHSHIRE.
BY
SIR JAMES WILSON, K.C.S.I.
M.A. EDIN.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
HUMPHREY MILFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH, GLASGOW, NEW YORK
TORONTO, MELBOURNE AND BOMBAY
1915
DEDICATED BY GRACIOUS PERMISSION
TO
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND STRATHEARN
K.G., K.T., ETC., ETC.
A FOREWORD
THE scholarly study of Scottish dialects is no new thing.
More than a century ago its foundations were firmly laid
by the extensive and careful work of Dr. Jamieson, whose
dictionary still remains the great source of information
on the subject. There have been other good and active
workers since his day, but much remains to be done before
the task can be regarded as completed. For the deficiencies
which still have to be made good there are in the main
two reasons. One of these is that the Lowland dialects are
not at all sharply divided from each other, so that there
is little apparent ground for dealing with each of them
separately. The tendency has thus been to consider Scottish
speech as a whole, instead of as a collection of dialects, —
a view which has been greatly assisted by the use of a more
or less standard form for literary purposes. The other
reason is that greater attention has been given to the
vocabulary than to the sounds of the language, though
even here the recorded information is often lacking in
fullness and precision, leaving it doubtful how far a particular
word is in use over a given area.
It is only within recent times that the exact form of
individual dialects has become a subject of serious study,
but in some countries of Europe this branch of philological
investigation has already been carried on very extensively.
A fair number of English dialects have now been dealt
with in this way, and others are being gradually added to
the list, but in Scotland the work is only now beginning to
be seriously undertaken. There can be no doubt that if it
is to be done at all, it should be done without delay;
another generation is certain to modify most dialects in
certain respects, and may possibly obliterate distinctions
which at present are quite clear.
It is therefore a matter for satisfaction that one of the
first studies of a single Scottish dialect — that here presented
to the reader — has been carried out with so much
thoroughness, and presents so complete a survey of its
special theme. It is only by an elaborate display of the
dialect in its several aspects that the outsider can obtain
some idea of its character as a whole. What the author has
aimed at, and on what principles he has conducted his
investigations, are explained in his own Introduction, and
need not be anticipated here. There are broad and narrow
ways of dealing with dialects as well as with other things,
and Sir James Wilson has preferred the broad method, as
being more likely to attract and interest others who may
have opportunities to do similar work. A narrower method,
involving a more elaborate and exact notation of sounds,
would have been likely to appeal only to a limited number
of professional philologists or phoneticians. Even these,
however, if at all acquainted with the ordinary basis of
Scottish speech, will seldom be in doubt as to the precise
sound intended.
Although some excellent studies of English dialects have
been made by scholars who never spoke them, it is a great
advantage to an investigator to possess that familiarity with
his theme which can only result from an early acquaintance
with, and personal use of, the speech of the people. In the
present work several points are clearly brought out one
probably for the first time in print — which would almost
certainly have escaped the notice of an outsider, however
well equipped for his task. Above all, it is only this early
familiarity with a dialect that can give the sure and certain
touch in dealing with it which will be evident to every
Scot who scans the pages of the present volume. May
worthy successors to it arise freely within the next few
years!
W. A. CRAIGIE.
PREFACE
SIR JAMES MURRAY, in the Historical Introduction to his
Account of the Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland,
which, though published forty years ago, is still the standard
authority on Scottish dialects, expressed the hope that a
complete dictionary of the Northern variety of English
speech would be compiled, and that by way of preparation
for such a dictionary a worker in each district would record
the local pronunciation of all the words used in his dialect.
Much has been done in this direction by the publication
of Professor Wright's English Dialect Dictionary, but the
ground covered by that work is so wide that it is difficult
to extract from it general information regarding any
particular dialect or group of dialects ; and the Scottish
Branch of the English Association is now engaged in
collecting materials for a new Scotch Dictionary, which
will give a complete account of all the dialects now spoken
in the Lowland parts of Scotland.
Partly with a view to helping in this useful and patriotic
work, and still more from a love for my native tongue,
I have in this volume recorded the results of a careful study
of the dialect with which I was familiar in my boyhood.
In order to avoid confusion I have confined my inquiries
to the dialect spoken in the valley of the Earn in the
south-east of Perthshire, between the Grampians and the
Ochil Hills, which forms part of the tract called by
Sir James Murray 'The Highland Border', and is included
in the area defined by Professor Wright as 'North Middle
Scotland'. I have not attempted to trace the history of
the words, but have contented myself with giving a true
account, accurate up to the standard at which I have
aimed, of the words, grammar, and idioms actually used
by the best living speakers of the local dialect within
that area.
I am not without hope that this book may be of interest,
not only to scientific students, but to all who feel the charm
of the homely pithy speech of the village folk, and that
it will show the ordinary reader how he can study any
dialect of English, wherever spoken, without necessarily
mastering unfamiliar symbols, which often make works on
local dialects difficult to understand without special study.
Should any one follow my example, and carefully record the
native speech of the people among whom he lives, he will
find that the inquiry itself becomes fascinating, and that
it brings him closer to his neighbours and affords him
a better insight into their character, ideas, and modes of
thought and life.
I have to express my acknowledgements to Sir James
Murray and Dr. Craigie of the New English Dictionary, to
Mr. Grant of the Scottish Branch of the English Association,
and to others who have kindly helped me out of the
wealth of their experience, as well as to Mr. Robert Davie,
Mrs. Allan, Mrs. Hume, and my other old friends at
Dunning, whose thorough and accurate knowledge of our
mother-tongue has been of the greatest use to me.
J. WILSON.
59 CADOGAN SQUARE, LONDON,
February, 1915.
CONTENTS
PAGE
THE AUTHORITES . . . . . . Frontispiece
A FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . 1
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . 3
SPELLING ADOPTED . . . . . . . . . 7
ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . 8
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . 9
REPRESENTATION OF SOUNDS . . . . . . . . . 13
PRONUNCIATION . . . . . . . . . 20
Consonants . . . . . . . . . 21
Vowels . . . . . . . . . 30
Stress on Syllables . . . . . . . . . 57
GRAMMAR . . . . . . . . . 58
Nouns . . . . . . . . . 58
Adjectives . . . . . . . . . 69
Articles . . . . . . . . . 80
Pronouns . . . . . . . . . 81
Adverbs . . . . . . . . . 93
Prepositions . . . . . . . . . 105
Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . 112
Interjections and Exclamations . . . . . . . . . 114
Negatives . . . . . . . . . 117
Verbs . . . . . . . . . 118
LISTS OF WORDS CONNECTED IN MEANING . . . . 139
Parts of the Body . . . . . . . . . 139
Parts of Animals . . . . . . . . . 141
Food . . . . . . . . . 141
Drink . . . . . . . . . 144
Clothes . . . . . . . . . 145
Buildings . . . . . . . . . 146
Furniture and Utensils . . . . . . . . . 148
Domestic Animals . . . . . . . . . 172
Wild Animals, Birds, Fish, Insects, &c. . . . . 154
Gardening . . . . . . . . . 156
Trees and Plants . . . . . . . . . 158
Crops and Farming . . . . . . . . . 159
LISTS OF WORDS CONNECTED IN MEANING (continued) PAGE
Harness, Carts, &c. . . . . . . . . . 161
Farm Buildings, Tools, &c. . . . . . . . . . 162
Christian Names . . . . . . . . . 163
Surnames . . . . . . . . . 165
Place Names . . . . . . . . . 166
Weather . . . . . . . . . 168
Time . . . . . . . . . 169
Days, Months, and Terms . . . . . . . . . 170
Directions . . . . . . . . . 171
Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . 171
Weaving and Spinning . . . . . . . . . 173
Common Occupations . . . . . . . . . 174
Games . . . . . . . . . 174
Health and Sickness . . . . . . . . . 177
Ceremonies . . . . . . . . . 178
Common Adjectives . . . . . . . . . 180
Physical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . 181
Mental and Moral Characteristics . . . . . . . . . 182
Relations . . . . . . . . . 184
Terms of Endearment . . . . . . . . . 185
Words applied to a Girl or Woman . . . . . . . . . 186
Expressions applied to a Miser . . . . . . . . . 186
Expressions relating to Drunkenness . . . . . . . . . 186
PROVERBS AND SAYINGS . . . . . . . . . 187
CHARACTERISTIC AND IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS . . . 196
Conversation in Vowels between Draper and Customer 208
Conversations about Health . . . 208
Threats and Abuse . . . . . . . . . 209
Drinking and Drunkenness . . . . . . . . .  211
IDIOMATIC USES OF WORDS . . . . . . . . . 212
VERSES CURRENT IN STRATHEARN . . . . . . . . . 216
Riddles . . . . . . . . . 216
Children's Rhymes . . . . . . . . . 219
Other Verses . . . . . . . . . 222
Mummers' Verses on the Last Day of the Year . . 226
Toasts . . . . . . . . . 227
NAMES OF SOME WELL-KNOWN SONGS . . 228
A LOCAL BALLAD . . . . . . . . . 230
DICTIONARY . . . . . . . . . 234
SPELLING ADOPTED
IN this book the letters used in spelling Scotch words and in
giving the pronunciation of English words represent the following
sounds.
The consonants are to be pronounced as they ordinarily are in
English, with the following qualifications:
c, k, q have the sound of k in 'kick'.
g has the sound of g in 'gag'.
th has the sound of th in 'thick ', 'thin'.
dh has the sound of th in 'this', 'then'.
hw has the sound of wh in 'which', 'when', as pronounced
in the North of England and Scotland.
r in Scotch words has a distinct trill.
s has the sound of the sibilant in 'hiss'.
z has the sound of the sibilant in 'buzz'.
sh has the sound of the sibilant in 'shop'.
zh has the sound of the sibilant in 'measure'.
kh has the sound of the German ch in 'Nacht'.
ch has the sound of ch in 'church'.
The vowel sounds are represented as follows:
Spelling	Sound as in the E. words
Written Spoken
a man man
aa father faadher
ai or ay rain, day rain, day
au or aw caught, paw caut, paw
e hen hen
ee see see
i pin pin
ii eye ii
o hot hot
oa road road
oi or oy oil, boy oil, boy
oo foot foot
ou or ow out, cow out, cow
u sun sun
ei and ui are not found in Southern English. ei is the vowel
sound in 'mine' as pronounced by a Scotchman. ui is nearly
the French eu in 'peu'.
ABBREVIATIONS
a. adjective.
adv. adverb.
art. article.
cf. compare.
comp. comparative.
conj. conjunction.
dem. demonstrative.
E. Standard English
e. g. for example.
esp. especially.
exc. exclamation.
f. feminine.
fut. future.
i. intransitive.
i. e. that is.
int. interrogative.
inteij. interjection.
m. masculine.
n. noun.
neg. negative.
neut. neuter.
nom. nominative.
num. numeral.
obj. objective.
obs. obsolescent.
pa. past.
pa. p. past participle.
part. participle.
pass. passive.
pers. personal.
pl. plural.
poet. used in poetry.
poss. possessive.
prep. preposition.
pres. present.
pron. pronoun, pronounced.
pr. p. present participle.
ref. reflexive.
reg. regular.
S. Scotch as spoken in
Lower Strathearn.
sing. singular.
sl. slurred.
st. stressed.
subj. subjunctive.
sup. superlative.
t. transitive.
v. verb.
v. aux. verb auxiliary.
v. i. verb intransitive.
v. t. verb transitive,
INTRODUCTION
MY object in compiling this book has been to present a fairly
complete and accurate account of one of the various dialects of
Lowland Scotch, which are really dialects of English speech.
I have selected as my study the dialect spoken in the parish of
Dunning, in which I was brought up, and have noted down its
pronunciation and idioms from the mouths of the village folk,
not from books. Both in this country and elsewhere, the
indigenous speech of the people varies considerably from district
to district, almost from village to village, and natives of other
parts of Scotland will no doubt notice many departures from the
pronunciation familiar to their ears. I find that even such a
short distance away as Crieff, some thirteen miles off, there is
a marked difference in the sound of some of the commonest
vowels, and that east of Perth other differences make their
appearance. It seems safe, however, to call this dialect that of
Lower Strathearn, as the differences to be found within that area
are comparatively insignificant. It will be understood therefore
that in this compilation, when I describe words or expressions
as 'Scotch', I mean Scotch as at present spoken in the Lower
Strathearn district of Perthshire.
To avoid confusion, I have resisted the temptation to make
comparisons with other dialects of the English tongue spoken
either in England, or in the Lowlands of Scotland. But in order
to show more clearly what the speech of Strathearn really is,
I have made a fairly full comparison of the words and expressions
used in this dialect with those of standard English. The subject
of my study is the language as spoken by the people, and for my
present purpose it does not matter how either it or standard
English is written. It is the sound that matters. I have therefore,
as a general rule, placed the standard English word, as
spoken, alongside the Scotch word, spelling the sound of both
according to the system of representing sounds which I have
adopted. This plan has also the advantage of showing clearly
what are the sounds I intend to represent by the different letters
or combinations of letters.
There is one serious difficulty which no doubt presents itself
to all students of dialect in this country. The people from
whose mouths it must be studied have almost all been taught
to read and to speak standard English, and are mostly familiar
with the language as employed in the Bible and other books,
or in the newspapers. Thus, sometimes consciously, sometimes
unconsciously, they use in ordinary speech the English word or
phrase which they have learned in place of the one peculiar to
their mother-tongue, especially if the standard pronunciation is
not very different from that of their own dialect. Similarly,
in the same village, each of different men, or even the same man
at different times, will alter the pronunciation, especially of
vowel sounds, according to the state of his own feelings or his ideas
of the intelligence or preference of the person he is addressing;
and it is often difficult to decide which of the various pronunciations
represents the true dialect of the locality. The safest plan
in such circumstances seems to be to watch carefully the unthinking
speech of the oldest residents, to note and compare their
pronunciation, and to select that which is most unlike standard
English, provided that it is frequently repeated, as probably representing
the original speech of the people, the true dialect of
the district.
As my desire is to present a fairly complete picture of my
native dialect, I have not confined my notes to those points on
which it differs from standard English, but have included those
common words and grammatical forms which are the same in
Strathearn speech as in standard English. Indeed, from the point
of view of the student of language, the resemblances are quite as
important and as interesting as the differences. There is sometimes
a difficulty in deciding, when the pronunciation of a word or
a grammatical form or expression is the same in the dialect as in
standard English, whether it is indigenous to the dialect or has
been learnt at school or from books, but in the case of almost all
the commonest words and phrases it is fairly certain that they must
have been handed down from mouth to mouth for generations,
and must be a natural development of the old native speech.
When we eliminate from the common speech of the village
folk of Lower Strathearn, along the northern foot of the Ochils,
all that they have probably adopted from books, it will be found
that their dialect is a pure English, with very little admixture of
other tongues, even of Gaelic, although for centuries the people
who spoke it lived within sight of the Grampians, beyond which
the language commonly spoken was, and still is, Gaelic, and
although they must from time to time have absorbed into their
communities many Gaelic speakers of Celtic blood. It seems
probable that in the main the present-day dialect is a direct
descendant of the language spoken by the first Angle invaders
who, some eight centuries ago, pushed their way north of the
Forth and settled in the valley of the Earn.
The absorption of Celtic blood is still in progress. The Gaelic
surnames which are common in Strathearn show that the
ancestors of many of its inhabitants came from across the
Highland line; and what happens now in our own experience
has no doubt been going on for centuries. A Highlander, whose
native tongue is Gaelic, and therefore quite unintelligible to his
Scotch-speaking neighbours, comes down from his ancestral home
north of the Grampians, and settles down in some Lowland village,
perhaps marrying a Lowland wife. He gradually picks up the
dialect of the people among whom he lives, but never entirely
forgets the Gaelic he spoke when he was a boy, and speaks Scotch
with a Gaelic accent and some Gaelic words and idioms. His
children, brought up among Scotch speakers, remember some of
their father's Gaelic, but the influence of their playmates and schoolmaster
is all in favour of the Scotch dialect they hear spoken and the
standard English they are taught; and in the third generation,
though the Highlander's grandchildren may be of pure Celtic blood,
there is little trace left in their speech of their grandfather's Gaelic;
they speak a pure dialect of English speech, with hardly any Gaelic
accent or idiom. Possibly, however, it is due to the fact that the
ancestors of many of the present residents of Crieff were Gaelic
speakers, that in that town the pronunciation of some of the
vowel sounds differs from that current on the southern side of the
Strath. In Dunning two of the most characteristic vowel sounds
are au and ui, as in aw for 'all' (aul), auld for 'old' (oald),
guid for 'good', spuin for 'spoon': in Crieff, in these and other
similar words these vowel sounds become aa and ee, as aa, aald,
geed, speen.
I have some hope that this account of the Strathearn dialect
may be of use to others in studying their own native dialects of
English, whether in Scotland or England, or beyond the seas. To
such students I may be allowed to offer the following suggestions:
(1) Get rid, as far as possible, of your preconceived ideas as to
the pronunciation of words, due to the traditional methods of
spelling standard English and local dialects. They are often
most misleading.
(2) Adopt some definite system of spelling sounds, either the
one I have adopted or some other, but having adopted it, stick to
it, and always spell the same sound in the same way.
(3) To show what sounds you represent by your spelling, give
the corresponding standard English words spelt according to
your system.
(4) Get away from books, and do not trouble about the past
history of the words. Confine yourself to an accurate representation
of the living speech of the existing generation, taken
straight from the mouths of people accustomed to speak it without
conscious effort, as the natural vehicle for their thoughts.
(5) Poetry is an unsafe guide. The poet, searching for a word
to fit his rhyme or his metre, often mixes up different dialects or
even manufactures a dialect of his own.
(6) Get the schoolmaster to pick out ten or a dozen of the boys
and girls who have been born in the parish and who speak the
broadest dialect. They will soon get interested and supply you
with numerous words, idioms, and rhymes clearly pronounced;
but do not trust the material they give you until it has been
corroborated by their elders.
(7) The best authorities are the oldest residents, born and bred
in the parish; but they all know something of standard English,
and have all their days been accustomed, when they thought
of the words they were using, to try to speak standard English. It
is difficult for them to get out of this habit, when asked directly
'What is the Scotch for' this or that? They get confused
and cannot tell. The best plan is to get them to talk naturally
among themselves of old times and old ways of life, and carefully
note how they actually pronounce the words and what
idioms they use. It is a slow process requiring much patience
(on both sides!), and many first impressions have to be corrected.
But the student who perseveres in it will learn much, besides
acquiring a mere knowledge of the dialect, and will reap an ample
reward for his pains. At the same time he will give some pleasure
to the old folk, who love to find their familiar mother-tongue
appreciated.
There is no doubt that here, as elsewhere, the native dialect
of the people is rapidly disappearing, and as each generation
passes away, some of the good old pithy words and phrases
pass away with it. Books and newspapers are teaching the
people, even in remote villages, to think and speak in something
like standard English. But the chief enemy of local
dialects is the schoolmaster. He rightly holds it one of his first
duties to teach the village boys and girls to read, write, and
speak as correct standard English as he can, and in pursuit of
this aim discourages the use of local peculiarities of pronunciation
and idiom. I am inclined to think that this is not the best way
to attain his object. If he would first himself master the local
dialect by some such method as I have suggested, and would
carefully point out to the children what their own native dialect is,
and how it differs in pronunciation, idiom, and accent from standard
English, they would have a much more accurate idea as to what
standard English really is, and would be more likely to avoid
provincialisms in afterlife, as they would have a better knowledge
of what the provincialisms were into which they were most
likely to fall. The detailed comparison between the local dialect
and standard English would also be a useful training for their
minds, similar to that which is obtained from the study of some
language other than one's own. In any case he would give them
a precious possession, for they would carry with them to the ends
of the earth a better knowledge of the homely speech of their
fathers and grandfathers, which would often warm their hearts
when far away in distant lands. He need not trouble overmuch
about their accent. A Scotch accent is not a bad thing for a man
to have, anywhere in the wide world.
REPRESENTATION OF SOUNDS
The system of spelling the sounds which I have adopted is based
on two principles: first, that the same sound should always be represented
by the same letter or combination of letters, and second, that
the letters employed should be those which will most readily suggest
the sound they are intended to indicate to the reader familiar
with ordinary English. In representing vowel sounds, I have
thought it, on the whole, less confusing to employ the somewhat
clumsy expedient of using combinations of vowels, such as are
common in writing English, instead of using diacritical marks
or unfamiliar symbols. In such cases it must be remembered
that, as in English, two or more letters often represent a single,
simple vowel sound. I have avoided the general use of accents,
either to indicate that a vowel sound is long or short, or to show
on which syllable of a word the stress comes. Generally it may be
understood that the stress falls on the same syllable as it does in
the corresponding English word. I have sometimes adopted the
plan, common in English, of doubling a consonant to show that
the preceding vowel sound is short, or that the stress falls on
that syllable.
I have retained the use of the letter j, although the sound might
be represented by dzh; of x, where it is pronounced ks; of c
hard before a, o, or u, and of q, which have exactly the same sound
as k; of ch, which might be written tsh, and of the familiar
combinations ng, sh, and th, which represent single, not double
sounds. For a similar reason I spell the sound ai at the end of
a word ay (as in day), au at the end of a word aw (as in paw), and
ou at the end of a word ow (as in cow).
CONSONANTS
The consonant sounds may be grouped thus:
This follows closely the grouping adopted by Mr. W. Grant in
his Pronunciation of English in Scotland, p. 16.
I also use the following letters for compound consonants not
entered in the above table:
ch = tsh(tʃ)
j = dzh (dʒ)
x = ks
hw = (ʍ)
In this table those consonants are classed as 'breathed' which
pass through the throat, unimpeded by the vocal chords, while
those classed as 'voiced' have to force their way through the
vocal chords drawn over the exit to the windpipe.
Stop consonants are those in pronouncing which the air-passage
in the mouth is completely blocked for a moment, so that these
sounds cannot be prolonged.
Open consonants are those in pronouncing which a narrow
air-passage is left open in the mouth, so that the sound can be
prolonged at will.
In pronouncing the Side consonant l, the air-passage in the
mouth is divided, and the air escapes at the side in two uninterrupted
streams.
In pronouncing Nasal consonants, the air-passage in the mouth
is stopped completely, and the air escapes through the nose in an
uninterrupted stream.
In pronouncing the Trilled consonant r, the tip of the tongue
vibrates.
Lip Consonants are made by bringing the two lips together.
Lip Back Consonants are made at the back of the tongue and
the rounded lips.
Lip Teeth Consonants are made between the lower lip and the
upper teeth.
Point Teeth Consonants are made between the point of the
tongue and the upper teeth.
Point Consonants are made between the point of the tongue
and the teeth ridge.
Fore Blade Consonants are made between the front of the blade
of the tongue and the teeth ridge.
After Blade Consonants are made between the back of the
blade of the tongue and the teeth ridge.
Middle Consonants are made between the middle of the tongue
and the hard palate.
Back Consonants are made between the back of the tongue and
the soft palate.
Throat Consonants are made between the vocal chords in the
throat.
p is the sound twice repeated in pup.
b is the sound twice repeated in babe.
m is the sound twice repeated in mamma.
w is the sound beginning the words wife, went. But at the end
of a word aw sounds au as in paw, and ow ou, as in cow.
f is the sound twice repeated in fife.
v is the sound twice repeated in vivid.
th represents the breathed dental sound in thin, thick, breath, bath.
dh represents the voiced dental sound in the, this, that, breathe,
bathe.
t represents the sound twice repeated in taught.
d represents the sound twice repeated in did.
n	is the sound twice repeated in nun.
1 is the sound twice repeated in lull.
r is pronounced in Scotch differently from the English r, being
always given a distinct trill, whether at the beginning or
end of a word, and it does not, as often in English, alter the
pronunciation of a preceding vowel sound. In representing
the sound of English words, I have not attempted to
indicate the numerous and complicated ways in which in
English r affects the preceding vowel sound. The spelling
I give in such a case represents the sound of the English
word as pronounced by a Scotchman who has not attempted
to master the English r.
s is the breathed sibilant sound in hiss, which is twice repeated
in sister. In English this sound is often spelled with a c
before e or i, as in peace (pronounced pees), and in city (pronounced
siti).
z is the voiced sibilant sound in buzz, which is twice repeated
in disease. In English it is often written s, as in is (iz),
was (woz), shoes (shooz).
sh represents the breathed sibilant sound in shop, dish.
zh represents the voiced sibilant sound in measure, vision.
kh represents the rough aspirate, which is not now found in
standard English, but is common in Scotch words such as
nikht (night), fekht (fight), loakh (loch), and in German
words such as Nacht. The sound is often written ch, but
I employ this combination of letters only for the sound
tsh which it commonly represents in English. In reality
there are two rough aspirates, pronounced at the middle or
back of the tongue according to the vowel preceding, as in
dreekh, loakh, but they sound much the same to the ear
and I have represented both by kh.
y is the sound beginning the words you, yes. But ay at the end
of a word sounds ai (as in day). I indicate the vowel
sound in such words as tune, mute, few, dew by yoo.
k also written c and q, has the sound twice repeated in cock.
g is always guttural, as in gag, never palatal as in gin.
ng represents the sound twice repeated in singing.
h is a mere breath, pronounced at the beginning of a word, as in
hen, hare. It is more distinctly pronounced in Scotch than
in English. The only word which has h at the end of it
is the interrogative interjection aih? = eh? what?
ch represents the sound twice repeated in church.
j represents the sound twice repeated in judge.
x might in most words be written ks, but I have retained it in
words corresponding to those written with an x in English.
Where it is pronounced gz, as in exact, example, I have
written the sound gz.
hw represents more accurately than wh the double sound at the
beginning of such words as what, when, which in Scotch
consists of a distinctly breathed h before, not after, the w.
TABLE OF CONSONANTS FOUND IN STRATHEARN SCOTCH, ARRANGED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED BY
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION.
The letters used in the above table, and in this book, are those
adopted by the Association, with the following exceptions:
I also use the following letters for compound consonants not
found in the International table:
ch = tsh (tʃ)
j = dzh (dʒ)
x = ks
VOWELS
In Scotch the vowel sounds are usually simple, single sounds,
not a combination of different vowel sounds, as is often the case
in English words in which the vowel is long. Generally speaking,
the Strathearn Scotch folk speak more slowly and make their
vowel sounds longer than do most Englishmen, so that to an
English ear a Scotch short vowel sounds long, and a Scotch long
vowel sounds drawled. Some speakers lengthen their vowels more
than others, and the same speaker will alter the length of a vowel
according to the rapidity of his utterance. The spelling I have
employed is as follows:
Spelling Sound as in the English words
a man, hat
aa calves (caavz), mamma (mumaa), Ah! (aa), far
(faar), father (faadher)
ai or ay maid, sail, day, may
au or aw haul, all (auI), awe (aw), paw
e hen, pet, best
ee feet, deed, see, me (mee)
ei Not found in English, but common in the pronunciation
by a Scotchman of such English
words as mine (mein), night (neit), tile (teil).
i pin, mist, mill
Spelling	Sound as in the English words
ii I (ii), eye (ii), my (mii), die (dii), mine (miin)
o hot, fond, lost
oa road, go (goa), roll (roal)
oi or oy oil, boy, moist
oo foot, food, cool, would (wood)
ou or ow our, house, how, cow
u sun, but, must
ui Not found in English ; something like the French
eu, or German ö. In Lower Strathearn it is
between oo and i, but nearer i than oo; e.g.
spuin is nearer spin than spoon.
Most of these vowels may be either short or long. When short,
the sound is practically the same as the E. short vowel; when
long it is the sound of the first part of the E. long vowel in
shouting or singing on a long note.
It is not easy to say when a vowel is short and when it is long,
as that greatly depends on the way of speaking of the individual
speaker. Except in the case of o and au, where I have employed
o for the short sound and au or aw for the long sound, as in E. hot,
haw, I have not attempted to distinguish between short and long
vowels. Almost the only general rules that can be laid down
are that —
(1) i, o, and u are always short, as in E. pin, hot, sun.
(2) ay and ee are short at the end of a word of more than one
syllable, as in S. wunnay (will not), cheenee (china).
But in bawbee, soaree, coamitee, the ee is long.
Some words are generally pronounced with a longer vowel sound
than others, especially when the vowel comes at the end of the
word. Examples:
Vowel sound Short vowel Long vowel
aa caannay (can't) ca̅a̅̅nay (gentle)
e hen bētur (better)
bĕll pēticoat (petticoat)
bĕd brēd (broad)
ai daith (death) bāīth (both)
ain (one)	āīn (own)
pain (pane)	pāīn (pain)
maid (made)	māīd (maid)
hai1 (whole)	hāīl (hail)
haid (head)	plāīd (plaid)
Vowel sound Short vowel Long vowel
ui duin (done) dui (do)
fuil (fool) crui (sty)
oo doon (down) coo (cow)
roond (round) soo (sow)
au auld (old) snaw (snow)
ei jein (join) ei (always)
The spelling I use corresponds as follows with the symbols
adopted by (1) The International Association (followed by Mr.
Grant); (2) The New English Dictionary; (3) The English Dialect
Dictionary:
Besides these simple vowel sounds there are also found in
Scotch the following double vowel sounds:

PRONUNCIATION
NOTE. In making the following comparison between Strathearn
Scotch and standard English as spoken, when I use such phrases
as 'dropping of consonants', 'addition of consonants', 'change of
consonants', I do not mean to imply that the Scotch dialect is
derived from standard English, or even that in all cases the
corresponding words are cognates, but merely to point out the
differences between it and standard English, taking the latter as
the basis of comparison.
CONSONANTS
DROPPING OF CONSONANT SOUNDS.
1. As compared with standard English, many Scotch words
omit certain consonant sounds. The sound most often omitted is
that of l, especially at the end of a word, and after the vowel
sounds au, oo, and ou. There is also a tendency to omit it before
t or d. Examples:
English Scotch
Written Spoken
all aul aw
ball baul baw
call caul caw
fall faul faw
gall gaul gaw
hall haul haw
small smaul smaw
stall staul staw
wall waul waw
wool wool oo
full fool foo
pull pool poo
poll poal pow
roll roal row
knoll noal tnow
bristle brissul burs
trample trampul traamp
false fouls faus
fault fault faut
malt mault maut
salt sault saut
English Scotch
Written Spoken
coulter coalter cootur
poultry poaltry pootray
bolster boalster boustur
colt coalt cout
smolt smoalt smout
scald scauld scaud
build bild big
soldier soaljer soajur
shoulder shoaldur shoodhur
solder solder soudhur
gold goald goud
hold hoald haad or
hudd
golf golf gouf
bulk bulk book
gulp gulp goup
pulpit poolpit poopit
hollow holloa how
cloak cloak kyuk
There are, however, a number of exceptions, e. g. auld (oald),
bauld (boald), cauld (coald), fauld (foald), boul (boal), roul (ravel),
fool (fowl), tool (towel), youl (howl).
l is not often omitted after the vowel sounds aa, ai, e, ee, ei,
oa, u, or ui.
e. g. shaal (shawl), hwaal (wail), waal (well); hail (hail), nail
(nail), tail (tail), mail (meel); bell (bell), tell (tell), sell (sell); eel
(eel), hweel (weel), heel (heel), feel (feel); eil (oil), beil (boil), jeil
(jail); coal (coal), foal (foal), hoal (hoal); ull (ill), dull (dull),
bull (bool), spull (spoil); stuil (stool), scuil (scool), cuil (cool).
Where in E. an l has been dropped, as shown by the spelling,
S. drops it also, e. g. haaf for half (haaf), cauf for calf (caaf).
2. There is a tendency to omit labial sounds, in comparison
with E. In a number of words the labial sound b is omitted,
especially before 1. Examples:
E. S.
Written Spoken
bramble brambul brummul
grumble grumbul grummul
jumble jumbul jummul
rumble rumbul rummul
tremble trembul trummul
tumble tumbul tummul
tumbler tumbler tumlur
thimble thimbul thummul
timber timbur tummur
The labial sound v is often dropped, especially at the end of a
word. Examples:
E. S.
Written Spoken
of ov oa
dove duv doo
love luv loo
brave braiv braw
give giv gee
gave gaiv gay
given givn geen
E. S.
Written Spoken
devil devil deel
twelve twelv twell
silver silver sullur
serve sery sair
harvest haarvest hairst
ravel ravel roul
The labial sound f is dropped in the words sel for self, twelt for
twelfth.
The labial sound w is dropped in the words soon for swim,
soop for sweep, koa for quoth, oo for wool, oo for woo.
3. There is also a tendency to omit dental sounds as compared
with E. The dental sound t is often dropped, especially at the
end of a word, after the guttural k. Examples:
E. S.
Written Spoken
act act aak
fact fact faak
contact contact coantaak
intact intact intaak
connect connect connek
correct correct correk
direct direct direk
effect effect effek
E. S.
Written Spoken
expect expect expek
object object oabjik
tighten tiiten tikhun
lightning liitning likhnin
fetch fech fesh
hoist hoist heez
cushat cushat cushay
attempt attempt uttemp
Strathearn Scotch does not, like some other Scotch dialects,
drop the dental d at the end of many words after n ; e. g. we say
haund for hand, laund for land, find for find (fiind), wund for
wind, pund for pound, waurld for world (wurld). But it does drop
the d after n in un for and, and between n and 1, or n and r in
the following words:
E. S.
Written Spoken
candle candul caunul
handle handul haunul
spindle spindul spunnul
founder founder foonur
thunder thunder thunnur
wonder wunder wunnur
kindle kindul kennul
'Hundred' becomes hundur.
'Worsted' (woorsted) becomes wursut.
Th is dropped at the end of the words koa for quoth, froa for
froth, wee for with.
Dh is dropped in claiz for clothes (cloadhz), smuir for smother
(smudhur).
4. Other consonant sounds dropped as compared with E. are:
E. S.
Sound dropped Written Spoken
k cream creem raim
taken taiken tain
next next neest
n kiln kiln kull
drunken drunken drukkun
r partridge paartrij paitrik
s worse wurs waur
corpse corps coarp
sneeze sneez neez
since sins sin
moustache mustaash mootaash
For 'from' we say fay, not fray.
In some words the g pronounced after ng in E. is omitted in S.
E. S.
Written Spoken
finger fing-ger fing-ur
hunger hung-ger hung-ur
English Ing-glish Ing-lish
single sing-gel sing-ul
ADDITION OF CONSONANT SOUNDS.
1. It is curious to note that in the matter of pronouncing or
not pronouncing an h at the beginning of a word S. agrees in
almost every case with standard E., so that, in this respect,
standard E. has adopted the general usage of the northern dialects
of English instead of the southern. The only words in which I
have noticed a difference are:
E. S.
Written Spoken
it it hut
us us hiz, huz
owl oul hoolut
heritor heritor erritur
humour hyoomur yoomur
2. Words which, as spelt in E., begin with wh, and are in E.,
as spoken in the south of England, pronounced as if they began
with w only, are pronounced in S. as if they began with hw, both
letters being distinctly sounded.
E. S.
Written Spoken
when wen hwaan
what wot hwaat
where wain hwaur
why wii hwei
E. S.
Written Spoken
whale wail hwaal
whey way hwii
white wiit hweit
whip wip hwup
The E. who (hoo) becomes hwaw; 'whole' (hoal) becomes hail.
3. In a number of words S. has a consonant sound not found
in E.
E. S.
Sound added Written Spoken
r pin pin preen
skimp skimp scrimp
spout spout sproot
thistle thissel thrissul
1 dregs dregz dregglinz
tinker tinker tinklur
kitten kitten kittlin
v lark laark laivruk
E. S.
Sound added Written Spoken
n ballad ballad baalund
minnow minnoa minnin
rat rat roatun
slake slaik sloakhun
starry (sky) staaray staarnay
d sign siin seind
y earth erth yird
itch ich yukk
tough tuff tyukh
tug tugg tyugg
hook hook hyuk
nook nook nyuk
enough enuff unyukh
duck duck dyuk
w sword sord swurd
wrestle ressul waarsul
wright riit wrikht (obs.)
z hie hii hiiz
pea pee piz (obs.)
t knee nee tnee
knife niif tneif
knock nokk tnoakk
knob nob tnoab
knoll noal tnow
knot nott tnoat
castle caasl caastul
owl owl hoolit
k know noa ken
slate slait sklait
slap slap sklaaf, skelp
elbow elboa elbuk
window window winduk
NOTE. The consonant sound pronounced before the n in such
words as tnee, tnow, &c. (spelt in E. kn), is between t and k, but
nearer t than k.
CHANGE OF CONSONANT SOUNDS.
1. One of the most common points of difference between E. and
S. is that while in E. the present participle and gerund end in
ing, in S. (as in almost all local dialects of English) they end in
in without the guttural nasal. A similar difference of pronunciation
exists as regards other E. words ending in ng, except mono--
syllables, which retain the ng in S. Examples:
E.S.
Written Spoken
Pres. part. singing singing singin
speaking specking speekin
saying saying sayin
Other words:
among among amoan
herring herring hairin
legging legging leggin
pudding pooding puddin
shilling shilling shullin
morning morning moarnin
gelding gelding	geldin
Monosyllables. Bring, ring, sing, thing, tung (tongue), yung
(young) are pronounced as in E. 'King' becomes keeng, thrang
means 'busy' 'song' becomes saang, 'wrong' (rong) raang, and
'long' becomes laang or laung. 'Nothing' (nuthing) becomes
naithing.
On the other hand 'onion' (unyun) becomes ing-in.
2. As compared with E., S. has a liking for guttural sounds,
and more especially it retains the hard aspirated guttural sound
kh (usually written ch), which is common in German, but has
been dropped in standard English, though a number of E. words
show by their spelling that it was pronounced in Old English.
Examples:
E. S.
Written Spoken
laugh laaf laakh
draught draaft draakht
straight strait straakh
ought ant aukht
high hii heekh
laughed laaft luikh
light liit likht
might miit mikht
night niit nikht
right riit rikht
tight tiit tikht
tighten tiiten tikhun
E. S.
Written Spoken
lightning liitning likhnin
enough enuff unyukh
bright briit brikht
fright friit frikht
wright riit wrikht
eight ait ekht
fight fiit fekht
height hiit hekht
weight wait wekht
neigh nay nikhur
Michaelmas
Mikulmas
Mikhulmus

E. S.
Written Spoken
bought baut boakht
daughter dauter doakhtur
hough hok	hoakh
aught aut oakht
naught naut noakht
wrought raut roakht
E. S.
Written Spoken
sought saut soakht
thought thaut thoakht
trough trof troakh
sigh sii sekh
rough ruff rukh
tough tuff tyukh
Other S. words in which the sound kh is found are:
E. S.
Written Spoken
charlock chaarlock skellukh
(wild mustard)
low loa laikh
maggot	maggot maukh
flea flee flekh
pant pant pekh
flicker flicker flikhur
flutter flutter flikhtur
snowflake flaik flikhun
E. S.
Written Spoken
lake laik loakh
slake slaik sloakhun
shuffle shufful shaukhul
screech screech screekh
stiff stiff stekhay
a shepherd's plaid raukhun
hollow with steep
sides hyookh
trench shyukh
The guttural sound k (or c) is found in S. where other sounds
are found in E. Examples:
E. S.
Sound altered Written Spoken
ch chalk chauk cauk
churn churn kurn
chaff chaff caaf
chest chest kist
church church kirk
breeches brichiz breeks
birch birch burk
such such sikk
pitch pitch pikk
stitch stitch steek
thatch thatch thaak
itch itch yukk
larch laarch lerruk
much much mukkul
j partridge paartrij paitrik
p peep peep keek
spill spill skell
chops chops chouks
plump n. plump plunk
E.	S.
Sound altered Written	Spoken
t	two	too	kwaw
twelve	twelv	kwaal
in children's games
twenty	twenti	kwintee
between	between	akween
brittle	brittul	bruklay
On the other hand pocket becomes pooch, scowl becomes shoul.
Similarly the guttural g is found in S. in place of other sounds
in E.
E.	S.
Sound changed Written	Spoken
j	ridge	rij	rigg
bridge	bnij	brigg
sedge	sej	segg
w	wizened	wizzend geizund
y	yawn	yaun	gaant
The E. 'singe' (sinj) becomes sing.
3. Another tendency is for S. to have a 'breathed ' sound in
place of a 'voiced' one in E. Examples:
E.	S.
Change of sound Written	Spoken
k for g	grease	grees	creesh
ch for j	porridge porrij	paarich
t for d	-ed	-ed	it (termination of past
tense and pa. p.)
th for dh	though	dhoa	thoa
scathe	scaidh	scaith
heathen	heedhen	heethen
mouths	moudhz	mooths
paths	paadhz	peths
f for v	vetches	vechiz	fichiz
shovel	shuvvul	shufful
nephew	nevyoo	neffay
wives	wiivz	weifs
knives	niivz	tneifs
loaves	loavz	loafs
halves	haavz	haafs
sheaves	sheevz	shaifs
shelves	shelvz	shelfs
Stephen	Steeven	Steefen
s for z	lose	looz	loss
wise	wiiz	weiss
Instances to the contrary are:
E. S.
Change of sound Written Spoken
g for k cravat	cravatt	graavut
z fors us	us	hiz
dose	doas	doaz
precentor	prisentor	prizentur
d for t	bottom	bottom	boddum
warrant	worrant	waarund
4. There is no particular tendency as to aspirating consonant
sounds except that dh is often substituted for d between two
vowels. Examples:
E.	S.
Change of sound	Written	Spoken
th for t	drought	drout	drooth
d for th	earth	erth	yird
d for dh	smithy	smidhi	smuddee
dh for t	to-day	too• day	dhe-day
to-night	too-niit	dhe-nikht
to-morrow	too-morroa	dhe-moarn
together	toogedher	dhegidhur
dh for d	bladder	bladder	bledhur
ladder	ladder	ledhur
adder	adder	edhur
udder	udder	edhur
fodder	fodder	fudhur
powder	pouder	poodhur
solder	solder	soodhur
shoulder	shoalder	shoodhur
5. Other consonant changes are:
E.	S.
Change of sound Written	Spoken
s for sh	ashes	ashiz	ess
bush	boosh	buss
sh for s	grease	grees	creesh
fleece	flees	fleesh
rustle	russul	reeshul
sew	soa	shoo
soon	soon	shuin
wincey	winsay	winshay
E.	S.
Change of sound Written	Spoken
sh for sk	scowl	skoul	shoul
zh for z	poison	poizon	poozhun
pheasant	fezant	faizhun
l for n	chimney	chimnay	chumlay
n for 1	clock	clock	tnoak
p for ch	catch	cach	kep
t for ch	scratch	scrach	scaart
sh for ch	fetch	fech	fesh
n for r	garter	gaarter	gertun
t for p	peep	peep	teet
f for p	trump	trump	trumf
f for th	Thursday	Thurzday	Fuirzday
h for th	three	three	hree (also three)
y for h	howl	houl	youl
Mrs. (missiz) is pronounced in full — mustris
TRANSPOSITION OF CONSONANT SOUNDS.
In a few words the consonant sounds are transposed:
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
grin	grin	girn
grass	gras	girs
gristle	grissil	girsul
bristle	brissil	burs
board	board	broad
burnt	burnt	brunt
curds	curdz	crudz
scratch	scrach	scaart
tickle	tikkil	kittul
pretend	pretend	purtend
profession	profeshun	purfaishun
third	thurd	thrud
apron	aipron	aipurn
VOWEL SOUNDS
The differences in vowel sounds between S. and E. are much
more numerous, and more important as affecting the sound of the
language, than are the differences in consonant sounds.
Aa.
The aa sound, which is common in S. and in many other
languages, is found in comparatively few words in E.
In a few words the E. aa is represented in S. by the same
sound:
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
are	aar	aar
bar	baar	baar
far	faar	faar
hard	haard	haard
barn	baarn	baarn
half	haaf	haaf
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
laugh	laaf	laakh
dark	daark	daark
market	maarket	maarkut
park	paark	paark
spark	spaark	spaark
aunt	aant	aantay
But in most cases the E. aa is replaced in S. by e, sometimes
broadened into ai. Examples:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
art	aart	ert
heart	haart	hert
part	paart	pert
smart	smaart	smert
tart	taart	tert
cart	caart	kert
card	caard	kerd
arm	aarm	errum
farm	faarm	ferrum
harm	haarm	herrum
yarn	yaarn	yern
harp	haarp	herp
clerk	claark	clerk
E.	S.
Written Spoken
March	Maarch	Merch
charge	chaarj	cherj
large	laarj	lerj
hearth	haarth	herth
starve	staarv	sterv
garden	gaarden	gerdun
master	maaster	mestur
plaster	plaaster	plestur
nasty	naasti	nestay
party	paarti	pertay
Martinmas	
Maartinmus	
Mertimus

In these words the e sound is most commonly heard, but sometimes
it is broadened into ai, as in pairt, cairt, caird, gairdun,
&c., and in the following words:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
yard	yaard	yaird
father	faadher	faidhur
Charlie	Chaarli	Chairlay
harvest	haarvest	hairst
E.	S.
Written Spoken
lark	laark	laivruk
partridge	paartrij	paitruk
starch	staarch	stairch
This sound again is sometimes narrowed into e, as in yerd,
sterch, Cherlay, fēdhur. It is sometimes neither a distinct e
nor ai, but a sound between the two.
In some words E. aa is broadened into au:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
mamma	mamaa	maw
papa	papaa	paw
calf	caaf	cauf
E.	S.
Written Spoken
barley	baarlay	baurlay
psalm	saam	saum
The sound u is found for E. aa in the slurred form of ur for
'are' (aar).
A short.
The peculiar short a, which is so characteristic of standard E.,
is not found in S., its place being usually taken by aa, au, e,
or ai.
E. a replaced by S. as:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
can	can	caan
man	man	maan
back	bak	baak
black	blak	blaak
bat	bat	baat
cat	cat	caat
hat	hat	haat
E.	S.
Written Spoken
that	dhat	dhaat
lamb	lam	laam
bad	bad	baad
bank	bank	baank
hash	hash	haash
thatch	thach	thaak
E. a replaced by S. au:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
lad	lad	laud
lass	lass	laus
laddie	laddi	laudee
lassie	lassi	lausay
land	land	laund
hand	hand	haund
sand	sand	saund
E.	S.
Written Spoken
chaff	chaff	cauf
candle	candul	caunul
handle	handul	haunul
salmon	samon	saumun
wax	wax	waux
tobacco	tobacco	tubaukay
The younger generation show a tendency to turn this sound
into aa, as in haand, laad, laas, but the older people make it a
broad au, as in E. law, paw.
E. a replaced by S. e:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
have	hav	hev
has	haz	hez
had	had	hed
cap	cap	kep
clad	clad	cled
ashes	ashiz	ess
brass	brass	bress
class	class	cless
glass	glass	gless
grass	grass	grass
flat	flat	flet
glad	glad	gled
sack	sack	sekk
Jack	Jack	Jekk
thank	thank	thenk
branch	bransh	brensh
path	path	peth
adder	adder	edhur
E.	S.
Written Spoken
gather	gadher	gedhur
ladder	ladder	ledhur
bladder	bladder	bledhur
saddle	saddul	seddul
hackle	hakkul	hekkul
carry	carri	kerray
marry	marri	merray
parish	parish	perish
after	after	eftur
bracken	bracken	brekkun
manner	manner	mennur
matter	matter	mettur
granary	granari	grennuray
alley	allay	ellay
Saturday	Saturday	Setturday
natural	natyooral	netturul
shadow	shadoa	shedday
E. a replaced by S. ai:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
have	hav	hay
ash	ash	aish
apple	appul	aipul
cabin	cabin	caibun
crag	crag	craig
E.	S.
Written Spoken
plaid	plad	plaid
plait	plat	plait
jacket	jacket	jaikut
nag	nag	naig
family	famili	faimlay
Here again, the older generation has a tendency to pronounce
the vowel sound ai, and the younger generation e, e. g. pairish
or perish (parish), jaikut or jekut (jacket), faimlay or femlay
(family).
In hing for hang, i replaces a in E.; and in a number of
common short words when rapidly pronounced, E. a becomes u:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
a, an	a, an	u, un
that	dhat	dhut, ut
and	and	un
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
than	dhan	dhun
ploughman	plowman	ploomun
Ai.
In a considerable number of words, E. ai is represented by the
same sound in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
day	day	day
may v.	may	may
clay	clay	clay
they	dhay	dhay
gave	gaiv	gay
acre	aicur	aicur
acorn	aicorn	aicoarn
maid	maid	maid
blade	blaid	blaid
bake	baik	baik
cake	caik	caik
rake	raik	raik
hail	hail	hail
nail	nail	nail
sail	sail	sail
tail	tail	tail
name	naim	naim
pain
pane 	pain	pain
E.	S.
Written Spoken
taken	taiken	tain
bare
bear	bair	bair
care	cair	cair
fair	fair	fair
hair	hair	hair
mare	mair	mair
pair
pear	pair	pair
share	shair	shair
stair	stair	stair
swear	swair	swair
tear	tair	tair
face	fais	fais
place	plais	plais
great	grait	grait
plate	plait	plait
blaze	blaiz	blaiz
mason	maison	maisun
In a good many words E. ai becomes e, especially when followed
by n:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
chain	chain	chen
fain	fain	fen
gain	gain	gen
again	again	ugen
rain	rain	ren
drain	drain	dren
grain	grain	gren
train	train	tren
faint	faint	fent
paint	paint	pent
acquaint	aquaint	uquent
dainty	dainti	dentee
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
change	chainj	chenj
strange	strainj	strenj
game	gaim	gem
hames	haimz	hemz
trade	traid	tred
eight	ait	ekht
weight	wait	wekht
gate	gait	yett
break	braik	brek
wages	waijiz	wejuz
lady	laidi	leddee
Other vowel sounds which in S. replace the E. ai are as follows:
E.	S.
Vowel sound Written	Spoken
aa	make	maik	maak
shake	shaik	shaak
take	taik	taak
gauge	gaij	gaaj
whale	wail	hwaal
halfpenny	haipnay	haapnay
au	away	away	awaw
brave	braiv	braw
dare	dair	daur
where	wair	hwaur
bacon	baicon	baucun
potato	potaitoa	tautay
ee	neighbour	naibur	neebur
staple	staipul	steepul
ei	aye	ay	ei
hay	hay	hei
May	May	Mei
pay	pay	pei
stay	stay	stei
way
weigh	way	wei
jail	jail	jeil
wade	waid	weid
bailie	baili	beilay
tailor	tailor	teilyur
i	table	taibul	tibbul
stable	staibul	stibbul
ii	whey	way	hwii
Au or aw.
In a few words E. au is represented by the same sound in S.,
but in others its place is taken by aa, oa, or some other vowel
sound.
E.	S.
Vowel sound Written	Spoken
au	all	aul	aw
ball	baul	baw
call	caul	caw
fall	faul	faw
hall	haul	haw
wall	waul	waw
E.	S.
Vowel sound Written	Spoken
au	saw n. and v.	saw	saw
draw	draw	draw
hawk	hauk	hauk
awful	awful	aufay
aa	war	waur	waar
warm	waurm	waarm
want	waunt	waant
water	wauter	waatur
shawl	shaul	shaal
ai	straw	straw	stray
haunch	haunsh	hainsh
e	bald	bauld	beld
broad	braud	bred
oa	ought	aut	oakht
bought	baut	boakht
wrought	raut	roakht
brought	braut	broakht
nought	naut	noakht
sought	saut	soakht
thought	thaut	thoakht
daughter	dauter	doakhtur
ou	thaw	thaw	thow
It will be noticed that (1) a number of E. words ending in aul
end in aw (au) in S.; (2) a number of words which in E. begin
with wau, begin with waa in S.; and (3) a number of E. words
ending in aut end in oakht in S.
E.
In a few words E. e is represented by the same sound in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
bed	bed	bed
said	sed	sed
ell	ell	ell
bell	bell	bell
hell	hell	hell
sell	sell	sell
tell	tell	tell
hen	hen	hen
men	men	men
ten	ten	ten
E.	S.
Written Spoken
end	end	end
send	send	send
says	sez	sez
help	help	help
learn	lern	lern
feather	fedhur	fedhur
heather	hedhur	hedhur
best	best	best
better	better	bētur
In a number of words E. e is replaced by ai in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
dead	ded	daid
head	hed	haid
lead	led	laid
bread	bred	braid
deaf	def	daif
death	deth	daith
breath	breth	braith
earth	erth	airth
early	erli	airlay
earnest	ernest	airnist
threaten	thretten	thraitun
pearl	perl	pairl
E.	S.
Written Spoken
tenant	tenant	tainunt
hedge	hej	haij
verse	vers	vairs
yes	yes	yais
serve	serv	sair
guess	gess	gais
stretch	strech	straich
memory	memori	maimray
precious	preshus	praishus
regiment	rejiment	raijmunt
Perth	Perth	Pairth
Other vowel sounds found in place of E. e are as follows:
E.	S.
Vowel sound Written	Spoken
aa	then	dhen	dhaan
wren	ren	raan
well n.	well	waal
swell	swell	swaal
let	let	laat
step	step	staap
heard	herd	haard
west	west	waast
weft	weft	waaft
wrestle	ressul	waarsul
wedding	wedding	waadin
fellow	felloa	faalay
yellow	yelloa	yaalay
ee	well a.	well	weel
devil	devil	deel
jelly	jelly	jeelee
wet v.	wet	weet
thread	thred	threed
breast	brest	breest
friend	frend	freend
second	second	seecund
ei	sweat	swet	sweit
i	egg	egg	igg
leg	leg	lig
beg	beg	big
beggar	beggar	biggur
chest	chest	kist
get	get	git
E.	S.
Vowel sound Written	Spoken
oa	any	enni	oanay
many	menni	moanay
u	the	dhe	dhu
web	web	wub
yet	yet	yut
when	wen	hwun
her	her	hur
cherry	cherri	churray
merry	merri	murray
twenty	twenti	twuntee
ui	bury	berri	buiray
Ee.
In many words the E. vowel sound ee has the same sound in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
be	bee	bee
bee	bee	bee
he	hee	hee
key	kee	kee
me	mee	mee
knee	nee	tnee
see	see	see
sea	see	see
she	shee	shee
tree	tree	tree
three	three	three
ye	yee	yee
field	feeld	feeld
feed	feed	feed
heat	heet	heet
meet	meet	meet
need	need	need
seed	seed	seed
sweet	sweet	sweet
cheek	cheek	cheek
speak	speek	speek
week	week	week
creel	creel	creel
eel	cel	eel
E.	S.
Written Spoken
feel	feel	feel
heel	heel	heel
steel	steel	steel
wheel	weel	hweel
bean	been	been
clean	cleen	cleen
mean	meen	meen
creep	creep	creep
deep	deep	deep
keep	keep	keep
sheep	sheep	sheep
sleep	sleep	sleep
steep	steep	steep
dear	deer	deer
here	heer	heer
near	neer	neer
year	yeer	yeer
cheese	cheez	cheez
freeze	freez	freez
geese	gees	gees
piece	pees	pees
thief	theef	theef
sleeve	sleev	sleev
needle	needul	needul
In many other words E. ee becomes ai in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
leaf	leef	laif
leave	leev	laiv
sheaf	sheef	shaif
deal	deel	dail
heal	heel	hail
meal	meel	mail
real	reeul	rail
steal	steel	stail
beam	beem	baim
dream	dreem	draim
seam	seem	saim
even	eeven	aivun
evening	eevning	aivnin
lean	leen	lain
scene	seen	sain
cheap	cheep	chaip
heap	heep	haip
fear	feer	fair
tear	teer	tair
please	pleez	plaiz
peace	pees	pais
tease	teez	taiz
bead	beed	baid
beat	beet	bait
E.	S.
Written Spoken
beard	beerd	baird
cheat	cheet	chait
eat	eet	ait
east	eest	aist
heed	heed	haid
lead	leed	laid
meat	meet	malt
neat	neet	nait
peat	peet	pait
seat	seet	sait
treat	treet	trait
beast	beest	baist
least	leest	laist
creature	creetyoor	craitur
decent	deesunt	daisunt
secret	seekrut	saikrut
serious	serious	sairaius
treacle	treekul	traikul
conceited	conseeted	consaitit
reason	reezon	raizun
weak	week	waik
easy	eezi	aizee
season	seezun	saizun
It will be noticed that in many words which are spelt with ea
in E. the vowel sound is pronounced ee in E. and ai in S. ; but
there are a number of exceptions to this rule.
The names of the letters of the alphabet which in E. end in ee
end in ay in S., e. g. bay, say, day, for bee, see, dee.
Other vowel sounds which in S. take the place of the E. ee are
E.	S.
Vowel sound Written	Spoken
ei	glebe	gleeb)	gleib
bleach	bleech	bleich
lea	lee	lei
weed	weed	weid
deacon	deekon	deikun
e	knead	need	ned
beneath	beneeth	uneth
ou	leap	leep	Loup
ui	bleed	bleed	bluid
i	pea	pee	piz
I.
In a number of words the E. vowel sound i is represented by the
same sound in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
in	in	in
him	him	him (also hum)
his	hiz	hiz
six	six	six (sex or saax)
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
ink	ink	ink
drink	drink	drink
sing	sing	sing
thing	thing	thing
In a considerable number of words E. i is replaced by cc in S.:
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
drip	drip	dreep
give	giv	gee
gig	gig	geeg
given	given	geen
pin	pin	preen
pity	piti	peetee
sick	sik	seek
wick	wik	week
stir	stir	steer
king	king	keeng
with	with	wee
swish	swish	sweesh
breeches	brichez	breeks
finish	finish	feenish
exhibition	exibishun	exibeeshun
spirit	spirit	speerut
original	original	oareejnul
similar	similar	seemlur
particular	partikyoolar	purteeklur
snivel	snivul	sneevul
position	pozishun	pozeeshun
women	wimmen	weemin
Most commonly E. i becomes u in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
rib	rib	rub
ribbon	ribbon	rubbun
clip	clip	clup
dip	dip	dup
E.	S.
Written Spoken
grip	grip	grup
whip	wip	hwup
lip	lip	lup
big	big	bug
E.	S.
Written Spoken
brick	brik	bruk
stick	stik	stuk
fill	fill	full
hill	hill	hull
ill	ill	ull
kill	kill	kull
mill	mill	mull
will	will	wull
shilling	shilling	shullin
lift	lift	luft
stilt	stilt	stult
mist	mist	must
bit	bit	but
it	it	hut
ditch	dich	duch
dish	dish	dush
wish	wish	wuss
fish	fish	fush
E.	S.
Written Spoken
milk	milk	mulk
pin	pin	pun
him	him	hum
thimble	thimbel	thummul
miss	miss	muss
Mrs.	missis	mustris
swirl	swirl	swurl
witch	wich	wuch
smith	smith	smuth
live	liv	luv
wit	wit	wut
this	dhis	dhus
whistle	wissel	hwussul
little	littel	luttul
sister	sister	suster
pistol	pistol	pustul
history	histori	hustray
timber	timber	tummur
In some of these and other similar words the older generation
pronounce a distinct u sound, e. g. mulk rhymes with E. sulk,
muss with E. fuss, ull with E. dull, &c., while the younger
generation tend to pronounce them with an i as in E., or more
often with a sound between E. i and u.
Other vowel sounds which take the place of the E. i are:
E.	S.
Vowel	Written	Spoken
e	still n.	still	stell
think	think	thenk
dinner	dinner	dennur
thirty	thirti	therty
kindle	kindul	kennul
ei	ticking	tiking	teikin
April	Aipril	Apreil
Ii.
In a few words E. ii is represented by the same sound in S.:
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
ay	ii	ii
buy	bii	bii
dry	drii	drii
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
lie v.	lii	lii
(e. g. to lie down)
my	mii	mii
E.	S.
Written Spoken
pie	pii	pii
rye	rii	rii
sly	slii	slii
tie	tii	tii
try	trii	trii
E.	S.
Written Spoken
fire	fiir	fiir
five	fiiv	fiiv
scythe	siith	siith
ply	plii	plii
In a few words E. ii becomes ee in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
by	bii	bee
die	dii	dee
eye	ii	ee
fly	flii	flee
E.	S.
Written Spoken
lie n.	lii	lee
china	chiina	cheenee
oblige	obliij	obleej
But most commonly E. ii becomes ei in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
fine	fiin	fein
kind	kiind	keind
like	liik	leik
lime	liim	leim
mine	miin	mein
mile	miil	meil
nine	niin	nein
swine	swiin	swein
mind	miind	meind
pint	piint	peint
knife	niif	tneif
E.	S.
Written Spoken
drive	driiv	dreiv
wife	wiif	weif
shire	shiir	sheir
pipe	piip	peip
wild	wiild	weild
ice	iis	eis
rise	riiz	reiz
why	wii	hwei
white	wiit	hweit
bible	biibul	beibul
In a number of words E. ii is shortened into i in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
bind	biind	bind
blind	bliind	blind
find	fiind	find
grind	gri-ind	grind
light	liit	light
E.	S.
Written Spoken
might	miit	mikht
night	niit	nikht
right	riit	rikht
tight	tiit	tikht
behind	behiind	uhint
Other vowel sounds which in S. take the place of the E. ii are:
E.	S.
Vowel sound Written	Spoken
aa	I	ii	aa
by	bii	baa
my	mii	maa
u	climb	cliim	clum
wild	wiild	wuld
O.
E. short o is, as a general rule, broadened into oa in S. Almost
the only word in which it is o in both E. and S. is the word 'or'.
E.	S.
Written Spoken
job	job	joab
clock	clock	cloak
cock	cok	coak
cottage cottaj	coatuj
dock	dok	doak
hock	hok	hoakh
lock	lok	loak
Jock	Jok	Joak
stop	stop	stoap
spot	spot	spoat
short	short	shoart
sort	sort	soart
moth	moth	moath
broth	broth	broath
froth	froth	froa
trough	troff	troakh
shop	shop	shoap
cord	cord	coard
lord	lord	loard
nod	nod	noad
thorn	thorn	thoarn
horn	horn	hoarn
scone	scon	scoan
torn	torn	toarn
storm	storm	stoarm
fond	fond	foand
E.	S.
Written Spoken
box	box	boax
cross	cross	croas
horse	hors	hoars
often	offen	oafun
robin	robin	roabin
solid	solid	soalid
bottle	bottul	boatul
common	common	coamun
morning	morning	moarnin
office	offis	oafis
offer	offer	oafur
copy	copi	coapay
hobby hobbi	hoabay
holly	holli	hoalay
belong	belong	biloang
orange	orinj	oarunj
possible	possible	poasubul
ordinary	ordinary	oardnur
corner	corner	coarnur
copper	copper	coapur
closet	clozet	cloazit
constable	constabul	coanstubul
coffin	coffin	coafun
promise promis	proamus
modern	modern	moadurn
comical	comical	coamicul
to a number of words E. o becomes aa in S., especially when the
vowel-sound is preceded or followed by a lip letter:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
drop	drop	draap
off	off	aaf
loft	loft	laaft
E.	S.
Written Spoken
soft	soft	saaft
croft	croft	craaft
pot	pot	paat
E.	S.
Written Spoken
sob	sob	saab
want	wont	waant
throng	throng	thraang
song	song	saang
wrong	rong	raang
long	long	laang,
also laung
swan	swon	swaan
top	top	taap
hop	hop	haap
E.	S.
Written Spoken
wash	wosh	waash
wasp	wosp	waasp
what	wot	hwaat
bother	bodher	baadhur
hollow	holloa	haalay
holiday	holiday	haaliday
dwarf	dworf	dwaarf
porridge	porrij	paarich
warrant	worrant	waarund
quantity	quontiti	quaantitay
Other vowel sounds which in S. take the place of the E. o are:
E.	S.
Vowel sound	Written	Spoken
ai	lord	lord	laird
cloth	cloth	claith
tongs	tongz	taingz
au	long	long	laung (also laang)
e	hot	hot	het
ou	solder	solder	soudhur
u	dog	dog	dug
bog	bog	bug
clog	clog	clug
was	woz	wuz
for	for	fur
lodge	loj	luj
lodgings	lojjingz	lujjinz
sword	sord	swurd
body	boddi	buddee
Oa.
The E. vowel sound oa is, in some words, represented by the
same sound in S.:
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
coal	coal	coal
foal	foal	foal
hole	hoal	hoal
pole	poal	poal
slow	sloa	sloa
folk	foak	foak
choke	choak	choak
door	doar	doar
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
before	befoar	ufoar
boar	boar	boar
nose	noaz	noaz
froze	froaz	froaz
rose n.	roaz	roaz
story	stoari	stoaray
open	oapen	oapun
In a number of words E. oa becomes ou (ow) in S., pronounced
as in the E. word 'house' (hoas):
E.	S.
Written Spoken
row	roa	row
bow	boa	bow
tow	toa	tow
grow	groa	grow
hoe	hoa	how
bowl	boal	boul
poll	poal	pow
soul	soal	soul
roll	roal	row
E.	S.
Written Spoken
knoll	noal	tnow
hope	hoap	houp
colt	coalt	cout
four	foar	four
gold	goald	goud
over	oavur	our
pony	poani	pounee
bolster	boalster	bouster
smolt	smoalt	smout
Still more commonly E. oa becomes ai in S., especially at the
end of a word:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
own	oan	ain
alone	aloan	alain
home	hoam	haim
comb	coam	caim
moan	moan	main
stone	stoan	stain
go	goa	gay
no a.	noa	nay
so	soa	say
sloe	sloe	slay
whole	hoal	hail
low a.	loa	laikh
oats	oats	aits
more	moar	mair
sore	soar	sair
hoarse	hoars	hairs
rose v.	roaz	raiz
most	moast	maist
E.	S.
Written Spoken
throve	throav	thraiv
rope	roap	raip
potato	potaitoa	tautay
tobacco	tobaccoa	tubaukay
oath	oath	aith
both	boath	baith
soap	soap	saip
load	load	laid
toad	toad	taid
loaf	loaf	laif
yellow	yelloa	yaalay
tallow	talloa	taalay
harrow	haaroa	herray
fellow	felloa	faalay
elbow	elboa	elbay
narrow	naroa	nerray
barrow	baroa	baaray
pillow	pilloa	pullay
In a few words E. oa becomes au in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
sow v.	soa	saw
crow	croa	craw
snow	snoa	snaw
blow	bloa	blaw
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
old	oald	auld
cold	coald	cauld
fold	foald	fauld
bold	boald	bauld
Other vowel sounds which in S. take the place of the E. oa are
E.	S.
Vowel sound	Written	Spoken
oo	coarse	coars	coors
sew	soa	shoo
pour	poar	poor
court	coart	coort
flown	floan	floon
shoulder	shoalder	shoodhur
poultry	poultry	pootray
coulter	coulter	cootur
aa	no interj.	noa	naa
spoke	spoak	spaak
broke	broak	braak
hold	hoald	haad
ee	widow	widdoa	weedee
u	hold	hoald	hudd
mourn	moarn	murn
cloak	cloak	cluk or kyuk
ui	floor	floar	fluir
board	board	buird
ford	foard	fuird
Oi.
The E. oi generally becomes ei in S., but in some words another
sound takes its place:
E.	S.
Vowel sound	Written	Spoken
oi	coin	coin	kein
join	join	jein
joiner	joiner	jeinur
point	point	peint
oil	oil	eil
boil	boil	beil
voice	vois	veis
quoit	koit	keit
oo	poison	poizon	poozhun
u	spoil	spoil	spull
ui	oil	oil	uilee
The E. sound yoo generally becomes in S. either u or ui:
E.	S.
Vowel sound	Written	Spoken
u	creature	creetyoor	craitur
picture	piktyoor	piktur
mixture	mixtyoor	mixtur
ui	use v.	yooz	uiz
use n.	yoos	uis
refuse	refyooz	refuiz
excuse n.	excyoos	excuis
excuse v.	excyooz	excuiz
Oo.
In a few words E. oo is represented by the same sound in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
blue	bloo	bloo
flew	floo	floo
rue	roo	roo
true	troo	troo
you	yoo	yoo
book	book	book
hook	hook	hook
E.	S.
Written Spoken
look	look	look
full	fool	foo
pull	pool	poo
wool	wool	oo
could	cood	cood
room	room	room
More frequently E. oo becomes ui in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
brew	broo	brui
do	doo	dui
shoe	shoo	shui
too	too	tui
good	good	guid
stood	stood	stuid
boot	boot	buit
brute	broot	bruit
fruit	froot	fruit
root	root	ruit
shoot	shoot	shuit
soot	soot	suit
cool	cool	cuil
fool	fool	fuil
rule	rool	ruil
school	scool	scuil
E.	S.
Written Spoken
spool	spool	spuil
stool	stool	stuil
broom	broom	bruim
loom	loom	luim
moon	moon	muin
tune	tyoon	tyuin
June	Joon	Juin
spoon	spoon	spuin
sure	shoor	shuir
poor	poor	puir
goose	goos	guis
took	took	tuik
proof	proof	pruif
roof	roof	ruif
truth	trooth	truith
toothache	toothaik	tuithik
In some words E. oo becomes u in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
wood	wood	wud
would wood	wud
crook	crook	cruk
bull	bool	bull
bullet	boolit	bullut
your	yoor	yur
E.	S.
Written Spoken
bush	boosh	buss
foot	foot	fut
put	poot	putt
fully	foolli	full-lay
woman	woomun	wummun
Other vowel sounds which in S. take the place of the E. oo are:
E.	S.
Vowel sound	Written	Spoken
ai	to	too	tay
au	who	hoo	hwaw
two	too	twaw
ee	tooth	tooth	teeth
ei	juice	joos	jeis
o	lose	looz	loss
oa	brood	brood	broad
ou	loose	loos	lous
chew	choo	chow
ewe	yoo	yow
Ou.
The vowel sound on in E. generally becomes oo in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
bow	bow	boo
brow	brow	broo
cow	cow	coo
now	now	noo
plough	plow	ploo
sow	sow	soo
crowd	croud	crood
drought drout	drooth
doubt	dout	doot
out	out	oot
stout	stout	stoot
spout	spout	spoot
E.	S.
Written Spoken
clout	clout	cloot
trout	trout	troot
count	count	coont
mouth	mouth	mooth
house	hous	hoos
louse	lous	loos
mouse	moos	Moos
foul	foul	fool
owl	oul	hoolit
towel	touel	tool
brown	broun	broon
crown	croun	croon
E.	S.
Written Spoken
down	doun	doon
town	tours	toon
our	our	oor
flour	flour	floor
flower	flouer	floor
power	pouer	poor
scour	scour	scoor
E.	S.
Written Spoken
sour	sour	soor
shower	shower	shoor
round	round	roond
south	south	sooth
couch	couch	cooch
powder	powder	poodhur
Only in a few words is the E. sound ou represented by the same
sound in S.:
	E.	S.
Written	Spoken
growl	groul	groul
howl	houl	youl
Some other vowels which in S. take the place of the E. on are:
E.	S.
Vowel sound	Written	Spoken
u	cloud	cloud	clud
ground	ground	grund
pound	pound	pund
au	found	found	faund
U.
In a number of words E. u is represented by the same sound
in S.:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
touch	tuch	tuch
rough	ruff	rukh
dull	dull	dull
come	cum	cum
dumb	dum	dum
some	sum	sum
hunt	hunt	hunt
month	munth	munth
sun	sun	sun
son	sun	sun
tongue	tung	tung
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
young	yung	yung
up	up	up
sup V.	sup	sup
word	wurd	wurd
work v.	wurk	wurk
us	us	us
but	but	but
cut	cut	cut
uncle	ungkul	ungkul
worm	wurm	worm
snuff	snuff	snuff
In others, E. u is replaced in S. by oo:
E.	S.
Written Spoken
duck v.	duk	dook
suck	suk	sook
bulk	bulk	book
plum	plum	ploom
thumb		thum	thoom
dove	duv	doo
E.	S.
Written Spoken
love v.	luv	loo
us	us	oos
double	dubbel	doobul
supple suppel	soopul
Russian	Rushyan	Rooshyun
In a few words E. u becomes ui in S.
E.	S.
Written Spoken
blood	blud	bluid
cud	cud	cuid
done	dun	duin
just	just	juist
E.	S.
Written Spoken
above	abuv	ubuin
cousin	cuzin	cuizun
shovel	shuvul	shuil
Thursday	Thursday	Fuirzday
Other vowel sounds which in S. take the place of the E. u are
E.	S.
Vowel sound	Written	Spoken
aa	one	wun	waan
once	wuns	waans
work n.	wurk	waark
worst	wurst	waarst
rush n.	rush	raash
stomach	stumak	staamak
ai	one	wun	ain
nothing	nuthing	naithing
au	worse	wurs	waur
world	wurld	waurld
e	udder	udder	edhur
ee	slush	slush	sleesh
i	us	us	hiz
church	church	kirk
churn	churn	kirn
such	such	sik
other	udher	idhur
brother	bredher	bridhur
mother	mudher	midhur
oa	among	amung	amoan
oven	uvn	oavun
colonel	curnul	coarnul
Qu	sup n.	sup	soup
PREVALENCE OF THE U-SOUND.
As in E., there is in S. a strong tendency to turn almost any
vowel sound in an unstressed syllable into the indeterminate
vowel sound u, pronounced as in the E. words 'sun', 'but', 'rub'.
This seems to be the vowel sound which can be pronounced with
the least effort of the vocal organs, and the natural laziness in
speaking of the majority of mankind has led to its adoption in
many words and syllables where the traditional spelling shows
that formerly some other sound was heard. It has thus become
the commonest vowel sound in the language.
In S. there are a number of words frequently used in ordinary
speech, which, when emphasized, have a stronger vowel sound, but
when slurred or unstressed or rapidly spoken have this sound of u.
This is more especially the case with words which have in their
emphasized form the sound of aa. Examples:
E.	S.
Written	Spoken	Emphatic	Unstressed
man	man	maan	mun
when	wen	hwaan	hwun
then	dhen	dhaan	dhun
what	wot	hwaat	hwut
that	dhat	dhaat	dhut
were	wer	waar	wur
are	aar	aar	ur
them	dhem	dhem	dhum
their	dhair	dhair	dhur
us	us	hiz, huz, oos	us
it	it	hit, hut	ut
yet	yet	yet	yut
his	hiz	hiz	huz, us
this	dhis	dhis	dhus
for	for	for	fur
your	yoor	yoor	yur
A number of other words frequently used, which in E. have an
a or other vowel sound, are almost always pronounced in S. with
a u-sound. Examples:
L.	S.
Written	Spoken
a	a	u
an	an	un
and	and	un
the	dhe	dhu
him	him	hum
E.	S.
Written Spoken
was	woz	wuz
fifty	fifti	fuftay
miss	miss	muss
little	littel	luttul
The most characteristic differences as regards vowel sounds
between E. and S. are that, generally speaking (though there are
many exceptions), we find the following changes. Examples:
E.	S.	E.	S.
Vowel sound	Vowel sound	Written	Spoken
aa	e	heart	haart	hert
arm	aarm	errum
a	e	has	haz	hez
glad	glad	gled
aa	cat	cat	caat
man	man	maan
au	lad	lad	laud
hand	hand	haund
ai	e	rain	rain	ren
eight	ait	ekht
ei	hay	hay	hei
way	way	wei
au	an (after w) warm	waurm	waarm
water	wauter	waatur
oa	brought	braut	broakht
thought	thaut	thoakht
e	ai	head	hed	haid
deaf	def	daif
aa	step	step	staap
west	west	waast
ee	well a.	well	weel
friend	frend	freend
ee	ai	fear	feer	fair
eat	eet	ait
ee	sick	sik	seek
women	wimmen	weemin
u	ill	ill	ull
whip	wip	hwup
ii	ei	fine	fiin	fein
bible	biibul	beibul
o	oa	cock	cok	coak
stop	stop	stoap
aa	off	off	aaf
song	song	saang
E.	S.	E.	S.
Vowel sound	Vowel sound	Written	Spoken
oa	ai	home	hoam	haim
go	goa	gay
ou	grow	groa	grow
four	foar	four
oi	ei	oil	oil	eil
join	join	jein
oo	ui	do	doo	dui
good	good	guid
ou	oo	cow	cow	coo
out	out	oot
u	oo	suck	suk	sook
thumb	thum	thoom
Looked at the other way, we find the S. vowel sounds most
commonly represented in E. by the following vowel sounds.
Examples:
S.	E.	S.	E.
Vowel sound	Vowel sound	Spoken	Written
aa	a	maan	man	man
ai	maak	maik	make
au	waatur	wautur	water
o	taap	top	top
e	waast	west	west
ai	e	haid	hed	head
oa	maist	moast	most
ai	hair	hair	hair
ee	ait	eet	eat
au	a	laud	lad	lad
ai	hwaur	wair	where
oa	auld	oald	old
e	aa	hert	haart	heart
a	gless	glass	glass
ai	ren	rain	rain
ee	ee	mee	mee	me
ii	ee	ii	eye
e	weel	well	well
i	seek	sik	sick
S.	E.	S.	E.
Vowel sound	Vowel sound	Spoken	Written
ei	ii	teim	tiim	time
ai	pei	pay	pay
oi	eil	oil	oil
i	ii	find	fiind	find
u	midhur	mudhur	mother
e	igg	egg	egg
oa	oa	doar	doar	door
au	boakht	baut	bought
o	coarn	corn	corn
oo	oo	y oo	yoo	you
oa	shoo	soa	sew
ou	hoos	hous	house
it	thoom	thum	thumb
ou	oa	four	foar	four
u	u	sun	sun	sun
e	wub	web	web
oo	bull	bool	bull
i	mulk	milk	milk
o	dug	dog	dog
ui	oo	buit	boot	boot
u	bluid	blud	blood
oa	buird	board	board
yoo	uis	yoos	use
Some S. words containing the vowel sound ui, to which there
is no corresponding word in E., are:
S.	E.
crui	pig-sty
cruizee	oil-lamp
cuif	fool
cuit	ankle
S.	E.
huil	pod, husk
guissee	pig
luif	palm
tuim	empty
There is a tendency among the younger generation to substitute
ay for ui at the end of a word ; e. g.:
E.	S.
Written	Spoken	Old	New
do	doo	dui	day
shoe	shoo	shui	shay
too	too	tui	tay
sty	crui	cray
TERMINATION IN ay OR ee.
Many words in S., and especially diminutive nouns, which are
much more: commonly used than in E., end in a short vowel
sound (generally spelt y or ie), which is usually a distinct ay or ee
short, though sometimes it is a sound between the two, difficult to
distinguish. When such a word is sung to a tune which makes
a long note fall on the last syllable, or is shouted, e. g. in calling
a child by its diminutive name, the emphasis on the last syllable
generally shows whether it is ay or ee. The following rules
seem to apply:
1. If the last consonant of the word is a breathed one, i. e. p, f,
th, t, s, sh, k or kh, the sound added is a short ay. Examples:
Last
consonant	Word	Meaning	Word	Meaning
k	Joakay	little John
Hekkay	little Hector
chukkay	round pebble
hwuskay	whisky
Gleskay	Glasgow
Graankay	Granco (Street)
rookay	misty
paukay	shrewd
ch	Erchay	little Archibald
t	Kaitay	little Catherine
Kurstay	little Christina
Bettay	little Elizabeth
aantay	little aunt
boatay	little boat
claurtay	dirty
buttay	little bit
tautay	potato
thertay	thirty
foartay	forty
fuftay	fifty
ekhtay	eighty
daaftay	a daft person
p	coapay	copy
gruppay	gripping, grasping
shoapay	little shop
f	Effay	little Euphemia
aufay	awful
daifay	adeaf person
s	Crissay	little Christina
Betsay
Bessay	little Elizabeth
Jessay	little Jess
laussay	little lass
2. If the last consonant of the word is a voiced one, i. e. b, v,
dh, d, z, g (other than m, n, l, r, or ng), the sound added is
a short ee. Examples:
Last
consonant	Word	Meaning
Word	Meaning
g	Duggee	little Duncan
duggee	little dog
Maaggee
Peggee	little Margaret
coagee	little coag (bowl)
naigee	little nag
waagee	water wagtail
d	Saundee	little Alexander
Joardee	little George
lauddee	little lad
daaddee	little father
leddee	lady
buddee	body
smuddee	smithy
cuddee	donkey
weedee	widow
caandee	candy
braandee	brandy
windee	window
b	Roabee
Boabee	little Robert
Baabee	little Barbara
Tibbee	little Isabella
coarbee	raven
v	Daivee	little David
z	Luzzee	little Elizabeth
Eezee	little Isabella
Meizee	little May
aizee	easy
toozee	dishevelled
cruizee	oil-lamp
3. If the vowel sound in the preceding syllable is ee, ei, oo, or
ou, the termination is ee whatever be the consonant between.
S.	E.
deeree	darling
sweetee	sweetmeat
weeree	weary
jeelee	jelly
cheenee	china
cheeree	cheerful
greedee	greedy
Jeenee	little Jane
Beelee	Billy
weifee	little wife
S.	E.
Teenee	little Christina
Beenee	little Robina
skeelee	slate-pencil
creepee	low stool
peetee	pity
droothee	thirsty
cookee	small bun
poossee	pussy
Louree	little Lawrence
hweilee	little while
4. Otherwise, if the last consonant of the word is m, n, l, r, or
ng, the sound added is a short ay. More especially the negative
added to a verb is a short nay.
S.	E.
duinay	don't
caanay	can't
wunnay	won't
maannay	mustn't
coodnay	couldn't
S.	E.
wudnay	wouldn't
boanay	bonnie
bairnay	little child
coalay	collie
oanay	any
S.	E.
moanay	many
graanay	grandmother
Aidinburray	Edinburgh
braulay	well
daidlay	pinafore
baaray	barrow
kerray	carry
merray	marry
haapnay	halfpenny
Aundray	little Andrew
Chairlay	little Charles
Daanay	little Daniel
Hairay	little Harry
S.	E.
Jaimay	little James
Joanay	little John
Taamay	little Tom
Wullay	little Will
Aanay	little Ann
Naanay	little Nan
Faimay	little Euphemia
Jinnay	little Janet
Lullay	Lily
Mairay	Mary
Sairay	Sarah
Saalay	Sally
STRESS ON SYLLABLES
In almost all words in S. the stress (accent, emphasis) comes on
the same syllable as in E. Exceptions are:
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
April	Aípril	Upreíl
July	Joolíi	Jóolay
mattress	máttress	matréss
mischief	míschif	muschéef
discord	díscord	discóard
soiree	swáray	soarée
committee	comíttee	cóamitee
magazine	magazéen	máagizin
massacre	mássacur	masáacur
covenanter	cúvenanter	coavenéntur
GRAMMAR
NOUNS
FORMATION OF NOUNS.
AMONG the different ways in which nouns are formed the
following may be noticed:
1. Diminutives expressive of smallness, endearment, or contempt
are very commonly formed from other nouns by adding the sound
of ay (as in E. may) or ee (as in E. see) to the original noun or to
a contraction of it.
Examples in ay:
S.	E.
Dim.	Written
aant	aantay	aunt	auntie
bairn	bairnay	child	little child
boat	boatay	boat	little boat
burn	burnay	brook	little brook
but	buttay	bit	little bit
graandmidhur	graanay	grandmother	granny
laam	laamay	lamb	little lamb
lauss	laussay	lass	little girl
maan	maanay	man	little man
maw	maamay	mamma	mammy
shoap	shoapay	shop	little shop
yaird	yairday	garden	little garden
yow	yoway	ewe	little ewe
Examples:
A wee but maanikay.	Quite a little mannikin.
A wee but yairday.	A tiny little garden.
Examples in ee:
S.	E.
coag	coagee	wooden bowl	small wooden bowl
daw	daadee	father	daddy
dugg	duggee	dog	doggie
hweil	hweilee	while	little while
laud	lauddee	lad	little boy
naig	naigee	nag (pony)	little pony
2. A similar termination added to an adjective means a person
or object possessing the quality expressed by the adjective.
Examples:
S	E.
daaft	daaftay	mad	mad person
daif	daifay	deaf	deaf person
deer	deeree	dear	darling
dumm	dummay	dumb	dumb person
sweet	sweetee	sweet	a sweet
saaft	saaftay	soft	soft-headed person,
noodle
3. The addition of the sound ur to a verb forms a noun which
means the person who does the action implied by the verb.
When added to a noun it means the person who has to do with
the object implied by the noun.
S.	E.
Verb	Noun
baik	baikur	bake	baker
daans	daansur	dance	dancer
dail	dailur	deal	dealer
jein	jeinur	join	joiner
lee	leeur	lie	liar
loup	loupur	leap	leaper
pent	pentur	paint	painter
shair	shairur	reap	reaper
shoo	shoostur	sew	sempster
sing	singur	sing	singer
speek	speekur	speak	speaker
weev	weevur	weave	weaver
Noun	Noun
duch	duchur	ditch	ditcher
ferm	fermur	farm	farmer
flesh	fleshur	flesh (meat)	butcher
haij	haijur	hedge	hedger
mull	mullur	mill	miller
seddul	seddlur	saddle	saddler
wub	wubstur	web	weaver
4. Some nouns are formed from adjectives by the addition of
t or th with a change in the body of the word, to denote the
quality expressed by the adjective.
S.	E.
Adj.	Noun	Spoken	Written
drii	drooth	drii	drout	dry	drought
heekh	hekht	hii	hiit	high	height
laang	laingth	long	length	long	length
troo	truith	troo	trooth	true	truth
If the adjective ends in t or d no consonant sound is added.
S.	E.
Adj.	Noun	Spoken	Written
bred	breed	braud	bredth	broad	breadth
cauld	cauld	coald	coald	cold	cold
het	hait	hot	heet	hot	heat
5. Many nouns have the same form as the verbs with which
they are connected.
S.	E.
Verb	Noun	Spoken	Written
fair	fair	feer	fear	fear
laakh	laakh	laaf	laugh	laugh
sleep	sleep	sleep	sleep	sleep
staap	staap	step	step	step
stoap	stoap	stop	stop	stop
6. The verbal noun in in (the same in form as the present
participle) is commonly used. Examples:
Beitin un scaartin'z Scoach foak's wooin.
Biting and scratching is Scotch people's form of wooing.
Spaak oa loupin our a linn.
Spoke of jumping into a deep pool.
NUMBER.
As in standard E., the plural is usually formed by adding a
sibilant sound, z or s, to the singular; but if the noun itself
ends in a sibilant sound, including ch (which is the same
sound as tsh), j (which is the same sound as dzh), and x (which is
the same sound as ks), the sound added to mark the plural is iz
(spelt es in E.).
1. Nouns ending in a vowel sound add z for the plural.
Examples:
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Sing.	P1.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	P1.
baw	bawz	baul	baulz	ball	balls
craw	crawz	croa	croaz	crow	crows
day	dayz	day	dayz	day	days
bairnay	bairnayz	small child	small children
bee	beez	bee	beez	bee	bees
buddee	buddeez	boddi	boddiz	body	bodies
wei	weiz	way	wayz	way	ways
doo	dooz	duv	duvz	dove	doves
ploo	plooz	plow plowz	plough	ploughs
row	rowz	roal	roalz	roll	rolls
yow	yowz	yoo	yooz	ewe	ewes
2. Nouns ending in a voiced non-sibilant consonant (b, m, v,
dh, d, n, l, r, g, ng) add z for the plural.
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
wub	wubz	web	webz	web	webs
laam	laamz	lam	lamz	lamb	lambs
nev	nevz	fist	fists
haid	haidz	hed	hedz	head	heads
hen	henz	hen	henz	hen	hens
heel	heelz	heel	heelz	heel	heels
faidhur	faidhurz	faadher	faadherz	father	fathers
igg	iggz	egg	eggz	egg	eggs
dug	dugz	dog	dogz	dog	dogs
thing	thingz	thing	thingz	thing	things
3. Nouns ending in a sibilant sound (s, z, ch, j, sh, zh, x) add
iz for the plural.
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
gless	glessiz	glass	glassiz	glass	glasses
noaz	noaziz	noaz	noaziz	nose	noses
much	muchiz	cap	caps
haij	haijiz	hej	hejiz	hedge	hedges
dush	dushiz	dish	dishiz	dish	dishes
boax	boaxiz	box	boxiz	box	boxes
4. Nouns ending in a breathed non-sibilant consonant (p, f, th,
t, k, kh) add s for the plural.
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
haip	haips	heep	heeps	heap	heaps
shoap	shoaps	shop	shops	shop	shops
taap	taaps	top	tops	top	tops
munth	munths	munth	munths	month	months
smuth	smuths	smith	smiths	smith	smiths
caat	caats	cat	cats	cat	cats
cout	couts	coalt	coalts	colt	colts
caik	caiks	caik	caiks	cake	cakes
paitrik	paitriks	paartrij	paartrijiz	partridge	partridges
flekh	flekhs	flee	fleez	flea	fleas
pekh	pekhs	pant	pants
screekh	screekhs	screech	scrcechiz	screech	screeches
5. Unlike E., in which most nouns ending in the breathed
sound f change it into the voiced sound v, and add z for the
plural, in S. they retain the f and add s for the plural.
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
cauf	caufs	caaf	caavz	calf	calves
haaf	haafs	haaf	haavz	half	halves
laif	laifs	loaf	loavz	loaf	loaves
shaif	shaifs	sheef	sheevz	sheaf	sheaves
shelf	shelfs	shelf	shelvz	shelf	shelves
theef	theefs	theef	theevz	thief	thieves
tneif	tneifs	niif	niivz	knife	knives
weif	weifs	wiif	wiivz	wife	wives
6. Nouns ending in the breathed sound th retain that sound and
add s for the plural, instead of changing it into the voiced sound
dh and adding z, as some do in E. (but not all ; see month, death,
breath).
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pt.
mooth	mooths	mouth	moudhz	mouth	mouths
peth	peths	paath	paadhz	path	paths
7. As in E., nouns ending in s generally retain that sound
before the iz of the plural, e.g. gless, glessiz; cless, clessiz;
buss (bush), bussiz.
Sometimes one hears the plural hoosiz, instead of hooziz,
corresponding to the E. houziz, plural of 'house' (hous).
8. As in E., one or two nouns form the plural by adding n
instead of a sibilant.
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	P1.
ee	een	ii	iiz	eye	eyes
shui	shuin	shoo	shooz	shoe	shoes
A curious double plural is sometimes heard:
Taak aaf baith yur shuinz. Both of you take off your shoes.
Steek baith yur eenz. Both of you shut your eyes.
9. Some nouns have the plural the same as the singular.
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Sing.	Pt.	Sing.	Pt.	Sing.	Pl.
burs	burs	brissul	brissulz	bristle	bristles
coad	coad	cod	cod	cod	cod
dizn	dizn	duzn	duzn	dozen	dozen
deer	deer	deer	deer	deer	deer
fush	fush	fish	fish	fish	fish
grous	grous	grous	grous	grouse	grouse
hairin	hairin	herring	herring	herring	herring
hoars	hoars	hors	horsiz	horse	horses
nout	nout	bullock	bullocks
piz	piz	pee	peez	pea	peas
reis	reis	twig	twigs
saumun	saumun	saamon	saamon	salmon	salmon
scoar	scoar	scoar	scoar	score	score
sheep	sheep	sheep	sheep	sheep	sheep
teeth	teeth	tooth	teeth	tooth	teeth
Examples:
Hoo moanay hoars hay yee? How many horses have you?
Three pair oa hoars un an oaray baist. Three pairs of horses
and an odd one (beast).
10. Some nouns denoting time, weight, length, area, or distance,
make no change after a numeral or numeral adjective.
Hee'z three munhh auldur'n mee. He's three months older
than me.
Shee'z ekht yeer auld. She's eight years old.
A twaal yeer auld coo. A twelve-year-old cow.
Aa gay um twaw pound. I gave him two pounds (£2).
Hut weiz foartay pund dhe bushel. It weighs forty pounds
the bushel.
Hee'z abuin dhe four scoar. He's above fourscore (eighty
years old).
Hut'll bee four aikur oanaywei. It will be four acres at least.
Hoo moanay yeer iz'd sin sein? How many years is it since
then?
Ten stain oa hei. Ten stones of hay.
Hoo moanay meil iz'd tay Dinnin? How many miles is it to
Dunning?
Hut'll bee ekht moil fay hoer. It will be eight miles from here.
Fiiv bow oa mail. Five bolls of meal.
Four dizzin (oa) iggz. Four dozen eggs.
Ekht scoar (oa) sheep. Eight score sheep.
11. Some nouns form the plural irregularly:
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
cheeld	chuldur	children	boy, lad	children
coo	kii	cow	couz, kiin	cow	cows, kine
soo	swein	sow	swiin	sow, pig	swine
guis	gees	goos	gees	goose	geese
loos	leis	lous	liis	louse	lice
moos	meis	mous	miis	mouse	mice
maan	men	man	men	man	men
wummun	weemin	woomun	wimmin	woman	women
baist	bais	beest	beests	beast	beasts
fut	feet	foot	feet	foot	feet
pennay	puns	penni	pens	penny	pence
claith	claiz	cloth	cloaz	cloth	clothes
NOTE. Cheeld in S. means a boy or lad, chuldur means children.
Soo means pig in general, as well as sow, e. g. soo'z crui, a pigsty.
The plural of pennay is puns when a sum of money is
spoken of, e. g. tuppuns, thruppuns, sixpuns, but if a number of
penny pieces is meant the plural is pennayz.
As in E., claith has two plurals, claiths meaning cloths, and
claiz meaning clothes.
12. As in E., some nouns are used only, or most commonly, in
the plural, or have a special meaning when used in the plural.
S.	E.
bellusiz	bellows
taingz	tongs
pliiurz	pincers
nuppurz	pincers
sheers	scissors
taut	a scourge of
leather
hemz	hames (on a
horse's collar)
bauks	balance (for
weighing)
glessiz	spectacles
speks	spectacles
peips	bagpipes
mainz	home farm
poalisayz	enclosed park
round country
seat
plenstainz	pavement
flaagz	pavement
juggz	pillory
sellz	police cells
ess	ashes
pigz	crockery
finninz	smoked haddock

kippurz	dried herring
groats	oats with the
husks off
aits	oats
coallups	minced meat
meeluks	crumbs
murlinz	crumbs
scumminz	skimmings
dregglinz	dregs
airninz	rennet
speeruts	whisky
saipay suds	soapsuds
dudz	rags, old clothes
S.	E.
claiz	clothes
brawz	finery
steiz	corset
gaalusiz	braces
coats	a woman's skirts
huggurz	footless stockings

breeks	trousers
nikkurz	knickerbockers
murninz	mourning
roulinz	ravelled worsted
haarnz	brains
guts	bowels
likhts	lungs
munnaypliiz	third stomach of
a ruminant
haarigulz	entrails
hunkurz	bent legs
baats	an illness of animals

buffits	mumps
mizulz	measles
poax	smallpox
shaakurz	staggers
doadz	sulks
bledhurz	nonsense
claivurz	gossip
haivurz	nonsense
oadz	odds, difference
mennurz	manners
aurlz	earnest money
wejiz	wages
teendz	tithe
feers	officially fixed
average prices
of grain
leinz	lines, certificate
of proclamation
of marriage
S.
E.
caarichiz	catechism
gutturz	mud
quikkunz	a grass with trailing
roots
S.	E.
fichiz	vetches, tares
foarbeerz	ancestors
eeldinz	equals in age
paiks	licking
13. A number of nouns denoting semi-liquid food are plural:
S.	E.
paarich	porridge
kail	broth
broath	broth
broaz	a preparation of oatmeal
soa-inz	a preparation of oatmeal
hoach poach	broth with a mixture of vegetables
crudz	curds
Thay'z guid kail.	That's good broth (lit. those are).
Taak a hween mair crudz.	Take a little more curds (lit. a few
more).
Gee's a draap paarich.	Give me a little porridge.
Shee maid az moanay paarich
az wud sair tull dennerteim
She made as much porridge as
would serve till dinner-time.
Dhur paarich ull bee our
cauld, gin yee duinay taak
dhem suin.This porridge will be too cold, if
you don't take it soon.
GENDER.
As regards most nouns, there is nothing in the sound of the
word to show the gender. That is determined only by the meaning,
nouns being masculine, feminine, common, or neuter according as
they denote males, females, either sex, or something without life.
A few words denoting persons or animals have different forms for
the masculine and feminine.
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Masc.	Fem.	Masc.	Fem.	Masc.	Fern.
maan	wummun	man	woomun	man	woman
maan	weif	man	wiif	husband	wife
laud	laus	lad	lass	lad	lass
lauddee	laussay	laddi	lassi	laddie	lassie
faidhur	midhur	faadher	mudher	father	mother
sun	doakhtur	sun	dauter	son	daughter
bridhur	sustur	brudher	sister	brother	sister
guchur	graanay	grandfather grandmother
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Masc.	Fem.	Masc. Fem.	Masc.	Fem.
unkul	aantay	unkul	aant	uncle	aunt
neffay	nees	nevyoo	nees	nephew	niece
keeng	queen	king	queen	king	queen
loard	leddee	lord	laidi	lord	lady
bull	coo	bool	cow	bull	cow
stoat	quei	bullock	heifer
staig	mair	mair	stallion	mare
cout	fullay	coalt	filli	colt	filly
boar	soo	boar	sow	boar	sow
tuip	yow	ram	yoo	ram	ewe
wedhur	gimmur	castrated male
sheep	 ewe in her
second year
draik	dyuk	draik	duk	drake	duck
coak	hen	cok	hen	cock	hen
dug	bich	dog	bich	dog	bitch
CASE.
There are, as in E., three cases — nominative, objective, and
possessive. The objective case of a noun is always the same as
the nominative.
POSSESSIVE SINGULAR.
The possessive singular is formed like the regular plural, by
adding a sibilant to the nominative, the sibilant being z, iz, or s,
according to the same rules as determine the sibilant added to
make the regular plural, so that in the case of all nouns which
merely add a sibilant or iz to form the plural, the possessive
singular has exactly the same sound as the nominative plural. In
writing, in order to distinguish between the two cases, it is usual
to insert an apostrophe in the possessive singular, but this does
not affect the sound. Examples:
S.	E.
Dhe bairnay'z fut.	The small child's foot.
Dhe yow'z hoarn.	The ewe's horn.
Dhe dug's tail.	The dog's tail.
Dhe laam'z haid.	The lamb's head.
Dhe juj'iz wig.	The judge's wig.
Dhe dyuk's neb.	The duck's bill.
Dhe caat's lug.	The cat's ear.
Daith's dear.	Death's door.
As in E., the sound of the possessive singular differs from that
of the nominative plural only in those nouns which make some
change in the body of the word to form the plural or which have
the plural the same as the singular. Examples:
S.	E.
Poss. Sing.	Nom. Pl.	Poss. Sing.	Nom. Pl.
coo'z	kii	cow's	cows
deer'z	deer	deer's	deer
hoars'iz	hoars	horse's	horses
maan'z	men	man's	men
moos'iz	meis	mouse's	mice
sheep's	sheep	sheep's	sheep
wummun'z	weemin	woman's	women
POSSESSIVE PLURAL.
As in E., when a noun adds a sibilant sound to form the plural,
the sound of the possessive plural is the same as that of the
nominative plural ; but in writing an apostrophe is added to mark
the difference of case. Examples:
yowz' hoarnz	ewes' horns
laamz' haidz	lambs' heads
Sometimes another sibilant (iz) is added to form the possessive
plural. Example:
Dhe bairnz'iz claiz.	The children's clothes.
Dhe dugz'iz lugz.	The dogs' ears.
When the nominative plural is not formed by adding a sibilant
to the singular, the possessive plural adds a sibilant to the
nominative plural, as if it were a singular.
S.	E.
Nom. Pl.	Poss. Pl.	Nom. Pl.	Poss. Pl.
deer	deer'z	deer	deer's
hoars	hoars'iz	horses	horses'
kii	kii'z	cows	cows'
men	men's	men	men's
sheep	sheep's	sheep	sheep's
weemin	weemin'z	women	women's
meis	meis'iz	mice	mice's
hoars'iz tails	horses' tails
men'z coats	men's coats
sheep's haidz	sheep's heads
weemin'z claash	women's gossip
As in E., it is uncommon to use the possessive of a word denoting
an inanimate object. It is more usual to express the sense
of belonging to, connected with, or used for, by simply placing one
word before the other without any sibilant, a hyphen being sometimes
put between the two words in writing them to show the
connexion between them. Examples:
S.	E.	Meaning.
kail-paat	broth-pot	pot used for making broth
paat-lud	pot-lid	lid of a pot
paarich-spurtul	porridge-stick	stick used for stirring porridge
shoap-doar	shop-door	door of a shop
mull-daam	mill-pond	pond for a mill
Sometimes a word meaning an animal is used in the same way.
Examples:
S.	E.	Meaning.
coo-shairn	cow-dung	the dung of cows
hoars-dung	horse-dung	the dung of horses
hoars-hair	horsehair	the hair of horses
swein-saim	hogs' lard	the lard of hogs
But we say sheep's oo (sheep's wool), not sheep-oo; sheep's
haid (sheep's head), not sheep-haid.
ADJECTIVES
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES.
The commonest derivative adjectives are formed from nouns or
verbs by the addition of the vowel sound ay or ee. Examples:
S.	E.
Noun or Verb	Adj.	Noun or Verb	Adj.
grupp	gruppay	grip	miserly
maukh	maukhay	maggot	maggoty
cheer	cheeree	cheer	cheery
creesh	creeshee	grease (grees) greasy
dudd	duddee	rag	ragged
reek	reekee	smoke	smoky
A number of adjectives are formed by adding sum to a noun
or verb:
Noun or Verb Meaning	Adj.	Meaning
aw	awe	awsum	awful
fair	fear	fairsum	fearful
groo	shudder	groosum	ghastly
way	woe	waysum	woeful
Others again are formed by adding fay (corresponding to the E.
ful) to a noun or verb. Examples:
Noun or Verb	Meaning	Adj.	Meaning
aw	awe	awfay	awful
Bair	care	cairfay	careful
way	woe	waifay	woeful
In these cases the meaning is that of possessing or being
characterized by the object or quality indicated by the noun or
verb.
On the other hand, the termination lus (corresponding to the
E. less) has the opposite meaning. Examples:
Noun or Verb	Meaning	Adj.	Meaning
haund	hand	haundlus	handless
cair	care	cairlus	careless
thoakht	thought (thaut)	thoakhtlus	thoughtless
INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES.
As in E., adjectives do not change their form, whatever be the
;ender, number, or case of the nouns to which they refer. The
only exceptions are the following adjectives, which change their
form in the plural:
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pt.	Sing.	Pl.
dhaat	dhay	dhat	dhoaz	that	those
dhus	dhur	dhis	dheez	this	these
luttul	noa moanay littel	little	few
mukkul	moanay	much	menni	much	many
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives usually form the comparative by adding the sound
ur to the positive, and the superlative by adding the sound ist to
the positive. But, as in E., though not so commonly, the comparative,
especially of long adjectives, may be formed by prefixing
the word mair (more), and the superlative by prefixing maist
(most) to the positive. Examples:
S.	E.
Positive	Comparative	Superlative	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
auld	auldur	auldist	old	older	oldest
deep	deepur	deepist	deep	deeper	deepest
faar	faarur	faarist	far	farther	farthest
heekh	heekhur	heekhist	high	higher	highest
thikk	thikkur	thikkist	thick	thicker	thickest
aufay	aufayur	aufayist or
maist aufay	awful	more awful	awfullest,
most awful
aivun	aivunur	aivunist	even	more even	most even
haunday	haundayur	haundayist	handy	handier	handiest
auld--
faarund	auld--
faarundur	auld--
faarundist	old--
fashioned	more old--
fashioned	most old--
fashioned
Sometimes a double comparative is heard. Examples:
Hee'z mair auldur nor mee.	He's older than me.
Hut's mair sweetur nor hweit.	It's sweeter than wheat.
A few adjectives form their comparative and superlative
irregularly:
S.	E.
Positive	Comp.	Superl.	Positive	Comp.	Superl.
u11	waur	waarst	bad, ill	worse	worst
foar	furst
foarmost	(before)	first
guid	bettur	best	good	better	best
hindur	hinmust (behind)	hindmost
luttul	less	laist	little	less	least
mukkul or
moanay	mair
or may	maist	much
many	more	most
neer or
neerhaund	neerur	neest or
nixt		near	nearer	nearest
or next
Examples:
S.	E.
Neest year.	Next year.
Ut's yoo nixt.	It's you next.
Deel tank dhe hinmust. Devil take the hindmost.
Several adverbs and nouns of place are compared and used as
adjectives. Examples:
S.	E.
Adverb
or noun	Comp.	Superl.	Adverb
or Noun	Comp.	Superl.
up	uppur	upmust	up	upper	top
doon	doonmust	down	lowest
uneth	nedhur	nethmust	beneath	lower	lowest
in	innur	inmust	in	inner	inmost
oot	ootmust	out	outer	outermost
aist	aistur	aistmust east	farther east	easternmost
waast	waastur	waastmust	west	farther west	westernmost
NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
ain, waan	wun	one
twaw, kwaw	too	two
three, hree	three	three
four	foar	four
fiiv	fiiv	five
six, sex (obs. saax)	six	six
saivun, sivn	seven	seven
ekht (obs. aakht)	ait	eight
nein	niin	nine
ten	ten	ten
ulaivun	eleven	eleven
twaal, twel, kwel	twelv	twelve
therteen	thirteen	thirteen
foarteen	foarteen	fourteen
fufteen	fifteen	fifteen
sexteen	sixteen	sixteen
saivunteen	seventeen	seventeen
ekhteen, aakhteen	aiteen	eighteen
neinteen	niinteen	nineteen
twuntee, kwuntee	twenti	twenty
twuntee-ain	twenti-wun	twenty-one
twuntee-twaw	twenti-too	twenty-two
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
thertay	thirti	thirty
foartay	forti	forty
fuftay	fifti	fifty
sextay	sixti	sixty
saivuntay	seventi	seventy
ekhtay	aiti	eighty
neintay	niinti	ninety
hundur	hundred	hundred
thoozunt	thouzand	thousand
ORDINALS.
furst	first	first
seecund	second	second
thurd, thrud	third	third
foart	forth	fourth
fuft	fifth	fifth
sext	sixth	sixth
saivint	seventh	seventh
ekht	aitth	eighth
neint	niinth	ninth
tent	tenth	tenth
ulaivunt	eleventh	eleventh
twelt, &c.	twelfth, &c.	twelfth, &c.
twunteeuth	twentieth	twentieth
hundurt	hundredth	hundredth
thoozunt	thousandth	thousandth
NOTE. Ain is much more commonly used than waan, which
is an emphatic form.
Although we say four (not foar as in E.) we say foart, foarteen,
foartay.
In the ordinal numeral adjectives up to nineteen the termination
is not th as in E., but t, except in seecund and thurd or thrud,
where, as in E., it is d.
As in E., the numerals can be used in the plural to signify
groups:
S.	E.
Spoken	Written
ainz	wunz	ones
twawz	tooz	twos
threez	threez	threes
The half-hours are described as before the next hour instead of
after the past hour as in E.:
haaf ekht = half past seven
haaf twel = half past eleven
Multiples are sing-ul (singgul), doobul (dubbul), three-plii (triple,
three-ply), and twawsum, threesum, foursum, ekhtsum, i. e.
arranged by twos, threes, fours, eights.
Fractionals are haaf (haaf ), thurd or thrud (thurd), foart
(foarth), &c.; quaartur (quorter) is also used for a fourth part.
ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS OF NUMBER AND QUANTITY.
Number and quantity are sometimes designated by adjectives,
sometimes by nouns. In the latter case the noun is generally
followed by the preposition oa (of) before a pronoun, but the oa is
often omitted before a following noun.
S.	E.
Dikht, doakun, tikk, tikkay,
tait, but, thoakht, gren
flikhun, hair.	A bit, a whit, a little bit, a tiny
bit.
A draap, a wee draap.	A little drop.
A wee,	A little.
A wee but, a wee thoakht.	A little bit.
A hween.	A few.
A pukkul.	A little, a small quantity, a few.
Oa'd.	Some (of it).
A junt.	A chunk.
Twaw three, twaw hree,
twaw'r three. Two or three, several.
A guid but, a guid hween, a
gei hween.	A good bit, a good deal, a good
few.
A currun.	Several, a number of.
A grait dail oa, a grait haip oa.	A lot of; a great many.
A grait pees oa.	A good many, a good deal of.
A haantul oa.	A considerable number of.
Dhe weil oa.	The pick of.
Dhe fekk oa.	The greater part of, most of.
Dhe hail oa.	The whole of.
Dhe laiv oa.	The rest, the remainder of.
Dhe leik oa.	The like of (persons or things),
like.
Oaray.	Odd.
Examples:
S.	E.
Aa dinnay cair a dikht (doakun).	
I don't care a bit.
Juist a tikk, juist a wee tikkay,
juist a wee tait.	Just a very little.
Noa a tait.	Not a bit.
Juist a but bairn.	Just a little child.
Yur but bairn.	Your little child.
A but loon.	A little lad.
A but shoapay.	A little shop.
A wee thoakht hwuskay.	A small drop of whisky.
Noa a hair oa mail in aw dhe
hoos.	Not a grain of meal in the whole
house.
Aa'll juist taak a but hair.	I'll just take a very little.
Gee's a draap waatur.	Give me a drop of water.
Aa'll taak a wee draap paarich.	I'll take a little porridge.
Aa'll be baak in a wee.	I'll be back in a little.
Gee's a wee but kebbuk.	Give me a little bit of cheese.
Aa'll juist taak a hween mair
(or may).	I'll just take a few more.
A hween puir buddeez.	A few poor people.
Aa hunnay seen um dhis
hween yeerz.	I haven't seen him for a few
	years back.
A pukkul ait-mail.	A little oatmeal.
Dhe weif baikit a pukkul oa
scoanz.	My wife baked a few scones.
A pukkul ee coarn.	A little of the corn.
Dhur'z oa'd ee press.	There's some in the cupboard.
Twaw three auld weifs.	Two or three (a few) old women.
Juist a currun haivurz.	Just a pack of nonsense.
A currun laussayz.	A number of girls.
Juist a currun scaartz.	Just a few scratches.
A grait dais oa weevurz.	A great many weavers.
A haantul oa groazurz.	A lot of gooseberries.
Ut's a gei hweil noo.	It's a fairly long time ago now.
Dhe weil oa dhum aw.	The pick of them all.
Dhe fekk oa dhum.	Most of them.
S.	E.
Yee see dhe fekk oa'd.	You see most of it.
Dhe hail oa'd.	The whole of it.
Dhe hail nikht.	The whole night.
Dhe laiv oa'd.	The rest of it.
Juist aw dhe leik oa dhay
thingz.	Just all that sort of thing.
Aa nair saw dhe leik oa'd.	I never saw anything like it.
Aa nair saw dhe leik oa dhay.	I never saw anything like those.
Aa nair saw dhe baist dui dhe
leik oa dhaat afoar.	I never saw the beast do anything
like that before.
Ulkay buddee heznay dhe leik
oa dhaat.	Not everybody has that sort of
thing.
Floorz un dhe leik oa dhaat.	Flowers and things of that sort.
Wuz ivvur dhe leik oa dhaat!	Was there ever anything like
that!
Three pair oa hoars un an
oaray ain.	Three pairs of horses and an
odd one.
QUANTITATIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS.
S.	E.
oanay	any (eni), either
moanay	many (meni)
luttul	little
mukkul	much
aw	all (aul)
ulkay	each, every
noa	no (noa)
nain	none (nun), neither (needhur)
awbuddee, ulkay buddee	everybody
awthing	everything
naybuddee	nobody (noabodi)
naything	nothing (nuthing)
sum	some (sum)
sumbuddee	somebody (sumbodi)
sumthing	something (sumthing)
sikk, sikkleik, sikk a, sikkun such, such and such
saim	same (saim)
baith	both
dhe tay, dhe t'ain — dhe t'idhur	the one — the other
sum — idhur	some (sum) — other (udher)
ay, ain — unidhur	one — another
idhur	other, each other
oanay idhur buddee	anybody else
S.	E.
sum idhur buddee	somebody else
nay idhur buddee	nobody else
aw idhur thing	everything else
nay idhur thing	nothing else
dhe tay haaf oa'd	one half of it
dhe t'idhur haaf	the other half
noa a thing	not a thing, nothing at all
Examples:
Oanay oa dhe twaw ull dui.
Either of the two will do.
Ur dhay oanay fekk oa waatur ee waal?
Is there much water in the well?
Dhur noa mukkul waatur ee burn dhe-day.
There's not much water in the brook to-day.
Ulkay blaid oa gress keps uts ain draap oa dyoo.
Every blade of grass catches its own drop of dew.
Ulkay craw thinks hur ain burd hweitist.
Every crow thinks her own bird whitest.
Hee caam in hiz ulkay day'z claiz.
He came in his everyday clothes.
Ulkay buddee kenz dhur ain wei best.
Everybody knows his own way best.
Nain oa dhum.	None of them.
Nain oa dhe twaw.	Neither of the two.
Dh'ull nain oa dhe twaw oa yee'll gaang.
Neither of you shall go.
NOTE. Although awbuddee (everybody), ulkay buddee (everybody),
oanaybuddee (anybody), and sumbuddee (somebody) are
singular, the possessive pronoun referring to them is used in the
plural. Examples:
Awbuddee hez dhur ain draaf-poak tay kerray.
Everybody has his own draff-sack to carry.
Hwun a buddee'z raang wee dhur meind.
When a person is wrong in his (or her) mind.
Sumbuddee'z left dhur futmaarks uhint dhum.
Somebody's left his foot-marks behind him.
Ut's noa oafun oanaybuddee finds dhur wei dhair.
It's not often that anybody finds his way there.
Ye'er aidhur awthing or naything wee um.
You're either everything or nothing to him.
Sikk a buddee, sikkun a buddee.	So-and-so.
Dhur noa sikk a thing noo.
There's no such thing now.
Sikkin a foak's gaun tay bee merraid.
So-and-so is going to be married.
In sikk a gait fay sikk a buddee.
In such-and-such a way from so-and-so.
Baith dhe twaw oa yee.	Both of you.
Fay dhe tay yeer'z end tay dhe t'idhur.
From one year's end to another.
Yee'll noa ken dhe t'ain bee dhe t'idhur.
You won't know the one from the other.
Baith dhe t'ain un dhe t'idhur.	Both the one and the other.
Dhe t'ain'z nair weel un dhe t'idhur'z nair foo.
The one's never well and the other's never full.
Dhe t'idhur day.	The other day.
Dhay wur baith leik idhur.
They were both alike (like each other).
Dhay wur nay idhur thing neerhaund ut.
There was nothing else near it.
NOTE. The word thing is sometimes used with reference to
a preceding noun. Examples:
Aa duinay leik saut buttur; hay yee nay sweet thing?
I don't like salt butter; have you no fresh?
Wee'll hay sum nyoo thing in dhe moarn.
We'll have some new in to-morrow.
Wud yee leik blaak ink, or wud yee taak sum bloo thing?
Do you want black ink, or would you take blue?
NOTE. Ay is an adjective meaning 'one, only'.
Ain is a numeral adjective meaning 'one' (wun), but may be
used as a noun, and has a plural ainz, 'ones' (wunz).
Ains is an adverb meaning 'once' (wuns).
There is another word ain (with a longer vowel sound) meaning
'own' (oan). Examples:
S.	E.
Ay day.	One day.
Ay shui oan un ay shui aaf.	One shoe on and one shoe off.
Ay-ee'd Joak.	One-eyed Jock.
A weif's ay doakhtur.	A woman's only daughter.
Hur maamay'z ay bairn.	Her mother's only child.
S.	E.
Dhay ainz iz aw rikht.	Those ones are all right.
Aa kent a laud ains.	I once knew a lad.
Aa'm gled ma hert's ma ain.	I'm glad my heart's my own.
Ulkay ain.	Every one.
Gif dhay bee guid ainz.	If they are good.
Dhay'z unkay smaw ainz.	Those are very small.
Aa waant yoo ainz heer.	I want you people here.
Shee'z hur midhur'z t'ay ee.	She's her mother's only eye (the
apple of her eye).
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE.
Hwaatnay is used as an interrogative adjective, singular or
plural, in place of the E. what or which. Sometimes it means what
kind of; what sort of. The old form hwulk is rarely heard.
Examples:
S.	E.
Hwaatnay coo'z dhaat?	Which cow is that?
Hwaatnay baakay'z dhaat?	What sort of tobacco is that?
Hwaatnay auld dudz iz dhay?	What old rags are those?
Hwaatnay haund wull yee
taak?	Which hand will you have?
Hwaatnay yeer wur dhay
merraid in?	In what year were they married?
Hwaatnay cuntraymaan ur
yee?
Hwaatnay cuntray dui yee
belaung tull, cum fay.	What (part of the) country do
you belong to,
come from?
Hwaatnay ain oa yee duid
dhaat?	Which of you did that?
Hwaatnay leik buddee'z yon?	What sort of person is he?
Hwulk ull yee taak ?	Which will you take?
Hwulk ain oa yee'z cummin
wee mee?	Which of you is coming with
me?
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES.
S.	E.
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
dhis, dhus	dhur	this (dhis)	these (dheez)
dhaat	dhay	that (dhat)	those (dhoaz)
yon, dhon	yon, dhon	yonder	yonder
NOTE. Dhis and dhur primarily refer to objects near the
speaker, dhaat and dhay to objects near the person spoken to,
and yon or dhon to objects farther off in place or time. They
thus correspond to the personal pronouns (1) Aa, (2) yoo, and
(3) hee. You or dhon is used much oftener than yonder in E.
You is no doubt the more archaic form, but dhon is now more
commonly used in Strathearn, the initial consonantal sound having
probably been adopted through the influence of the words dhis
and dhaat. Examples:
Aa dinnay leik dhur tautayz.
I don't like these potatoes.
Hwaw'z bairnz iz dhay?
Whose are those children ?
D'yee see dhon tree?
Do you see that tree over yonder?
Aa oafun meind oa yon teim.
I often think of that time (long ago).
Hee'z a rail tummur-haid, dhon.
That man's a downright blockhead.
Dhis is often used idiomatically in phrases relating to time.
Examples:
Aa hunnay seen um dhis laang teim, dhis moanay a yeer.
I haven't seen him for a long time, for many a year.
ARTICLES
The definite article dhe is used in the same way as the E. 'the'
(dhe) both in the singular and plural. In ordinary conversation
the vowel sound in dhe is more like u (as in sun, cut) than e (as
in net, pen), and it might be written dhu rather than dhe.
NOTE. Dhe is sometimes used where in E. a possessive pronoun
would be used. Examples:
Dhe weif.	My (your or his) wife.
Dhe guidmaan.	My (your or her) husband.
Dhe weif wuz ee gairdun wee's.	My wife was in the garden
with me.
Hoo'z dhe guidmaan dhe-day?	How is your husband today?
Ur yee oot fur plaizhur, or iz dhe weif wee yee?	Are you out
for pleasure, or is your wife with you?
Shee clawd dhe much aaf mee.	She tore off my cap.
Aa ei keep ut ee pooch. I always keep it in my pocket.
Dhe is often expressed in S. where it is omitted in E.
Examples:
At dhe kirk — at dhe scuil.	At church — at school.
Hee wuz begun dhe dailun. lIe had begun dealing (trading).
The indefinite article a or an is used as in E. before a singular
noun.
Before a consonantal sound, including w and y, a is used, and
an before a vowel sound. In rapid conversation the vowel sound
in the article itself is slurred into u (as in sun, cut), and it might
be written u, un. Examples:
S.	E.
u	maan	a man
u wummun	a woman
u	yow	a ewe
un aufay day	an awful day
NOTE. Sometimes the indefinite article is omitted altogether.
Examples:
Dhur'z moanay ain duiz dhaat.	Many a one does so.
Moanay teim.	Many a time, often.
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
As in E., the personal pronouns refer to three sets of persons:
first, the person speaking, as Aa, wee, maa, oor; second, the
person spoken to, as yee, yoor ; third, the person or thing spoken
of, as hee, shee, hut, dhay.
As in E., the personal pronouns make no distinction of gender
in the first or second persons, or in the plural of the third person,
the only distinction of gender being in the singular of the third
person, as hee, shee, hut.
As in E., the use of the second person singular, dhoo, dhaa,
dhee, has entirely dropped out of ordinary speech, and is found
only in prayers and poetry. It is still common in several dialects
of E. spoken in England, but as it seems to have disappeared
several generations ago from the dialect of Lowland Scotch with
which I am dealing, I omit it from my list. As in E., the plural
of the second person is used for the singular, as yee for dhoo.
The First Person (Masculine or Feminine).
Sing.	Pl.
Case	Ordinary Emphatic	Ordinary	Emphatic
Nominative	Aa	Ii	wee
Nominative
absolute	mee	us, oos	hiz, huz
Possessive	maa	mii	oor, wur
Objective	mee, 's, 'z	us, oos, 's, 'z	hiz, huz
The corresponding E. forms are:
Sing.	Pl.
Nominative	I (Ii)	we (wee)
Nominative absolute	me (mee)	us
Possessive	my (mii)	our
Objective	me (mee)	us
Second Person.
Masculine or Feminine, Singular or Plural.
S.	E.
Case	Ordinary	Emphatic
Nom.	yee	yoo	you (yoo)
Nom. absolute yoo	you (yoo)
Poss.	yoor, yur	yoor	your (yoor)
Obj.	yee	yoo	you (yoo)
Third Person.
Sing.	Pl.
Casse	Masc.	Fem.	Neuter	All genders
Nom.	hee	shee	hut, ut, it	dhay
Nom. abs. hum, him	hur	hut	dhem
Poss.	huz, hiz	hur	huts, uts, its	dhair, dhur
Obj.	hum, him, um hur, ur hut, ut, it,
't, 'd	dhem; dhum

The corresponding E. forms are:
Sing.	Pl.
Case	Masc.	Fern.	Neuter	All genders
Nom.	he (hee)	she (shee)	it	they (dhay)
Nom. abs.	him	her	it	them (Them)
Poss.	his (hiz)	her	its	their (dher)
Obj.	him	her	it	them (dhem)
The pronouns are especially liable to be slurred in rapid speech,
and the commonest forms are those I have described as ordinary ;
but some of them have different forms when emphasized, and
I have given these forms separately. What I have called the
nominative absolute is the same in form as the objective, but is
really a nominative, like the French moi, toi, lui. It is not
unknown in E., for, regardless of grammarians, we say in ordinary
speech, 'It's me', 'That's him', but it is much more common in
S. than in E.
When two pronouns of different persons come together, unlike
E. which places the first person last, in S. the first person is
put first. Examples:
S.	E.
Mee un yoo.	You and I — you and me.
Mee un hum.	He and I — him and me.
Us un dhem.	They and we — them and us.
FIRST PERSONAL PRONOUN.
In ordinary rapid conversation the old S. form Aa is still in
common use, but it is being supplanted by the E. form Ii, and this
is the pronunciation of the word when emphasis is put upon it.
Similarly, in the possessive the ordinary pronunciation is maa,
but the E. mii is used when the word is emphasized. Before a
vowel maa is sometimes slurred into m'.
In the plural nominative absolute and objective, us is the
commonest form, but oos is also common, and when the word is
emphasized, the pronunciation hiz or huz is often heard. (Note
not only the addition of the initial aspirate but the change of s
into z.) After a vowel us is often slurred into 's, sometimes
into 'z. Examples:
Aa'm noa shuir.	I'm not sure.
Aa coodnay say.	I couldn't say.
Ii dinnay ken.	 I don't know.
Maa dautay.	My little pet.
Dhaat's mii tneif.	That's my knife.
Noa i mii day.	Not in my time.
Mii mooth juist buds a jull.	My mouth just holds a gill.
Claw yoo mii baak un Aa'll claw yoorz.	You scratch my back
and I'll scratch yours.
Nain oa's goat naything.	None of us got anything.
M'unkul un m'aantay.	My uncle and my aunt.
Gee mee a caanay oor at een.	Give me a quiet hour in the
evening.
Maa ermz uboot maa deeree, Oa!	My arms around my darling,
O!
Hut wuznay mee.	It wasn't me.
Noa mee.	Not I.
Mee un hum'z noa freendz.	He and I are not on friendly
terms.
Wee gaid haim.	We went home.
Hee kenz oos (or us) fein.	He knows us well.
Hut's noa fur dhe leiks oa huz (hiz).	Its not for people like us.
Ut peid fur books tull oos.	It paid for books for us.
Wur tee wuz reddee hwun we caam haim.	Our tea was ready
when we came home.
Hiz laussayz ei gaid tee shairin.	We girls always went to the
reaping.
As in colloquial E., the plural form us (usually slurred into 's
or 'z) is often used in the sense of mee, that is, in a singular sense,
just as yoo commonly is. Examples:
Gee's a likht.	Give us (meaning give me) a light.
Gee's a luft.	Give us (meaning give me) a help (lift).
Gee's yur haund.	Give us (meaning give me) your hand.
Gee's a but pees.	Give me a snack.
Shee broakht ut tull's.	She brought it to me.
Hee criid oan's.	He called to me.
Dhe weif wuz ee gairdun wee's.	My wife was in the garden
with me.
Aa goat a guid pees uwaw wee's ee moarnin.	I took a good
snack away with me in the morning.
Gee's an ell fur a braat.	Give me an ell (of cloth) for an
apron.
Caw dhe waal for's.	Work the well for me.
Gee's a draw oa your peip.	Give me a puff of your pipe.
Lay'z ulain — laat's ubee.	Leave me alone.
Hee wudnay hay'z.	He wouldn't have me.
Aa'v seen'z maakin a bettur joab oa'd.	I have seen myself
making a better job of it.
Tell oos uboot ut.	Tell me about it.
The word see is sometimes used with the meaning gee's (give
me). Examples:
S.	E.
See a hud oa dhaat.	Give me a hold of that.
See a haank oa yairn.	Give me a skein of yarn.
See a faag.		Give me a cigarette.
See a but oa'd.	Give me a bit of it.
SECOND PERSONAL PRONOUN.
In ordinary speech the nominative and objective are yee, but
when the word is emphasized, and always in the nominative
absolute, it is pronounced yoo. The possessive is, as in E., yoor,
but in rapid speech it is slurred into yur.
S.	E.
Yee ken.	You know.
Aa tellt yee dhaat.	I told you so.
Aa'll gee yee'd.	I'll give it you.
Dhaat's noa fur yoo.	That's not for you.
Mee un yoo'll gaang dhegidhur.	You and I will go together.
Steek yur gaab.	Shut your mouth.
THIRD PERSONAL PRONOUN.
Masculine Singular.
Hee, hiz, him are pronounced much the same as in E., but hiz
is sometimes pronounced huz, and him more often hum, or in
the slurred form 'urn. Examples:
S.	E.
Hee'z daaft.	He's mad.
Hee broakht ut wee um.	He brought it with him,
Dhaat's noa hiz dug.	That's not his dog.
Mee un hum'z noa cheef.	He and I are not friends.
Aa tellt um.	I told him.
Duid yee git oanaything fay
um?	Did you get anything from
him?
Hiz is sometimes slurred into 'z. Examples:
S.	E.
Dhe pedlur un'z paak.	The pedlar and his pack.
Ut fell oot ee'z haund ee fluir.	It fell out of his hand on to
the floor.
Feminine Singular.
Shee and hur are pronounced much the same as in English,
but in rapid speech hur is often slurred into ur. Examples:
S.	E.
Shee'z duiin fein.	She's doing well.
Shee beidz wee ur midhur. She lives with her mother.
Mee un hur'z neeburz.	She and I are neighbours.
Aa hunnay seen ur.	I haven't seen her.
Yee gay ur ur dyoo.	You gave her her due.
Laat ur gaang.	Let her go.
Neuter Singular.
The English form it and its are frequently heard, but are often
pronounced ut and uts, and the old Scotch forms hut and huts
are still quite common, especially when the word is emphasized.
Hut is often contracted into ut or in the objective into 't, or more
commonly into 'd, which is almost invariably the sound it takes
after a vowel or a voiced consonant, such as 1, m, n, r, z. Examples:
Oa'd — wee'd — fay'd — tui'd, tull'd, tull' t.	Of it — with it — from
it — to it.
Aaf't — for'd — eftur'd — afoar'd.	Off it — for it — after it —
before it.
Throo'd — in'd — oan'd (also in't, oan't).	Through it — in it —
on it.
Intul'd — iz'd — wuz'd.	Into it, in it — is it — was it.
See'd — gee'd — dui'd — duin'd.	See it — give it — do it — done it.
Tain'd — goatun'd — puttin'd — luittun'd.	Taken it — got it —
putting it — let it.
S.	E.
Dhaat's hut noo.	That's it now.
Hwaw'z hut?	Who is it? (in a game of tig).
Aa cood taak hut fein.	I could take it well.
Dhay gits 't ulkay day.	They get it every day.
Hee hed oa'd in.	He had some in (cattle in a sale):
Aa meind oa'd fein.	I remember it well.
Look at dhe haid oa'd.	Look at its head.
Hwaat iz'd? hwaat wuz'd?	What is it? what was it?
Duid yee seed?	Did you see it?
Laat's see'd.	Let me see it.
Aa coodnay dui'd.	I couldn't do it.
Hee caannay keep fay'd.	He can't keep from it (resist it).
Shee wuz puttin'd in.	She was putting it in.
S.	L.
Dhay wur naithin g in't.	There was nothing in it.
Aa coodnay putt a naim oan'd.	I could not give it a name (put
a name on it).
putt dhe lud oan't.	Put the lid on it.
Shea spaan'd aw hursel.	She span it all herself.
Wud yee ken'd gin yea saw'd
ugen?	Should you know it if you saw
it again?
Hwaat ull yee gee's for'd?	What will you give me for it?
Hay yee goatun'd?	Have you got it?
Gee'd tee maan — gee dhe
maan'd	Give it to the man.
When two pronouns, one of which is ut in the objective, come
together, the ut generally follows the other pronoun, instead of
preceding it, as in E. Examples:
S.	E.
Gee mee'd — gee's't.	Give it me.
Gee um'd — gee ur'd.	Give it him — give it her.
Gee oos't — gee hiz'd.	Give it us — give it to us.
Aa'll gee yee'd.	I'll give it you.
Gee dhum'd.	Give it them.
Aa'll tell yee'd.	I'll tell it you.
Aa gay um'd — ur'd — dhum'd.	I gave it him — her — them.
Hee gay mee'd — yee'd — oos't
— dhum'd.	He gave it me — you — us — them.
Yee'll noa gee's't bank ugen.	You'll not give it me back again.
Duid yee tell um'd?	Did you tell it him?
Third Personal Pronoun, Plural, all Genders.
As in English, the plural of the third personal pronoun is dhay,
which in this dialect is the same as the plural of the demonstrative
pronoun dhaat, viz. dhay (E. that, those).
The possessive dhair (vowel sound as in hair, pain) is not quite
the same in pronunciation as the English their, which is more
like a lengthened form of dher. In rapid speech it is often slurred
into dhur. The objective dhem is often slurred into dhum, but
not the nominative absolute, which is always dhem. Examples:
S.	E.
Dhay'r aw weel.	They're all well.
Ut wuznay dhem uvaw.	It wasn't them at all.
Mee un dhem'z noa cheef dhe
noo.	They and I are not on friendly
terms at present.
Dinnay gay neer dhum.	Don't go near them.
NOTE. In S. the possessive pronoun is sometimes used where
it is omitted in E.
S.	E.
Cawaw tay yur tee.	Come along to tea.
Aa haynay goatun maa den
nur yet.	I haven't had (got) dinner yet.
Hee'z uwaw haim tull hiz
suppur.	He's gone home to supper.
DETACHED POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
When a possessive pronoun is not followed by a noun it ends
in a sibilant sound.
S.	E.
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
1st Pers	 meinz	oorz	mine (miin)	ours (ours)
2nd Pers.	yoorz	yours (yoorz)
3rd Pers.	hiz, hurt, huts		dhairz	his, hers, its	theirs (dherz)
NOTE. These forms are used whether the preceding noun is
singular or plural. Note that meinz ends in a sibilant, which is
wanting in the E. mine. Examples:
S.	E.
Dhis dug'z noa meinz.	This dog is not mine.
Dhur'z meinz un dhay'z yoorz.	These are mine and those are
yours.
Ain (own) is added to the possessive pronouns to give them
emphasis. Example:
Ut wuz mun ain oanay wei.	It was my own at any rate.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
The reflexive pronouns are formed by adding the word sel
(self) or in the plural selz (selves) to the possessives.
S.	E.
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl..
1st Pers.	masel	oorselz	myself	ourselves
2nd Pers.	yursel	yurselz yourself	yourselves
3rd Pers.		hissel, hursel,
itssel	 dhurselz	himself, herself,
itself	themselves
NOTE. While in the third person E. adds the word self or
selves to the objective form of the pronoun, S. adds it to the
possessive form, viz. hissel (himself), dhurselz (themselves). For
itssel the phrase dhe sel oa'd (the self of it) is sometimes used.
The reflexive pronoun is intensified by
inserting ain (own = oan)
between the possessive and the word sel or selz, e. g. maa ain sel,
oor ain selz. Examples:
S.	E.
Aa'll duid masel.	I'll do it myself.
Wee'll gaang oorselz.	We'll go ourselves.
Wee'll speek dhaat our umoan
oorselz.	We'll talk that over among ourselves.

Taak tent oa yursel.	Take care of yourself (one per--
son).
Taak tent oa yurselz.	Take care of yourselves (more
than one).
Gaang uwaw yur twaw selz.	You two, go along by yourselves.
Hee hurtit hissel.	He hurt himself.
Dhe burd hurtit itssel (or dhe
sel oa'd).	The bird hurt itself.
Dhay wur aw bee dhurselz.	They were alone (all by themselves).

Yee maan keep dhur bu
dhurselz	You must keep these by themselves.

Ut wuz staundin dhe sel oa'd.	It was standing by itself.
Ut wuz lii-in bu dhe sel oa'd.	It was lying alone.
Fair play tellz dhe sel oa'd.	Fair play tells of itself.
Aa maid ut maa ain sel.	I made it quite by myself.
Hee did ut hiz ain sel.	He did it quite by himself.
NOTE. The possessive of the reflexive pronoun is formed by
adding ain (own = oan) to the possessive form of the simple
pronoun, e. g. maa ain, hiz ain, oor ain, dhur ain. Example:
Shee caannay thoal hur ain
foak.	She can't endure her own people.
The word lain (lone = loan) is used as a noun much in the
same way as sel (self).
Sing.	P1.
1st Person	maa lain	oor lainz
2nd Person	yur lain	yur lainz
3rd Person	hiz, hur, uts lain	dhur lainz
In English the meaning is expressed by the phrases by myself',
'by ourselves', &c., or in all cases by the word 'alone' (aloan).
Examples:
S.	E.
Aa wuz aw maa lain.
Aa wuz aw maa lee lain.	I was all alone, or by myself.
He wuz aw hiz lain.	He was all alone, or by himself.
Trii gin ut'll staund uts lain.	Try if it will stand alone.
Wee gaid oor lainz.	We went alone, or by ourselves.
Dhay baid dhur lainz.	They lived alone, or by themselves.

Shee wuz suttin hur lain.	She was sitting alone, or by
herself.
INDEFINITE PRONOUN.
The E. indefinite pronoun 'one' is generally expressed by the
phrase 'a buddee', the corresponding possessive pronoun being
'dhur' (their). Examples:
Dhaat duiz a buddee guid.	That does one good.
A buddee wudnay hurt dhursel	
One wouldn't hurt oneself.
Dhem is often used indefinitely where in E. the words 'he',
they', 'those', or 'whoever ' would he used.
Dhem ut wull tay Coopur maan tay Coopur.
He that will (go) to Cupar must (go) to Cupar.
Geed baak tay dhem ut's aukht ut.
Give it back to whoever it belongs to.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
The demonstrative adjectives dhus, dhur, dhaat, dhay, yon
or dhon are used by themselves as pronouns, as the corresponding
words are in English. Examples:
S.	E.
Dhur'z guid neeps.	These are good turnips.
Dhay'z boanay bairnz.	Those are pretty children.
Yon'z a mukkul tree.	That's a big tree over there.
Dhus iz a fein day.	This is a fine day.
Dhaat wuz a guid saang.	That was a good song.
Dhon wuz graund teimz.	Those were fine times (long ago).
Dhaat ull bee fein.	That will be capital.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
The relative pronoun for all numbers, genders, and cases is ut,
but it is often omitted altogether. No word corresponding to the
E. 'which' is used as a relative, and hwaw, hwaw'z, corresponding
to the E. 'who' (hoo), 'whose' (hooz), are used only as
interrogatives, not as relatives. Examples:
Dhaat's dhe maan ut Aa saw.	That's the man that I saw.
Dhe lauss ut Aa loo.	The girl that I love.
Hee's our dhe hullz ut Ii loo weel. He's over the hills whom I love well.
Hwaw wuz dhon maan ut wuz heer dhe-day? Who was that man that was here today
?
Dhe waarst ut ivvur Aa saw.	The worst that I ever saw.
Ut's an ull burd ut feilz uts ain nest. It's a bad bird that dirties its own nest.
Dhe saangz maa midhur saang.	The songs my mother sang.
Aa kent a maan gayd oafun dhair.
I knew a man who often went there.
Dhe maan yee gay'd tay'z noa weel. The man to whom you gave it is ill (not well).
Duid yee ken you wummun ut Aa wuz speekin wee? Did you know that woman to whom I was speaking?
For the possessive case of the relative, 'whose', or 'of which ',
a circumlocution with ut is employed. Examples:
Dhaat's dhe maan ut hiz bairn deed dhestreen. Dhaat's dhe maan ut hed a bairn deed dhestreen. That's the man whose child died yesterday evening.
Dhon wuz dhe wummun ut Aa kent hur sun. That was the woman whose son I knew.
Gimmee dhe stick ut dhe haid oa'd'z broakun. Give me the stick with the broken head.
Dhaat's dhe dug ut goat uts lig run our. That's the dog whose leg was run over.
Dhe auld maan ut goat huz lig broakun caam hurplin oot. The old man whose leg was broken came limping out.
Dhe tree ut hee sellt dhe fruit aaf's daid. The tree whose fruit he sold is dead.
Hee beidz ee hoos ut yee see dhe end oa'd. He lives in the house the end of which you see.
Hwaat is used as a relative and sometimes expressed where
it is omitted in E. Examples:
Dhaat's mair nor hwaat Aa thoakht. That's more than I thought.
Deer kenz aw hwaat hee sed. Goodness knows what he said.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
The interrogative pronoun hwaw, like the E. 'who' (hoo), is
masculine or feminine, singular or plural, and, like the E. 'who' in ordinary conversation, is used for the objective as well as the
nominative. There is no hwaam, corresponding to E. 'whom'
(hoom). The possessive case in both genders and both numbers
is hwaw'z, corresponding to E. 'whose' (hooz). The neuter,
both singular and plural, nominative and objective, is hwaat,
E. 'what' (wot), often slurred into hwut.
S.	E.
Masc. and Fem.	Neuter	Masc. and Fem.	Neuter
Nom.	hwaw	hwaat	who (hoo)	what (wot)
Poss.	hwaw'z	whose (hooz)
Obj.	hwaw	hwaat	whom (hoom)	what (wot)
Examples:
S.	E.
Hwaw'z dhaat?	Who is that?
Hwaw ur yee?	Who are you?
Aa kennay hwaw yee bee — aar.	I don't know who you are.
Hwaw'z bairn'z dhaat ?	Whose child is that?
Hwaw'z shuin'z dhay?	Whose shoes are those?
Hwaw duid yee see?	Whom did you see?
Hwaw wuz aukht dhis hoos afoar yee boakht ut?	Who did this house belong to before you bought it?
Hwut's yur wull?	What do you say (what's your
will)?
ADVERBS
Some of the commonest adverbs are connected with pronouns
in form and meaning.
S.
Pronoun	Adverb
Place	Time	Manner
Inter.	hwaw	hwaur	hwaan	hoo
Relative	hwaw (poetic)	hwaur	hwaan, hwun	hoo
Dem.	dhis heer noo
dhaat dhair dhaan say, dhaat
dhon or
yon dhondur or
yondur
CORRESPONDING ENGLISH FORMS.
Pronoun	Adverb
Place	Time	Manner
Inter.	who (hoo)	where (wair)	when (wen)	how (how)
Relative who (hoo)	where	when	how
Dem.	this (dhis) here (heer) now thus (dhus)
that (dhat) there (dher) then (dhen) so (soa)
yonder yonder
NOTE. The interrogative and relative adverbs, like the corresponding
pronouns, begin with the sound hw, except in the case of
hoo (how), where the sound of w has been absorbed in the following
vowel. As in English, the relative adverbs are the same in sound
as the corresponding interrogatives, except that the relative hwaan
(when) is often slurred into hwun. The adverb of manner 'thus'
(dhus), which has almost dropped out of English as ordinarily
spoken, is not used in Scotch, its place being taken by the expression
dhus wei (in this way). The word corresponding to the
English 'why' is not used in pure Scotch, its place being taken
by the phrase hwaat wei (in what way), or hwaat fur, meaning
'for what reason'. Say (so = soa) is used, but often the E. 'so' is
represented in S. by ut or dhaat. The word dhondur or yondur,
referring to things at a distance, is used much more commonly
than yonder in E. Examples:
S.	E.
Hwaur (ur) yee gaun?	Where are you going?
Hwaan duid hee cum?	When did he come?
Hoo'z aw wee yee?	How are you all (all with you)?
S.	E.
Hee wuz weel hwun Aa saw
um. He was well when I saw him.
Cum 'eer — beid dhair.	Come here — stay here.
It's moanay yeer sin dhaan
(sein)	It's many years since then.
Aa'm non dhaat (say) weel.	I'm not so well.
Ut's noa dhaat ull.	It's not so bad (not at all bad).
Aa dinnay think ut.	I don't think so.
Aa wudnay say dhaat.	I shouldn't say so.
Hee tellt oos dhaat oafun.	He often told us so.
Shee wuz dhaat prood.	She was so proud.
Gaang our dhondur.	Go over there.
Ut's noa dhaat mukkul.	It's not so large (as that).
Aa wuz dhaat faird.	I was so frightened.
Hwaat wei noa?	Why not?
Aa wull dhaat
Aa'll dui dhaat	I will do so. — I will indeed. — Right you are!
Aa'm sayin dhaat.	I'm saying so (that's what I say).
Aa tellt yee dhaat.	I told you so.
Hwaat is sometimes used in place of hoo:
Hwaat mukkul dhay wur dhaan!	How big they were then!
As in English, many prepositions of place and time are used as
adverbs, e. g. in, oot (out), up, doon (down), ufoar (before), uhint (behind), uboot (about), ubuin (above). Other adverbs are:
Adverbs of Place.
uwaw, waw, away, along
heeruwaw, hereabouts
dhairuwaw, thereabouts
hwawruwaw, whereabouts
our, over (oavur), away.
unour (in over), farther in, in.
utour (out over), farther out, or
off, back.
but, into or in the outer room.
ben, into or in the inner room.
neer, neerhaund, near, nearly.
faar, far.
yont, along, farther along,
through.
sumwei, sum gait, somewhere.
oanay gait, anywhere.
awgait, everywhere.
haaf gait, halfway.
bii, past.
in bii, inside, indoors.
neer bii, near.
oot bii, outside, out of doors.
our bii, over the way, a little
way across.
foarut, forwards.
baak, back, backwards.
dhegidhur, together.
ujee, uglei, to one side, off the
straight, squinting, awry.
haim, home.
foarun, abroad.
Examples:
Cum uwaw (cawaw). — Gay waw haim.	Come along. — Go along
home.
Aa'm gaun uwaw tee waal.	I am going along to the well.
Dhur noa sik a thing heeruwaw.	There's no such thing here-abouts.

'Oa hwawruwaw gaat yee dhaat auld crookit pennay?'
Oh, whereabouts got you that old crooked penny?
Gay haim our wee yee.	Go away home.
Cum uwaw unour tee fiir.	Come along nearer (farther in —
inside) to the fire.
Cum utour.	Come out (e. g. of a cart).
Hud utour fay dhe fiir.	Keep back from the fire (farther off).
Aa hunnay been utour dhis ekht dayz.	I haven't been out of
bed for a week.
Hee pood dhem utour.	He pulled them back (or away).
Gaang but.	Go into the outer room.
Cum uwaw ben.	Come along into the inner room.
Aa'v ain ben heer.	I've one here in the inner room.
Aa wuz neerhaund daid.	I was nearly dead.
Sut yont a but.	Sit a little farther along.
Ur yee cumin yont dhe toon?	Are you coming through the
village?
Hee'z up uboot Ing-lund sumwei.	He's somewhere in England.
Aa caannay find ut oanay gait.	I can't find it anywhere.
Aa'v luikit augait for'd.	I've looked everywhere for it.
Shee gaid bii weeoot speekin.	She went past without speaking.
Cum in bii.	Come inside, indoors.
Baak un foarut.	Backwards and forwards.
Heesht yee baak.	Come back soon (haste you back).
Shee fuish unour dhe boatul un paat doon dhe kebbuk.
She brought (fetched) over the bottle and set (put) down the
cheese.
Hee roakht oot bii.	He worked outside, out of doors.
As in E., dhair, dhur (there) is used at the beginning of a
sentence beginning with some tense of the auxiliary verb bee (be)
merely as an introduction, but after dhur the verb iz is often
omitted. Examples:
S.	E.
Dhur a maan at dhe doar.	There's a man at the door.
Dhur naybuddee in.	There's nobody in.
Dhur nay doot uboot dhaat.	There's no doubt about that.
Adverbs of Time, and Number.
noo, now.
dhe-noo, just now, at present,
immediately.
eenoo, just now (in the now).
dhaan, dhun, then.
sein, sin, then, ago.
yet, yut, yet.
ei, always, still.
hweilz, sometimes.
u hweil sin, some time ago.
ay day, one day.
ay teim, at one time, once.
ains oan a day, once upon a
time.
uwaw, ago.
dhis moanay a day, for many
a day now.
ains, once.
tweis, twice.
threis, thrice.
ivvur, ever.
nivvur, nair, never.
shuin, suin, soon.
ugen, again.
oafun, often.
moanayteim, many a time,
often.
nooz un dhaanz, now and then.
a wee, a little while.
in a wee, in a little, soon.
laung, for long.
faar back, long ago.
air, early (erli).
lait, late (lait)
A number of adverbial phrases which begin in E. with 'to'
(too), begin in S. with dhe.
S.	E.
dhe-day	to-day (too-day)
dhe-moarn	to-morrow (too-morroa)
dhe-nikht	to-night (too-niit)
dhegidhur	together (toogedher)
Similarly we have dhe-yeer (this year) and dhe-noo (just now);
and dhe-streen is more common than yustreen for 'yesterday
evening' (but yusturday is used for 'yesterday'). Dhe moarn'z
moarnin is 'to-morrow morning' and dhe moarn'z night
'to-morrow night'. Examples:
Juist uboot dhe noo.	Just about now.
Noa dhe noo.	Not just now.
Aa'll bee eenoo.	I'll be there immediately.
Shee wuz heer eenoo.	She was here just now.
Sein Aa gaid haim.	Then I went home.
Auld laung sein.	Old long ago (long, long ago).
Ut's a gei laang hweil sin sein.	It's a good long time since then.
Aa'm ei waarslin oan.	I'm still struggling on.
Hee'z ei tee foar.	He's still to the fore (still alive).
Ei weis uhint dhe haund.	Always wise after the event.
Hee cum'z heer hweilz.	He comes here sometimes.
Hweilz Ii un hweilz noa.	Sometimes yes and sometimes not.
Ut's thertay yeer uwaw.	It's thirty years ago.
Noa az ivvur Aa haard oanay wei.	Not as I ever heard at any rate.
Dhe tren ull shuin bee heer.	The train will soon be here.
Aa'v aitun dhaat moanay teim.	I've eaten that often.
Dhe moarn cum ekht dayz.	A week to-morrow.
Dhe neeps iz noa guid dhe yeer.	The turnips are not good this
year.
Beid a wee.	Wait a little.
Duinay beid laang.	Don't stay long.
ADVERBS OF QUANTITY OR DEGREE..
oanay wei, at least, at any rate,
anyhow.
a wee — a wee but — a wee
thing, a little.
a thoakht, a thought (thaut), the
least bit.
keind oa, keinoa, somewhat,
by way of, half, rather.
leik, like (liik), as it were.
aleik, alike, similarly.
gei, geiun, rather, pretty.
juist, just, exactly, only.
fein, well, thoroughly, easily.
weel, well.
mukkul, much.
a haip, a lot, often.
our, too, excessively.
awdhegidhur, altogether (aultoogedher).

dhaat, so (soa).
brawlay, very well.
inyukh, enough (enuff).
leik inyukh, likely enough,
possibly.
unkay, very.
uvaw, at all.
neer, neerhaund, nearly, almost.

ubee, alone, as it is.
aivun, even, straight, right.
aivun oan, without stopping.
een, just.
maist, almost.
throo, done, finished.
fell, remarkably, very, thoroughly.

Examples:
S.	E.
Ut's wurth twaw pound oanay
wei.	It's worth two pounds at any
rate.
Shee's a wee but daaft.	She's a little mad.
Aa wuz hundurd a wee thing.	I was a little delayed.
Ut's a wee thing jimp.	It's a little skimpy.
Dhaat's a thoakht our laang.	That's the least bit too long.
Hee'z keind oa queer.	He is somewhat eccentric.
Hee wuz keind oa gaun uwaw
tay tack a weif.	He was by way of going to get
married.
Juist keind oa middlin.	Very ordinary (just kind of
middling).
Aa wuz keind oa ull aboot ut
— staartin dhe craitur.	I was rather unhappy about it
—startling the creature.
Dhur wuz haips leik.	There were heaps, as it were.
Aa wuz keind oa faird leik.	I was somewhat afraid, as it
were.
Hee spaak grumlay leik.	He spoke rather grumblingly.
Aa'm noa verray weel leik dhe
day	I'm not very well, as it were,
to-day.
Aa'm gei thraang.	I'm rather busy.
It's gei saaft dhe-day.	It's rather wet to-day.
A gei hween.	A good few.
Shee'z gei auld.	She's pretty old.
Dhaat's gei leik ut.	That's pretty like it.
Hee'z a gei queer chaap.	He's a very funny fellow (odd).
A gei sair beil ut wuz tui.	A pretty painful boil it was too.
Shee'z lookin geiun soabur.	She's looking rather ill.
Aa'm geiun weel.	I am pretty well.
Aa'm geiun soabur.	I am rather poorly.
Juist dhaat.	Just so.
Fein dhaat.	Quite well, easily.
Aa ken um fein.	I know him well.
Hee caan duid fein.	He can do it easily.
It's braw tay bee weel leikit.	It's good to be well liked.
Shee wuz mukkul thoakht oa.	She was much thought of.
Yee'v puitun in our mukkul
saut	You've put in too much salt.
Hee caam a haip uboot Dinnin.	He often came to Dunning.
Yee'v cumd our shuin.	You've come too soon.
Dhur our moanay oa dhum
awdhegidhur	There are too many of them
altogether.
Aa wuz dhaat faird.	I was so frightened.
Shee wuz dhaat keind.	She was so kind.
Aa ken um brawlay.	I know him very well.
Dhaat's guid inyukh.	That's good enough.
S.	E.
Shee'z unkay queer.	She's very eccentric.
Hee'z unkay guid.	He's very good (too good).
Dhaat's nay guid uvaw.	That's no use at all.
Laat's ubee.	Let me alone.
Shee juist gaaburd aivun oan.	She simply jabbered without
stopping.
Ur yee noa throo yet?	Haven't you finished yet?
Hee wuz a fell guid ministur.	He was a remarkably good
minister.
Hee'z fell weel cumd in noo.	He's thoroughly well trained
(come in) now.
Shee keind oa kent oa'd tui.	She knew something of it too.
Shee fleitit aivun oan — shee
nair divauldid. 	She scolded without ceasing — she never stopped.
Ut gayz aivun throo.	It goes straight through.
Aivun up dhe bray.	Straight up the hill.
AD.JECTIVES USED AS ADVERBS.
As in English, many adjectives are used as adverbs. Unlike
English, Scotch rarely adds the equivalent of E. ly to an adjective
to make it an adverb, so that it is more common in S. than in
E. to find an adjective used, without any change of pronunciation,
as an adverb ('very', 'well', 'pretty', and a few others are similarly
used in E.).
S.	E.
Adj.	Adv.	Adj.	Adv.
aufay	aufay	awful	awfully, very
caanay	caanay	gentle	gently
cleen	cleen	clean	quite
dufrund	dufrund	different	differently
fair	fair	fair	fairly, quite
fein	fein	fine	well
fell	fell	remarkable	remarkably
laang	laang	long	long
leik	leik	like	likely
lood	lood	loud	loudly, loud
mukkul	mukkul	much	much
neer	neer	near	nearly
quik	quik	quick	quickly
rail	rail	real (reeul)	really, very, quite
rikht	rikht	right	very, really
tairubul	tairubul	terrible	terribly, very, exceedingly
ull	ull	ill, bad	ill, badly
sair	sair	sore (soar)	sorely, thoroughly, well
Among the few exceptions are:
S.	E.	S.	E.
brawlay	splendidly, thoroughly	haardlay	hardly
shuirlay	surely (shoorli)	full-lay	fully (foolli)
this last word being used frequently in the sense of 'quite',
'rather more than', 'a good deal', 'on the whole'.
NOTE. The word 'quite', so common in English, is not used in
Scotch, its place being taken by some such word as full-lay, fair,
cleen. So, too, verray (very) is seldom used, the meaning being
expressed by such words as rikht, rail, aufay, tairubul.
Examples:
S.	E.
Dhaat's aufay guid — aufay
naitThat's awfully good — awfully
neat.
Hee'z aufay rich.	He is very rich.
Aa'm aufay thraang dhe-day.	I am very busy to-day.
Hee wuz tain uwaw aufay
suddun	He was taken away (died) very
suddenly.
Caw caanay.	Drive gently, take it easy.
Hee'z cleen daaft.	He's quite mad.
Aa'm cleen duin.	I'm quite exhausted.
Dhaat ain't dufrund maid.	That one is made differently.
Aa wuz fair dumfoonurd.	I was struck quite dumb.
Dhay'z tairubul fein nowt.	Those are exceedingly fine bullocks.

I'm duiin fein — brawlay.	I'm doing well — capitally.
Aa kent hum brawlay.	I knew him very well.
Hee'z a fell guid-naiturd laud,
yon	That's a remarkably good-

natured fellow.
Full-lay Jek hii.	Rather beyond the Jack (at
bowls).
Coorsur full-lay dhaan dhe
floor.	A good deal coarser than flour.
Dhay wur full-lay a scoar oa
dhum.	There were quite a score of
them.
Full-lay dhaat.	Quite that.
Noa mikhtay mukkul.	Not very much.
Dhe dug wuz neer wud.	The dog was nearly mad.
Dhe coarn'z neer reip.	The corn is nearly ripe.
Aa'm rail weel dhe-day.	I'm quite well to-day.
Dhay'z rail fein peeps.	These are very fine turnips.
Aa wuz rail weel plaizd.	I was very pleased indeed.
Dhur kail'z rail guid.	This broth is quite good.
Weer rail cheef dhe noo.	We're quite friendly at present.
S.	E.
Dhaat's a rikht auld ain.	That's a really old one.
Hut's rikht foarnent yee.	It is straight in front of you.
Hee'z rikht foo dhe-nikht.	He's quite drunk to-night.
Dhay claiz iz cumperatif auld.	Those clothes are comparatively
old.
Shee fleits coanstant.	She's constantly scolding.
Aa wuz fair daivd wee dhur
din.	I was quite deafened by the
noise they made.
Shoe wuz greetin sair, puir
laussay. 	She was crying bitterly, poor
girl.
Hee'z noa sair plaizd uboot ut.	He's not greatly pleased about it.
Hee wuz sair fluttun tull
hwun hee caam haim.	He was thoroughly well scolded
when he came home.
Shee nivvur divauldz.	She never ceases.
Hur tung gaangz coanstant.	Her tongue is constantly wagging.

Shee juist gaaburz aivun oan. She simply jabbers without
stopping.
NOTE. In E. 'likely' is more an adjective than an adverb. It is
not good English to say, as many Scotchmen do, 'I shall likely be
there' ; but, curiously enough, one may say 'I shall very likely be
there.' The Scotch for this would be Leik inyukh Aa'll bee
dhair.
The E. 'else' is expressed by the use of the adjective idhur
(other), e. g. Nay idhur buddee (nobody else), oanay idhur
thing (anything else). Examples:
S.	E.
Aa'll leiklay meet yee.	I shall probably meet you.
Wur dhay nay idhur buddee
wee yee?	Was there nobody else with
you?
Wur dhay oanay idhur thing
yee wuz seekin?	Did you want anything else?
NEGATIVE ADVERBS.
S.	E.	S.	E.
noa	not	naigait	nowhere
nay	n't	nair, nivvur	never
Examples:
S.	E.
Yee'll noa dui dhaat.	You'll not do that.
Noa mee.	Not I.
NOTE. When noa (not) is used after its verb it is usually
slurred into nay, which corresponds to the E. n't for not. The
sound of the verb, too, is sometimes slurred.
S.	E.
Slurred	Full	Slurred	Full
iznay	iz noa	isn't	is not
wuznay	wuz noa	wasn't	was not
wunnay	wull noa	won't	will not
duinay, divnay	div noa	don't	do not
caannay	caan noa	can't	cannot
maannay	maan noa	mustn't	must not
hunnay, hevnay	hev noa	haven't	have not
hednay	hed noa	hadn't	had not
neednay	need noa	needn't	need not
kennay	ken noa	don't know
cairnay	cair noa	don't care
Examples:
S.	E.
Aa hunnay been ee toon yut.	I haven't been into the village
yet.
Yee neednay thraip ut doon

maa throat.	You needn't force me to swallow
it (some assertion).
The use of a double negative is common:
S.	E.
Aa duinay cair uboot nain
oa'd.	I don't care for any of it.
Aa duinay taak nay mair nor
a gless.	I don't take more than a glass.
Aa nivvur saw nain oa hut.	I never saw any of it.
Aa nivvur aits nay beef.	I never eat any beef.
Yee coodnay maak nay idhur
oa'd.	You couldn't make anything
else of it.
Aa hunnay seen nain oa
dhum.	I haven't seen any of them.
Yee caannay luppun oan um
wee naything.	You can't trust him about anything


Aa'm noa fur nay mair oa'd.	I don't want any more of it.
Aa hunnay seen ur naygait.	I haven't seen her anywhere.
Dhur noa nay teim at nikht.	There's no time at night.
Hee nivvur kent nay mair.	He never knew any more.
Shee hednay nain naidhur.	Besides she hadn't any.
OTHER ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS.
aiblinz, perhaps.
aidhur, however.
ain'z airund, (one's errand)
specially, for that alone.
a wee, a little.
aw weiz, in every way.
az laiv, az leef, rather.
bii-oardnur, extraordinarily.
bii-wee'd, (by with it), done
for, as good as dead.
deed, indeed, to be sure.
dhaat wei, in that way, like
that.
dhe wei oa'd, the way of it,
how it goes.
ee coantur, on the contrary.
eent, indeed.
foarun, (foreign), abroad.
furbii, besides.
lood oot, aloud.
mebbee, may be.
noa a gren, not a grain, not in
the least.
noa a hait, not a whit, not in
the least.
suinur, shuinur, rather (raadher).

sumwei, somehow or other.
thoa, though (dhoa).
throo, (through), over, completed.

tui, tay, too.
ubee, as it is, alone.
ulow, on fire.
unaw, as well, also, too.
un aw dhaat, and all that sort
of thing.
un dhaat, and so on, etcetera.
Examples :
S.	E.
Yee aiblinz mikht.	Perhaps you might.
Ut's noa mulk naidhur.	It's not milk, however.
Dinnay gaang ain'z airund.	Don't go for that alone (specially
for that purpose).
Dhe lum'z ulou — up.	The chimney's on fire.
Hee broakht hiz sun unaw.	He brought his son too.
Aa'll taak dhaat ain unaw.	I will take that one as well.
Mulkin kii un aw dhaat.	Milking cows, and all that sort
of thing.
Shee wuz gleid a wee.	She squinted a little.
Aa'd az laiv beid at haim.	I'd rather stay at home.
Aa wud az leef dui'd.	I would rather do it.
Dhay piz iz bii-oardnur fein.	Those peas are extraordinarily
fine.
Hee'z bii wee'd.	He's past recovery.
Deed Ii; deed noa.	Yes, indeed; no, indeed.
Ut wuznay dhaat wei uvaw.	It wasn't like that at all.
It iz eent.	It is indeed.
Aa'm eent.	Indeed I am.
I duid eent.	I did indeed.
Iz hee gaun uwaw foarun?	Is he going abroad?
S.	E.
Faar uwaw beez foarun.	Much farther than abroad.
Un moanay mair furbii.	And many more besides.
Reed ut lood oot.	Read it aloud.
Mebbee Ii, un mebbee noa.	Perhaps yes, and perhaps not.
Aa'm noa joakin a gren.	I'm not joking at all.
Aa'm noa a gren faird.	I'm not in the least afraid.
Aa wad suinur gay haim.	I would rather go home.
Shee'z hiz aantay sumwei.	She's his aunt somehow or
other.
Wuz ee thoa?	Was he indeed?
Duid yee thoa?	Did you indeed?
Aa wull thoa.	I will though.
His teim wuz throo.	His time was over.
Ur yee throo?	Have you done?
Laat's ubee.	Leave me alone.
NOTE. The word oanlay (only) to a Scotch ear has an affirmative
sense, and to an English ear a negative sense, so that when meaning
to agree with a sentence containing only a Scotchman says 'Ii' (yes),
while an Englishman says 'No'.
Example: It's only five miles to Crieff.
Answer from a Scotchman: Ii, but it's uphill.
Answer from an Englishman: No, but it's uphill.
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
Adverbs, like adjectives, form their comparative by adding ur,
and their superlative by adding ist to the positive. Examples:
	S.	E.
Pos.	Comp.	Sup.	Pos.	Comp.	Sup.
suin	suinur	suinist	soon	sooner	soonest
laang	laang-ur	laang-ist	long	longer	longest
Some adverbs form their comparative and superlative irregularly:

S.	E.
Pos.	Comp.	Sup.	Pos.	Comp.	Sup.
luttul	less	laist	little	less	least (leest)
mukkul	mair	maist	much	more (moar)	most (moast)
weel	bettur	best	well	better	best
ull	waur	waarst	ill	worse (wurs)	worst (wurst)
The comparative is sometimes formed by prefixing mair (more),
and the superlative by prefixing maist (most), to the positive.
NOTE. Adverbs are sometimes given a place in the sentence
different from that given them in E.
S.	E.
Hut cumz ei oot ee gloamin.	It always comes out in the twilight.

Noa mebbee duiin mukkul.	Perhaps not doing much.
PREPOSITIONS.
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE.
aaf, off, away from.
aaf oa, off, away from.
at, at.
baak, towards the back.
ben, towards the sitting-room
or bedroom.
bii, by, past, besides.
but, towards the kitchen.
doon, down.
eftur, after.
fay, from.
foarnent, in front of.
in, i', in.
intay, into.
intul, into, inside.
neer, near (neer).
oan, on.
oot, out.
oot oa, out of.
our, over (oavur), across.
roond, round.
tay, tee, tull, to, till.
throo, through (throo).
ubloa, below.
uboot, about.
ucroas, across.
ufoar, before.
uhint, behind (behiind).
ulaang, along.
umoan, among (among).
uneth, beneath (beneeth).
unour, inside (insiid).
up, up.
useid, beside (besiid).
utween, between.
utour, outside.
uyont, beyond.
wee, with.
yont, along.
NOTE. A number of prepositions begin with u, corresponding
to the E. a, as ubuin, uboot, umoan, but we have also uneth,
ufoar, uhint, useid, utween, uyont for the E. 'beneath', 'before',
'behind', 'beside', 'between', 'beyond'. Examples:
S.	E.
Aa tuik ut aaf um.	I took it from him (i.e. off his
person).
Hee tuik dhe coat aaf oa mee.	He took my coat off me, or away
from me.
Baak dhe cloas.	In the entry, back from the
street.
S.	E.
Gaang ben dhe hoos.	Go into the inner room (bedroom
or parlour).
Bii dhe glessiz.	Besides the glasses.
Wee hed idhur keindz bii
dhay.	We had other kinds besides
those.
Aa gaid bii um.	I went past him.
Hut's but dhe hoos.	It's in the outer room (kitchen).
Hwaur d'yee cum fay?	Where do you come from?
Foarnent dhe doar.	In front of the door.
Lay yur luif i' meinz, lauss.	Lay your palm in mine, lass.
Aa nivvur putts a fut intul'd.	I never set a foot inside it.
Dhur'z piz intut'd.	There are peas inside it.
Hwaat's intul'd.	What's inside it?
Oot dhe road.	Out along the road.
Hee loupit our dhe burn.	He jumped across the stream.
Az Aa caam our dhe brig.	As I came across the bridge.
Cumin throo dhe rii.	Coming through the rye.
Hwaur (ur) yee gaup tull?	Where are you going to?
Geed tull um.	Give it to him.
Wee gaid haim tull oor dennur.	
We went home to dinner.
Uboot Dinnin.	In the neighbourhood of Dunning.

Sumwei uboot dhe Pininshoolur
Waur.	Somewhere in the Peninsular
War.
Taak yur auld cluk uboot yee.	Take your old cloak round you.
Shee beidz doon uboot Lundun.	
She lives somewhere near London.

Hee'z uboot Ing-lund sumwei.	He's somewhere in England.
Ubuin dhem aw yee taak yur
plais.	Above them all you take your
place.
Ufoar dhe doar.	Before the door.
Cum oot umoan dhe neeps.	Come out from among the
turnips.
Our dhe muir umoan dhe
hedhur.	Over the moor among the
heather.
Putt ut uneth dhe tibbul.	Put it below the table.
Aa wunnay gaang unour yur
doar.	I won't go inside your door.
Dhay wur suttin useid idhur.	They were sitting side by side
.Hee saat doon useid mee.	He sat down beside me.
Wee wudnay gaang utour dhe
doar fur fair oa boagulz.	We would not go outside the
door for fear of goblins.
Dhe smuddee staundz uyont
dhe burn.	The smithy stands beyond the
brook.
Yont dhe toon.	Along through the village.
Yont dhe road.	Along the road.
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME.
As in English, many prepositions of place are also used as
prepositions of time, e. g. ufoar, eftur, utween, at, neer, uboot,
fay, in. Other prepositions of time are:
S.	E.
gin	by
or	till
sin	since (sins)
Examples:
S.	E.
Aa'll bee ekhtay gin Mei.	I'll be eighty by May.
Hee'll bee heer gin nikht.	He'll be here by nightfall.
Wee'll aw bee daid gin dhaan.	We'll all be dead by then.
Shee'll bee haim gin Weddunzday.	
She'll be home by Wednesday.
Aa roakht ma stoakin or denner-teim.	
I knitted (worked) my stocking
till dinnertime.
It's moanay yeer sin sein.	It's many years since then.

OTHER PREPOSITIONS.
beez, bee, ba, beside, in comparison
with.
bunnay, except.
but, without.
fur, for.
leik, like (liik).
oa, of (ov).
tay, in comparison with.
weeoot, without.
waantin, short of, without.
Examples:
S.	E.
Hee'z auld ba mee.	He's old in comparison with me
(older than me).
Faar noarth beez dhis.	Far north in comparison with
this (farther north than this).
Ut brunt leik maad.	It burned furiously.
Noa tay hwaat it wuz ains.	Not in comparison with what it
once was.
Aa'll noa gaang waantin hur.	I'll not go without her.
Dhe laud waantin a lig.	The youth short of a leg (with
one leg)
He caam haim waantin dhe
breeks.	He came home without his
trousers.
Aa caannay see waantin dhe
glessiz.	I can't see without spectacles.
IDIOMATIC USE OF PREPOSITIONS.
NOTE. Before an infinitive, fur tay or fur tull (for to) is often
used for the E. to. Examples:
S.	E.
Hee ettuld fur tay gaang.	He meant to go.
Aa gaid fur tay see'd.	I went to see it.
Hee sent a maan fur tay git ut.	He sent a man to get it.
In some phrases the article dhe is expressed in S. though
omitted in E. Examples:
S.	E.
At dhe kirk.	At church.
At dhe scuil.	At school.
Oan dhe noak.	O'clock.
A gem at dhe boolz.	A game at marbles or bowls.
Hee'z uwaw at dhe curlin.	He's away curling.
Ur yee cumin tee (tay dhe)
curlin.	Are you coming to curl?
Up dhe stair.	Upstairs.
Doon dhe stair.	Downstairs.
Up dhe bray.	Uphill.
Doon dhe bray.	Downhill.
Wee dhe tren.	By train.
Duid yee cum wee dhe tren?	Did you come by train?
Naa, Aa trevulld.	No, I came on foot (walked).
Hee'll bee heer wee dhe fiiv
tren.	He'll be here by the five o'clock
train.
Some prepositions are used in a different way from what they
are in English:
better oa, better for.
waur oa, worse for.
caw fur, call on.
crii oan, call to.
cum at, think of.
cum oot wee, utter.
faird fur, afraid of.
in a praizunt, as a present.
luppun oan (or tull), trust.
maak up oan, overtake.
meind oa, remember.
merray oan, marry to.
putt fay, put off.
reit, write to.
sleep in, oversleep oneself.
slip uwaw, die.
speek wee, speak to.
speer at, ask.
wait oan, wait for.
aaf, from.
bee, from.
wee, for, owing to, because of.
our, on.
tay, for.
Examples:
Aa'm dhe better oa dhaat.	I'm the better for that.
Nain dhe better oa yoor speerin.	None the better for your asking.
Hee'z dhe waur oa drink.	He's worse for drink.
Nain dhe waur oa dhaat.	None the worse for that.
Duid yee caw for Mustris Bug?	Did you call on Mrs. Boag?
Hee criid oan's.	He called to me.
Aa caanay cum at a naim for'd.	I can't think of a name for it.
Ur yee faird fur um?	Are you afraid of him?
Aa'm noa faird fur yoo, oanay wei.
I'm not afraid of you, at any rate.
Aa goat dhaat in a praizunt.	I got that as a present.
Yee caanay luppun oan um wee naything.
You can't trust him for anything.
Hee'z noa tay luppun tull.	He's not to be trusted.
Aa maid up oan um.	I overtook him.
Aa meind oa hum fein.	I remember him well.
Hwaw'z shee merraid oan?	Who's she married to?
She'z merraid oan maa cuizin.	She's married to my cousin.
Ut's noa aizee puttin dhum fay'd.	It's not easy to put them off it.
Aa roat um laast week. I wrote to him last week.
Shee sluppit uwaw laast nikht.	She died last night.
Aa wuz faird Aa wud sleep in.
I was afraid I should oversleep myself.
Aa duidnay speek wee ur.	I didn't speak to her.
Speer at yur midhur.	Ask your mother.
Yee neednay speer at hum.	You needn't ask him.
Aa wuz waitin oan a maan.	I was waiting for a man.
Hee caam oot wee an aith.	He uttered an oath.
A but coalup aaf dhe soo.
A small cut from the pig (a rasher of bacon).
Hee het me our dhe haid.	He hit me on the head.
Maa midhur shood ut timmay (tay mee).
My mother sewed it for me.
Aa coodnay git sleepit wee dhe likhnin.
I couldn't go to sleep owing to the lightning.
Aa coodnay git sleepit wee dhe dugz baarkin.
I couldn't go to sleep owing to the dogs' barking.
Hiz peenee'z aw cuissen wee sun.
His pinafore is quite faded (cast) owing to the sun. (The sun
has taken all the colour out of his pinafore.)
Aa wuz hirdin wee a maan twaw yeer.
I was shepherd to a man for two years.
Aa'm noa throo yut.	I haven't finished yet.
Iz dhe kirk throo?	Is service over?
Aa caannay gaang throo wee'd.
I can't go through with it (finish it).
Aa gaid throo sum auld foak wee um.
I went over (talked about) some old people with him.
Hiz fingur wuz cuttit wee gless.	His finger was cut by the glass.
Dhe floorz iz sair taasht wee dhe ren.
The flowers are badly battered by the rain.
CONTRACTIONS.
The prepositional phrases oa dhe (of the), i dhe (in the), are
very commonly slurred into ee. So also, but more rarely, are
at dhe and oan dhe. Examples:
For oa dhe (of the):
Dhe haid ee toon.
The head of the town (the highest part of the village).
At dhe baak ee kirk.	At the back of the church.
Bee hair ee haid.	By the hair of the head.
Ee playgrund ee auld scuil.
In the playground of the old school.
A draap oot ee kail-paat.	A drop out of the broth-pot.
For i dhe (in the) or intay dhe (into the):
Ee moarnin, ee gloamin.	In the morning, in the twilight.
Ee big hoos.	In the mansion house.
Ee baak end ee yeer.	In the end of the year.
Tweis ee day.	Twice a day (in the day).
Ee noo.	Just now (in the now).
Put ut ee oavun.	Put it in the oven.
Coalups frii-in ee paan.	Steaks frying in the pan.
Dhur a blaast ee waast ee noo.
There's a shower in the west just now.
Aa'v been seein fairlayz ee fiir.
I have been seeing strange things in the fire.
Aa ei juist keep ut ee pooch.
I always just keep it in my pocket.
Tautayz bursuld ee ess.	Potatoes roasted in the ashes.
Hee'z waast ee haw.	He's west in the hall.
Hut's broon ee cullur.	It's brown in (the) colour.
Aa roakht ee shoap wee Baaray.
I worked in the shop with Barry.
Dhe kii wuz gaun ee paark.
The cattle were set to graze (going) in the park,
Wee goat aukhteen pens ee day.
We got eighteen pence in the day (a day).
Dhay wur a femin ee twintee-six.
There was a famine in the 26 (1826).
Putt ut ee paat.	Put it into the pot.
Aa hunnay been ee toon yut.
I haven't been into the village yet.
Hee gaid plunk ee burn.	He went plump into the brook.
For at dhe (at the):
Glour ee muin un faw ee middun.
Gaze at the moon and fall on the dungheap.
For oan dhe (on the):
Dhay wuz rowin ee fluir.	They were rolling on the floor.
A sclaaf ee lug.	A slap on the ear.
A lik ee chaafts.	A crack on the jaws.
Hee beidz ee t'idhur seid oa Creef.
He lives on the other side of Crieff.
Ut fell oot ee'z haund ee fluir.
It fell out of his hand on to the floor.
Ee coantur.	On the contrary.
Tee is used as a slurred form of tay dhe (to the):
Aa'm gaun uwaw tee waal fur waatur.
I am going along to the well for water.
Ur yee gaun tee kirk?	Are you going to church?
Gaang tee hoos un kaim yur hair.
Go to the house and comb your hair.
Hee wuz in tee nekk.	He was in up to the neck.
Dinnay gaang tee law.	Don't go to (the) law.
Dhe snaw wuz up tee pooch-ludz.
The snow was up to my (the) pocket-flaps.
Dhay tiid a stuk tee snek ee doar.
They tied a stick to the latch of the door.
Ut gaid tee doar oan uts ain feet.
It went to the door on its own feet.
Aa'm ei tee foar.	I am still to the fore (still alive).
Wee is used for wee dhe (with the):
Tay sup wee deel.	To sup with the devil.
Aa'll gee yee a craak wee poakur.
I'll give you a blow with the poker.
By dhe (by the) sometimes becomes bee:
Yee hay dhe raang soo bee lug.
You have the wrong pig by the ear.
In rapid speech the preposition tay (to) is sometimes slurred
into a:
Aa'm gaun a gee yoo sumthing.
I am going to give you something.
Other constructions are:
Hee tuik ut fimmay (fay mee).	He took it from me.
Hee geed ut timmay (tay mee).	He gave it to me.
Tay sometimes becomes tee before yee:
Un Aa cum tee yee.	If I come to you.
Special prepositions or adverbs are commonly used in Dunning
speech in connexion with particular places:
In tay Pairth.
Our tay Gaask, Creef, Glendevon.
Throo tay Gleskay (Glasgow), Aidinburray (Edinburgh).
Doon tay Dundee.
Doon dhe Cleid (Clyde).
Up tay Kippun, Inverness.
Noarth tay Eburdeen (Aberdeen).
Aist tay Furtevvut (Forteviot).
Waast tay Aakhturairdur (Auchterarder).
CONJUNCTIONS.
As in E., many common adverbs and prepositions are used also
as conjunctions, such as hwaur (where), hwun (when), hoo
(how), hwaat wei (why), ufoar (before), eftur (after). Other
conjunctions are:
aidhur — or, either (iidhur) — or.
az, uz, 'z, 's, as (az).
beez, bii, beside, in comparison
with, than.
bunnay, except.
but, except, without.
cuz, because (bicauz).
ut, 't, that (dhat).
fur, for, notwithstanding that.
fur fair, lest.
gif, gin, in, un, if.
hwei, why.
hwun, while.
naidhur — nor, neither — nor.
nor, nur, dhun, un, 'n, than
(dhan).
or, until, till, before.
or ains, or else.
say, so.
sein, then.
sin, since.
suppoazin, supposing, if.
thoa, though (dhoa).
un, and.
weeoot, unless.
dhe saim uz, as if
Examples:
Aa nair saang bunnay hwun Aa wuz ee kirk.
I never sang except when I was in (the) church.
Yee'r hweit but hwaur yee'r beld.
You're white except where you're bald.
Wee nivvur saw floor scoanz but on Haansul Mundayz.
We never saw flour scones except on Hansel Mondays.
Aa'll taak dhum baith gin yee leik.
I'll take them both if you please.
Gin a buddee meet a buddee.	If a person meet a person.
Gin (un) Aa cum tee yee.	If I come to you.
Cuz Aa wuznay biddun.	Because I wasn't invited.
Shee'z bettur'n shee'z boanay.	She's better than she's pretty.
Dhay wur mair nor ain.	There were more than one.
Aa'm mair nor obleejd tay yee.	I am more than obliged to you.
Wait or Aa see.	Wait till I see.
Beid heer or Aa cum baak.	Stay here until I come back.
Hud yur tung or ains Aa'll gee yee'd.
Hold your tongue or else I'll give it you.
Cawaw haim or ains Aa'll tell yur midhur.
Come away home or else I'll tell your mother.
Aa buid gay or ains beid at haim.
I had to go or else stay at home.
Staund baak or Aa trii'd masel.	Stand back till I try it myself.
Hee wuz auld sin Ii meind.
He's been an old man so long as I remember.
Dhe saim uz yee wuz booin doon.	As if you were bowing down.
Noa sin Ii meind.	Not since I remember.
Un yee taak dhaat laud, moanay a needlus preen yee'v
puittun in.
If you take that youth, you've stuck in many a needless pin
(you needn't have taken so much trouble to dress up)
Gin yee leik yur midhur bettur nor me, joist beid wee ur.
If you like your mother better than me, just stay with her.
Noa ut Aa ken oa.	Not that I know of (Not so far as I know).
Beez or bii is often used with the positive of an adjective
where in E. the comparative with than would be used:
Yeer auld beez mee.	You're older than me.
Sullur'z reif noo beez ut wuz i' mii day.
Money's plentiful now compared with what it was in my day.
Dhe bairnz iz stroang noo beez hwun Ii wuz at dhe scuil.
The children are healthy now in comparison with what they
were when I was at school.
Yee'r an auld maan beez Aa thoakht yee wuz.
You're an older man than I thought.
Sum hez hii heelz beez idhurz.
Some have higher heels than others.
Dhur noa moanay foak heer noo bii dhur wuz at dhaat teim.
There are fewer people here now than there were at that time.
NOTE. But, with the indicative mood, is used where in E.
without is used followed by a participle:
Yee nivvur see green cheez but yur eon reelz.
You never see green cheese without your eyes dancing.
Aa nivvur yut gay bii dhe doar, but ei Aa faw a-laakhin.
I never yet go past the door without bursting into laughter.
INTERJECTIONS AND EXCLAMATIONS.
S.	E.
Aa coodnay say.	I couldn't say (I don't know).
Aa daursay.	I dare say.
Aa divnay ken.
Aa duinay ken.	I don't know.
Aa hay yee noo.	I have you now (Now I understand).
Aa'm noa sayin.	I'm not saying (I dare say).
Aa sez — sez Ii.	Says I.
Aa'z uphaad.	I'll uphold (I warrant).
Aa'z waarund yee.	I'll warrant you.
Aa weel a waat.	Well I wot (Well I know).
Aa wudnay say.	I shouldn't say (I hardly think so).
Ai!	Oh!
Aih?	Eh?
As shuir'z daith.	As sure as death.
Az shuir'z oakht.	As sure as anything.
S.	E.
Beid a wee.	Wait a minute (a little).
Bigg paardun.	I beg your pardon.
Caw caanay.	Drive gently, take it easy.
Cawaw, mun.	Come along, man.
Chaaps mee dhe theevul!	Bags me the porridge-stick!
Cum 'eer.	Come here.
Daagoan yee!	Damn you!
Daagoan 't!	Damn it!
Deed Ii.	Yes, indeed.
Deed noa.	Indeed not.
Deel a but.	Devil a bit.
D'yee see?	Do you see?
E!	Ah! (aa)
Faigz — faith!	Faith!
Feekh — keekh !	Faugh! (faw) an exclamation of
disgust.
Fein dhaat.	Well, thoroughly, easily.
Gaang uwaw.	Get away.
Gaang tay Baamff !	Go to Jericho!
Gay haim wee yee.	Go along home.
Gay waw (gawaw) wee yee.	Get away.
Geid'z aw.	Guide us all.
Guid kenz.	God knows.
Gwaw haim.	Go along home.
Haavurz.	Halves.
Hay! taak dhaat!	Here, take that!
Haivurz.	Nonsense.
Hay!!	Here (take this).
Hee sez — sez hee.	Says he.
Heesht yee
Heeshtee.	Hurry up, make haste.
Hooray!	Hurrah! (hooray).
Hoot, hoots, huts.	Tut.
Hoot Ii.	Yes, indeed.
Hoots noa.	Not at all.
Hoot toot.	Tut tut.
Hud yur tung.	Hold your tongue (tung).
Hud yur weesht.	Be quiet.
Hud yur pais.	Hold your peace.
Huilay, huilay.	Gently, slowly.
Hwaat's yur wull?	What did you say?
Ii.	Ay (ii), yes.
Ii, ii.	Yes, yes.
Ii, fein.	Yes, well.
Koa Ii, koa hee, koa shee.	Said I, said he, said she.
Laa um ulain.	Let him alone.
Lay'z ulain. Laat's abee.	Let me alone.
S.	E.
Leik.	As it were, so to say.
Loash bluss mee.	Lord bless me.
Loash me.	Lord.
Maa coanshunz!	My conscience!
Meind yee.	Remember.
Mii!	My!
Mil saang.
mii sertay.
Mii troath.	My faith.
Mikhtay mee.
Meggistay mee.	My eye.
Naa.	No (noa).
Naa, naa.	No, no.
Nay fair.	No fear.
Nivvur haid.	Never mind (heed).
Nivvur leet.	Don't tell.
Noa a steek.	Not a stitch.
Oa, ow, ai, hekh!	Oh!
Oa, yee'r waalcum.	Don't mention it.
Ow Ii.	Oh yes.
Steek yur gaab.	Shut up.
Thenk yee.	Thank you.
Waulay.	Alas.
Way'z mee.	Woe's me.
Weel.	Well.
Weesht.	Be quiet.
Yee ken.	You know.
Yee see.	You see.
NOTE. It is very common to interject the word maan,
wummun, laud, laudee, lauss, or laussay, according to the sex
and age of the person addressed. When maan does not begin
the sentence it is slurred into mun. Examples:
S.	E.
Maan, Aa divnay ken.	Man, I don't know.
Ii, mun. Noa, mun.	Yes, man. No, man.
Gay waw wee yee, mun.	Get away with you.
Ai wummun, wummun!	Oh, woman!
Beid a wee, laudee.	Wait a bit, boy.
Gwaw haim, laussay.	Go along home, girl.
NOTE. Leik (like) is often added to a sentence or clause,
without much meaning except that of indefiniteness, like 'so to
say'. Examples:
Ut wud sair dhe bais aw day, leik.
It would last (serve) the cattle all day, so to say.
Hur fais wuz aw begruttun leik.
Her face showed marks of weeping, so to say.
Ii, pronounced like the English 'eye', or 'ay' in the phrase
'ay or no', is still in very common use, but the English 'yes' is
taking its place, and is often pronounced yais, with a drawl. Ii is
capable by an alteration of tone of expressing a great variety of
meanings, from simple agreement to ready or doubtful acquiescence,
and Ii Ii is often used simply to fill up a pause in the conversation.
Such, too, are the uses of the corresponding inarticulate sound,
which cannot be exactly expressed in writing. If you say aahaa
in a natural way, and then, with the mouth open, say it through
your nose, you have unhun, which is a lazy way of expressing
assent; then, if you shut your mouth and again try to say aahaa,
letting the breath pass entirely through your nose, you have the
still more lazy umhum, a very common sound in Scotland.
Another sound which cannot be exactly represented is something
like chk, and expresses exultation, e. g.
Chk, laud! yee dinnay ken hwaat Aa'v goatun.
Lad, you don't know what I have got.
NEGATIVES.
As in English, most negatives begin with the sound of n
S.	E.
naa	interj.	no (noa)
noa	adv.	not
nay	adv.	n't ('not' after auxiliary verbs)
nay	adj.	no
nain	pron.	none (nun)
nair-nivvur	adv.	never
naidhur	conj.	neither (niidher)
nor	conj.	nor
naybuddee	n.	nobody (noabodi)
naything	n.	nothing (nuthing)
noakht	n.	naught (naut)
naygait	adv.	nowhere
The E. words few and seldom are generally expressed in S. by
noa moanay (not many) and noa oafun (not often).
Sometimes noa weel is used where E. would have ill.
VERBS.
The moods and tenses of verbs and the use of auxiliary verbs
are very much the same in S. as in E., except that:
(1) The subjunctive mood is rarely used, the indicative being
employed in its place.
(2) The active infinitive is often used where in E. the passive
infinitive is used. Examples:
Hee's noa tay luppun tull.	He's not to be trusted.
Iz dhis hoos tay let?	Is this house to be let?
(3) The present participle with the verb 'to be' is more
frequently used than in E., e. g.: Aa'm thinkin, Aa'm sayin,
Aa'm noa sayin dhaat, Aa'm noa cairin (I don't care).
As regards number and person, the chief difference between S.
and E. is that in the present tense the ending in z or s, which
marks the third person singular, is in S. often used in all persons
of the plural unless the verb follows immediately after a single
pronoun, and also in the first person singular, especially when
the present is used for a narrative past.
This sibilant sound is, as in E., the only inflexion of the verb
now surviving, except those of the past tense and the participles.
The rules which determine whether it shall be z or s are much
the same as those which regulate the formation of the plural of
nouns. That is to say, to form the third person singular of the
present tense, most verbs add a z, but if the verb ends in a
breathed sound (except s, ch, or x) the sibilant sound added is s.
If the verb ends in a sibilant sound including ch, j, and x, the
sound added is iz.
Examples:
Verbs ending in a vowel sound, which add z in the third person
singular present:
S.	E.
Verb	3rd pers. sing. pres.	Verb	3rd pers. sing. pres.
dee	deez	die (dii)	dies (diiz)
dui	duiz	do (doo)	does (duz)
faw	fawz	fall (faul)	falls (faulz)
gay	gayz	go (goa)	goes (goaz)
grow	growz	grow (groa)	grows (groaz)
loo	looz	love (luv)	loves (luvz)
pei	peiz	pay	pays (payz)
say	sez	say	says (sez)
Verbs ending in a voiced non-sibilant consonant (g, ng, d, n, b,
m, r, l) which add z:
S.	E.
Verb 3rd pers. sing. pres.	Verb	3rd pers. sing. pres.
beid	beidz	live	lives (livz)
bid	bidz	bid	bids (bidz)
big	bigz	build (bild)	builds (bildz)
braidh	braidhz	breathe (breedh)	breathes (breedhz)
cum	cumz	come (cum)	comes (cumz)
heer	heerz	hear (heer)	hears (heerz)
rin	rinz	run	runs (runs)
sing	singz	sing	sings (singz)
tell	tellz	tell	tells (tellz)
Verbs ending in a sibilant sound (s, z, ch, j, sh, zh, x) which
add iz:
S.	E.
Verb	3rd pers. sing. pres.	Verb	3rd pers. sing. pres.
juj	jujiz	judge (juj)	judges (jujiz)
muss	mussiz	miss	misses (missiz)
pooch	poochiz	pouch	pouches (pouchiz)
reiz	reiziz	rise (riiz)	rises (riiziz)
wush	wushiz	wish	wishes (wishiz)
Verbs ending in a breathed non-sibilant consonant (k, kh, t,
th, p) which add s:
S.	E.
Verb	3rd pers. sing. pres.	Verb	3rd pers. sing. pres.
ait	aits	eat (eet)	eats (eets)
lik	liks	lick (lik)	licks (liks)
pekh	pekhs	pant	pants
sleep	sleeps	sleep	sleeps
PRESENT TENSE OF ken (know).
S.	E.
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
1st pers.	Aa ken.	Wee ken.	I know (noa).	We know.
2nd pers.	Yee ken.	You know.
3rd pers.	Hee kenz.	Dhay ken.	He knows (noaz).	They know.
NOTE. As already noted, although we say wee ken, yee ken,
dhay ken, yet when the subject is any other word or words
than these pronouns standing alone, the plural of the verb
generally takes the sibilant that marks the third person singular.
Examples:
S.	E.
Mee un yoo kenz dhaat fein.	You and I know that well.
Mee un hum gaangz dhegidhur.	He and I go together.
Hwun dhe kii cumz haim.	When the cows come home.
Green growz dhe raashiz, Oa!	Green grow the rushes, Oh!
Sum caws dhum dhaat.	Some call them that.
And, as already noted, the verb sometimes takes the sibilant
ending of the third person singular even in the first person singular;
and it sometimes does so even after a single plural pronoun,
especially when it is used in narrative for the past. Examples:
S.	E.
Aa sez.	I said (said I).
Wee cumz utour.	We came away back.
Aa nivvur seez um noo.	I never see him now.
Aa nivvur putts a fut intul't.	I never set foot inside it.
Aa nivvur gits.	I never get there.
Aa nivvur drinks nain oa'd.	I never drink any of it.
In Aa cumz.	In I came.
Aa hez tay pei twaw pound.	I have to pay two pounds.
Aa nivvur sleeps a wink
haardlay.	I hardly ever sleep a wink.
OTHER TENSES.
As in E., verbs (other than the auxiliary verb bee) make no
change for number or person in any tense but the present.
AUXILIARY VERBS.
The auxiliary verbs are much the same as in E. and are used
in much the same way. They are:
S.	E.
Infin.	Pres.	Past	Infin.	Pres.	Past
bee	iz	wuz	be (bee)	is (iz)	was (woz)
hev, hay hez	hed	have (hav)	has (haz)	had
caan	cood, cud	can	could (cood)
may	mikht	may	might (miit)
maan, mun buid	must	had to
wull	wud	will	would (wood)
suid, shuid	should (shood)
dui	duiz	duid	do (doo)	does (duz)	did
daur	daur	daurd	dare	dare	dared
need	need
wunt	used
Bee, iz, wuz.
The present tense of the auxiliary verb bee is as follows after
a single pronoun:
S.
Sing.	Pl.
Full	Slurred	Full	Slurred
1st pers.	am	'm	aar, ur	'r
2nd pers.	aar, ur	'r
3rd pers.	iz	'z, 's	aar, ur	'r
E.
Sing.	Pl.
Full	Slurred	Full	Slurred
1st pers.	am	'm	are (aar)	're
2nd pers.	are	're
3rd pers.	is	's	are	're
Examples:
S.	E.
Heer yee aar.	Here you are.
Wee'r fein hwaur wee aar.	We're all right where we are.
As in E., in ordinary conversation and especially after a pronoun,
the slurred form is commonly used. Examples:
S.	E.
Aa'm, shee'z, hee'z, ut's.	I'm, she's, he's, it's.
wee'r, yee'r, dhay'r.	we're, you're, they're.
As in E., the uncontracted form of the third person singular is
pronounced iz, but the slurred form is z or s according to the rule
which regulates the sibilant sound in the plural of nouns, i.e. after
a vowel sound or a voiced unsibilated consonant (g, ng, d, n, b,
m, r, l) it is z, and after a breathed unsibilated consonant (k, kh, t,
th, p) it is s. After a sibilated consonant the full form iz is used.
Examples:
S.	E.
Hee'z heer, shee'z heer.	He's here, she's here.
Hwaw'z dhaat?	Who's that?
Hoo'z hee duiin ?	How's he doing?
Dhe shoa'z oapun.	The show's open.
Dhaat dug'z meinz.	That dog's mine.
Aw thing'z heer.	Everything's here.
S.	E.
Hur haid'z our wee.	Her head's too small.
Oor laam'z daid.	Our lamb's dead.
Dhe waal'z drii.	The well's dry.
Dhe loak's broakun.	The lock's broken.
It's heer.	It's here.
Dhaat's rikht.	That's right.
Dhe munth's our.	The month's over.
Dhis sheep's noa weel.	This sheep's ill.
Dhay aar (slurred form, dhur) is used for 'there is'. Examples:
S.	E.
Dhur naybuddee in.	There's nobody in.
Dhe dufrins ut dhay aar noo ! What a difference there is now!
Dhur noa mukkul raang wee
dhum.	There's not much wrong with
them.
Dhur nay idhur wei oa'd.	There's no other way of it. (It
must be so.)
Dhur nay gain uthoot pain.	There's no gain without pain.
Dhur noa nay teim at nikht.	There's no time at night.
NOTE. Begin takes as auxiliary the verb bee instead of the E.
have. Example:
S.	E.
Hee wuz begun dhe dailin.	He had begun to deal.
Duin ('done', in the sense of 'finished') takes bee as its auxiliary
instead of the E. have. Examples:
S.	E.
Aa'm noa duin yet.	I haven't done yet.
Ur yee duin?	Have you finished?
Unlike E., after any subject except a single pronoun, i. e. wee,
yee, or dhay, the plural present is the same as the third person
singular, i. e. iz, z, or s, as the case may be, in accordance with the
foregoing rule. Thus, while it is usual to say wee'r, yee'r,
dhay'r, we have such expressions as the following. Examples:
S.	E.
Mee un hum'z noa cheef.	He and I are not friends.
Hiz un hum'z freendz.	He and we are related to each
other.
S.	E.
Dhur'z boanay floorz.	These are pretty flowers.
Dhay'z fein nout.	Those are fine bullocks.
Dhur'z noa moanay foak kenz
dhaat.	There are not many people who
know that.
Maa haundz iz nivvur hail.	My hands are never whole.
Iz dhay yoorz?	Are those yours?
Dhon'z meinz.	Those over there are mine.
Dhem ut cumz furst's furst
saird.	Those who come first are first
served.
The past tense of the auxiliary verb bee is wuz, both in the
singular and the plural, except that in the third person plural,
before or after the pronoun dhay, it is waar (slurred form wur).
Dhay wur is also used for dhur wuz, 'there was', or 'there
were'. Examples:
S.	E.
Yoo wuz dhair.	You were there.
Wuz yee noa dhair?	Were you not there?
Hwaur wuz yee gaun?	Where were you going?
Wee wuz gaun haim.	We were going home.
Wuz wee dhair?	Were we there?
Wee wuz.	We were.
Hwaur d'yee think wee wuz?	Where do you think we were?
Bais wuz chaipur dhaan.	Beasts (cattle) were cheaper
then.
Dhay waar dhaat.	There was indeed.
Ains dhay wur a maan.	Once there was a man.
Wur dhay moanay oa dhum?	Were there many of them?
Dhay wur ain dhair.	There was one there.
Dhay waarnay ain.	There wasn't one.
Dhay wur nay Foarbus Makinzee
dhaan.	There was no Forbes Mackenzie
(Act) then.
Dhay wur nay pailinz, yee see.	There was no fence, you see.
Wur dhay baith dhair?	Were they both there?
Dhay waar.	They were.
Wuz baith oa dhum dhair?	Were both of them there?
Baith oa dhum wuz dhair.	Both of them were there.
NOTE. Bee for is used in the sense of 'want'. Examples:
S.	E.
Hwaat ur yee for noo ?	What do you want now? (What
will you take now ?)
Aa'm noa fur nay mair,	I don't want any more.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
The subjunctive of bee for both numbers and all three persons
is in the present bee and in the past waar or wur. It is seldom
used except in proverbs and poetry.
Hev (hay), hez, hed.
For E. 'have', both hay and hev, often slurred into 'v, are used,
the former being more common and the latter more emphatic.
As an auxiliary verb it is used in the same way as in E., except
that, in accordance with the usual rule, the present plural in all
persons is hez except after a single pronoun, when it is hey,
generally slurred into 'v; thus we say wee'v, yee'v, dhay'v.
Hez is often slurred into a mere sibilant, which is z or s according
to the same rule which applies to is. Hey is often slurred
into a. Examples:
S.	E.
Aa'v been dhair aafun.	I've often been there.
Hee'z gain uwaw haim.	He's gone off home.
Mee un hum'z hed a gem.	He and I have had a game.
Moanay oa dhe laamz hez
deed. Many of the lambs have died.
Mee un yoo hez laang been
uquent.	You and I have long known
each other.
Aa cood a stuiddun dhe twaw.	I could have stood the two.
Hwaw wud a thoakht ut.	Who would have thought it.
Naidhur hev Ii.	Neither have I.
Hee wud a cumd our hweilz.	He used to come (would have
come) over sometimes.
Aa cood a tellt yee dhaat.	I could have told you that.
PRESENT TENSE.
S.	E. as spoken.
Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
1st pers.	hay, hev, 'v	hay, hev, 'v, hez, 'z, 's	hav, 'v	hav, 'v
2nd pers.	hay, hev, 'v, hez, 'z, 's	hay, 'v
3rd pers.	hez, 'z, 's	hay, hev, 'v, hez, 'z, 's	haz, 'z, 's	hav, 'v
Dui, duiz, duid; Caan, cood; May, mikht;
Maan, buid; Need; Daur, daurd.
Dui, duiz and duid, caan and cood (seldom cud), may and
mikht, maan (slurred into mun), and daur, daurd are used in the
same way as the corresponding words in English.
Buid or butt is probably connected with the English 'behoved'
and has much the same meaning as 'ought to ', 'had to'.
Dui is sometimes strengthened into div. Examples:
S.	E.
Aa coodnay say.	I couldn't say (I don't know).
Yee mun gaang haim.	You must go home.
Ii, but yee maan.	Yes, but you must.
Aa buid tay gaang.
Aa butt tay gaang.	I had to go.
Aa divnay ken.	I don't know.
Aa daur say.	I dare say.
It mikht bee.	It might be (perhaps).
Hoo div yee ken?	How do you know?
Dhay div aw dhaat.	They do all that.
NOTE. Caan is used, unlike E., as an infinitive in the sense of
'be able to'. Example:
Yee'll noa caan gaang dhe moarn.
You won't be able to go to-morrow.
NOTE. It is interesting to note that, like the corresponding
words in E., caan, may, maan, wull, and sometimes daur do
not add a sibilant in the 3rd pers. sing. pres.
Sometimes in interrogative sentences the past of the verb is
used where in E. the auxiliary 'did' would be used. Examples:
Hwaur haard yee dhaat?
Where did you hear that?
Hwaur goat yee yur skuilin?
Where did you get your schooling (go to school)?
Wull, wud, shuid.
Wull (often slurred into 'll) and wud (rarely pronounced waad
and sometimes slurred into 'd) are used where 'will' and 'would'
are used in E., and also where 'shall' and 'should' are used in E.,
except where 'should' is used in the sense of 'ought to', its
place being then taken in S. by suid or shuid. The word 'shall'
is not used in S. at all in ordinary conversation; hence the
difficulty a Scotchman has in knowing when to use 'shall' and
'should' in speaking E. Examples:
S.	E.
Wull yoo bee dhair?	Shall you be there?
Ii, but yee wull thoa.	Yes, but you shall.
Aa'll gee yee'd.	I'll give it you.
S.	E.
Aa wud think dhaat.	I should think so.
Yee suid gaang.	You should (ought to) go.
Yee shuidnay dui dhaat.	You shouldn't do that.
Aa'll noa say.	I'll not say. (Possibly.)
Aa wudnay say but hwaat yee
may bee rikht.	I shouldn't say but what you
may be right. (Perhaps you
are right.)
Aa wudnay wundur.	I shouldn't wonder. (Possibly.)
Aa wull dui dhaat.	I shall do that.
NOTE. There is a curious use of 'z for 'll in the phrases Aa'z
uphaad (I'll uphold) and Aa'z waarund (I'll warrant), and sometimes
in other expressions. Examples
S.	E.
Aa'z waarund yee.	I'll warrant you.
Wee'z noa gaang haim dhe
nikht.	We'll not go home to-night.
Yee'z noa beid dhair laang.	You'll not stay there long.
NOTE. Wunt takes the place of 'used' in E.
S.	E.
Dhay wunt tay caw'd dhaat.	They used to call it that.
Aa wunt tay gaang dhair.	I used to go there.
Dhe auld foak wunt tay say
dhaat.	The old people used to say that.
Hee wunt tay sing leik a
lintee.	He used to sing like a linnet.
Wee wunt tay get mailay
kail.	We used to get broth with oatmeal
in it.
Foak wunt tay gay tay Pairth
oan dhur feet.	People used to walk to Perth.
Dhay duidnay wunt tay bee.	They used not to be.
NEGATIVE AUXILIARY VERBS.
The adverb noa after an auxiliary verb is generally slurred into
nay, just as in E. the corresponding adverb not is slurred into n't.
S.	E.
iznay, wuznay, waarnay.	isn't, wasn't, weren't.
hevnay, hunnay, hennay, heznay,
hednay.	haven't, hasn't, hadn't.
S.	E.
caannay, coodnay.	can't couldn't.
maynay, mikhtnay.	mayn't, mightn't.
maannay.	mustn't (musnt).
wunnay, wudnay.	wont (woant), wouldn't (woodnt).
shuidnay.	shouldn't (shoodnt).
dinnay, divnay, duiznay, duidnay.	
don't (doant), doesn't (duznt).
daurnay, durstnay.	daren't.
neednay.	needn't.
NOTE. Am and ur (are) usually take the full form of the
adverb — aa'm non, wee'r noa, yee'r noa, dhay'r noa.
Iz noa, 's noa or 'z noa is also more common than iznay.
Examples:
S.	P.
Aa'm noa weel.	I'm not well.
It's noa.	It isn't.
Yee'r noa blait.	You aren't shy.
Dhay'r noa meinz.	They aren't mine.
Aa caannay cum.	I can't come.
Aa coodnay say.	I couldn't say (I don't know).
Aa mikhtnay bee aibul.	I mightn't be able.
Yee maannay dui dhaat.	You mustn't do that.
Shee wunnay cum.	She won't come.
A buddee wudnay hurt dhursel.	
One wouldn't hurt oneself.
Aa wudnay say.	I shouldn't say no. (Perhaps.)
Aa wudnay hay thoakht ut.	I shouldn't have thought so.
Yee shuidnay say dhaat.	You shouldn't say that.
An divnay ken.	I don't know.
Duinay dui dhaat.	Don't do that.
Yee neednay gaang.	You needn't go.
Hee duidnay taak ut.	He didn't take it.
An daurnay tell.	I daren't tell.
Aa duinay hay dhe wurdz oa
dhaat.	I haven't the words of that
(song).
An duinay hay oanay uday
wee dhaat.	I have nothing to do with that.
Aa hevnay met oanay buddee.	I haven't met any one.
Aa'm noa cairin thoa yoo
duinnay gaang.	I don't care if you don't go.
Aa'm noa verray cairin tay
gaang.	I'm not very keen to go.
Aa'm noa sayin'd.	I don't say so.
Aa'm noa musdootin yee.	I'm not doubting you.
INTERROGATIVE USE OF VERBS.
As in E., an interrogative sentence, unless when it begins with
an interrogative pronoun or adverb, generally begins with one of
the auxiliary verbs followed by the subject. Examples:
S.	E.
Am Aa noa rikht?	Am I not right?
Ur yee shuir?	Are you sure?
Hwaur ur yee gaun?	Where are you going?
Hwaw duid yee see?	Who did you see?
Duinnay yee ken?	Don't you know?
Caannay yee cum?	Can't you come?
Wull yee noa gaang?	Won't you go?
Wud yee leik a but?	Would you like a bit?
Iz dhur yoorz?	Are these yours?
Hwaw'z aw yon?	Who are all those?
Iz dhe bairnz beddit yet?	Have the children been put to
bed yet?
NOTE. Like dhay wur for dhur wuz (there was or there were),
we have the curious corruption ur dhay? for iz dhur ? (is there?
or are there?) Example:
Ur dhay oanay buddee in?	Is there anybody in?
PAST TENSE.
Regular verbs form their indefinite past tense by adding to
the present the syllable -it, which corresponds to the E. '-ed'.
Examples:
S.	E.
Present	Past	Present	Past
creep	creepit	creep	crept
droap	droapit	drop	dropped (dropt)
flutt	fluttit	flit	flitted
grup	gruppit (or graap)	grip (catch)	gripped (gript)
hurt	hurtit	hurt	hurt
keek	keekit	peep	peeped (peept)
keep	keepit	keep	kept
leik	leikit	like	liked (liikt)
likht	likhtit	light	lighted
likk	likkit	lick	licked (likt)
look	lookit	look	looked (lookt)
loup	loupit	leap	leapt
luft	luftit	lift	lifted
S.	E.
Present	Past	Present	Past
pent	pentit	paint	painted
raap	raapit	rap	rapped (rapt)
roat	roatit	rot	rotted
sherp	sherpit	sharpen	sharpened
sing	singit	singe (sinj)	singed (sinjd)
sleep	sleepit	sleep	slept
slup	sluppit	slip	slipped (slipt)
sook	sookit	suck (suk)	sucked (sukt)
soop	soopit	sweep	swept
stoap	stoapit	stop	stopped (stopt)
NOTE. It will be seen from the above examples that some
verbs in S. have the regular past, while the corresponding verbs
in E. form it somewhat irregularly.
Some verbs ending in l, n, s, form the past by adding t to the
present. Examples:
S.	E.
Present	Past	Present	Past
sell	sellt	sell	sold (soald)
skell	skellt	spill	spilt
spull	spullt	spoil	spoilt
stail	stailt	steal (steel)	stole (stoal)
tell	tellt	tell	told (toald)
ken	kent	know (noa)	knew (nyoo)
meen	meent	mean (meen)	meant (ment)
daans	daanst	dance (dans)	danced (danst)
loas	loast	lose (looz)	lost
wuss	wusst	wish	wished
Verbs ending in a vowel sound, and some ending in r, l, m,
n, v, form the past by adding d to the present:
S.	E.
Present	Past	Present	Past
gay	gaid	go (goa)	went
lay	laid	lay	laid
caw	cawd	drive	drove
dee	deed	die (dii)	died (diid)
pei	peid	pay	paid
saw	sawd	saw (wood)	sawed
saw	sawd	sow (soa)	sowed (soad)
throa	t.hroad	throw (throa)	threw (throo)
boo	bood	bow, bend	bowed, bent
S.	E.
Present	Past	Present	Past
loo	lood	love (luv)	loved (luvd)
poo	pood	pull (pool)	pulled
roo	rood	rue (roo)	rued
shoo	shood	sew (soa)	sewed (soad)
grow	groud	grow (groa)	grew (groo)
louz	louzd	loosen	loosened
dui	duid, did	do (doo)	did
gaar	gaard	make	made
gedhur	gedhurd	gather (gadher) gathered (gadherd)
fair	faird	fear (feer)	feared (feerd)
draigul	draiguld	draggle	draggled
full	fulld	fill	filled
kill	killd	kill	killed
swaal	swaald	swell	swelled
taigul	taiguld	hinder	hindered
trevul	trevuld	walk	walked
clum	clumd	climb (cliim)	climbed
tuim	tuimd	empty	emptied
lairn	lairnd	learn	learned
daiv	daivd	deafen (deffen)	deafened
liv	livd	live (liv)	lived
uiz	uizd	use (yooz)	used
NOTE. As in E., the verb uiz, 'use' (yooz) forms its past in d
with its ordinary meaning, but in t when it means `was wont to'.
Examples:
S.	E.
Aa ei uizd taar.	I always used (yoozd) tar.
An ei uist tay gaang.	I always used (yoost) to go.
As in E., many common verbs form their past irregularly, but
there is a tendency (1) to have the past end in d or t, and (2) when
the vowel sound of the verb is changed, to have in the past the
sound of aa, ai, e, oa, ui, or au. Examples (1):
S.	E.
Present	Past	Present	Past
begin	begood	begin	began
caan	cood (or cud)	can	could (cood)
div	duid	do (doo)	did
gaang, ging, gay	gaid	go (goa)	went
heer	haard	hear (heer)	heard (herd)
hev, hay	hed	have (hav)	had
S.	E.
Present	Past	Present	Past
maak	maid	make	made
say	sed	say	said (sed)
wull	wud	will	would (wood)
aw	aukht	owe (oa)	owed (oad)
bii	boakht (or koaft)	buy (bii)	bought (baut)
bring	broakht	bring	brought (braut)
burn	brunt	burn	burnt
daur	durst	dare	dared
may	mikht	may	might (miit)
meind	meint	mind	minded
mend	ment	mend	mended
neel	nelt	kneel (neel)	knelt
tein	tint	lose (looz)	lost
thenk	thoakht	think	thought (thaut)
wurk	roakht	work	worked, wrought
(raut)
Examples (2):
bind	baand	bind	bound
brek	braak	break (braik)	broke (broak)
cum	caam	come (cum)	came (caim)
clum	claam (or clumd)	climb (cliim)	climbed (cliimd)
ding	daang	beat (beet)	beat (beet)
drink	draank	drink	drank
furgit	furgaat	forget	forgot
git	gaat	get	got
greet	graat	weep	wept
hing	haang	hang	hung
putt	paat	put (poot)	put (poot)
quit	quaat	rid, quit	rid, quitted
reit	raat	write (riit)	wrote (roat)
rin	raan	run	ran
ring	raang	ring, wring	rang, wrung
sing	saang	sing	sang
speek	spaak	speak (speek)	spoke (spoak)
spin	spaan	spin	span
spit	spaat	spit	spat
strik	straak	strike (striik)	struck
sut	saat	sit	sat
sweit	swaat	sweat (swet)	sweated (sweted)
weet	waat	wet	wet
wun	waan	get	got
beid	baid (or bed)	stay	stayed
dreiv	draiv	drive (driiv)	drove (droav)
S.	E.
Present	Past	Present	Past
reid	raid	ride (riid)	rode (road)
reiz	raiz	rise (riiz)	rose (roaz)
riiv	raiv	split	split
threiv	thraiv	thrive (thriiv)	throve (throav)
gee	gay	give (giv)	gave (gain)
lii	lay	lie (lii)	lay
ait	ett (or uit)	eat (eet)	ate (ett)
belt	bet	bite (biit)	bit
bend	bent	bend	bent
bluid	bled	bleed	bled
breed	bred	breed	bred
cleed	cled	clothe (cloadh)	clothed (cloadhd)
faw	fell	fall (faul)	fell
feed	fed	feed	fed
fleit	flett	scold	scolded
heid	hed	hide	hid
hit	het	hit	hit
laid	led	lead (leed)	led
laiv	left	leave (leev)	left
meet	met	meet	met
redd	redd	arrange	arranged
reed	red	read (reed)	read (red)
bair	boar	bear (bair)	bore (boar)
fekht	foakht	fight (fiit)	fought (faut)
freez	froaz	freeze (freez)	froze (froaz)
shair	shoar	shear (sheer)	sheared
shuit	shoat	shoot	shot
swair	swoar	swear (swair)	swore (swoar)
tair	toar	tear (tair)	tore (toar)
wair	woar	wear (wair)	wore (woar)
caach	cuich	catch	caught (caut)
cast	cuist	cast	cast
fesh	fuish	fetch	fetched
haad	huid	hold (hoald)	held
laakh	luikh	laugh (laaf)	laughed (laaft)
laat	luit	let	let
maan	buid	must	had to
shaak	shuik	shake	shook
staund	stuid	stand	stood
taak	tuik	take	took
thresh	thruish	thresh	threshed
waash	wuish	wash	washed
S.	E.
Present	Past	Present	Past
blaw	bloo	blow (bloa)	blew (bloo)
craw	croo	crow (croa)	crew (croo)
flee	floo	fly (flii)	flew (floo)
bid	baud	bid	bade (baid)
find	faund	find (fiind)	found
See	saw	see	saw
waat	wust	know (noa)	knew (nyoo)
Some verbs which end in t or d make no change for the past
tense. Examples:
S.	E.
Present	Past	Present	Past
bait	bait	beat (beet)	beat (beet)
slut	slut	slit	slit
splut	splut	split	split
spred	spred	spread (spred)	spread (spred)
NOTE. Sometimes, but rarely, the pa. p. is used for the past
tense in seen for saw, tain (taken) for tuik. Examples:
S.	E.
Aa seen urn peer dhe-streen.	I saw him here yesterday evening.
Hee tain twaw hree.He took two or three.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
The present participle is formed by adding the sound in to the
present. Examples:
S.	E.
Present	Pres. part.	Present	Pres. part.
ait	aitin	eat (eet)	eating
dee	deein	die (dii)	dying
drink	drinkin	drink	drinking
poo	pooin	pull (pool)	pulling
NOTE. Gaang, ging, or gay has its present participle slurred
into gaup for gayin. Examples:
S.	E.
Hwaur yee gaun?	Where are you going?
Aa'm gaun tee waal.	I'm going to the well.
NOTE. As in English, the present participle is often used as
a verbal noun or as an adjective. Examples:
S.	E.
Plooin'z noa aizee waark.	Ploughing's not easy work.
A gaun-uboot buddee.	A going-about person, a tramp.
A deein maan.	A dying man.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
Regular verbs form their past participle in the same way as the
past tense, by adding -it (corresponding to -ed in E.) to the present.
Its form is therefore, in the case of such verbs, the same as that of
the past tense. Examples:
S.	E.
Present	Past part.	Present	Past part.
creep	creepit	creep	crept
grup	gruppit	grip	gripped (gript)
keep	keepit	keep	kept
leik	leikit	like	liked (liikt)
likht	likhtit	light	lighted
loup	loupit	leap (leep)	leapt
luft	luftit	lift	lifted
raap	raapit	rap	rapped (rapt)
sleep	sleepit	sleep	slept
stoap	stoapit	stop	stopped (stopt)
As in the case of the past tense, some verbs ending in g, l, n, s,
kh, sh, form the past participle by adding t to the present.
Examples:
S.	E.
Present	Past part.	Present	Past part.
sell	sellt	sell	sold (soald)
skell	skellt	spill	spilt
tell	tellt	tell	told (toald)
ken	kept	know (noa)	known (noan)
lairn	lairnt	learn (lern)	learnt (lernnt)
loas	loast	lose (looz)	lost
laakh	laakht	laugh (laaf)	laughed (laaft)
faash	faasht	bother	bothered
meen	meent	mean (meen)	meant (ment)
wuss	wusst	wish	wished (wisht)
caach	caacht	catch	caught (caut)
Some verbs ending in a vowel sound, or in r, 1, m, n, v, or z,
add d to the present. Examples:
S.	E.
Present	Past part.	Present	Past part.
caw	cawd	drive	driven
craw	crawd	crow (croa)	crowed (croad)
grow	growd	grow (groa)	grown (groan)
pei	peid	pay	paid
boo	bood	bow	bowed (baud)
loo	lood	love (luv)	loved (luvd)
poo	pood	pull (pool)	pulled
shoo	shood	sew (soa)	sewed (soad)
fair	faird	fear (feer)	feared (feerd)
gaar	gaard	make, compel	made, compelled
draigul	draiguld	draggle	draggled
kill	killd	kill	killed
swaal	swaald	swell	swollen (swoallen)
cum	cumd	come (cum)	come (cum)
daam	daamd	damn (dam)	damned (damd)
droon	droond	drown	drowned
liv	livd	live (liv)	lived
shaiv	shaivd	shave (shaiv)	shaved
louz	louzd	loosen	loosened
As in E., many common verbs form their past participle
irregularly, with a tendency (1) to make it end in d, t, or n ; and
(2) where the vowel sound of the verb is changed, to make it u,
ui, oa, aa, or e. Examples (1):
S.	E.
Present	Past part.	Present	Past part.
begin	begood	begin	begun
dee	daid	die (dii)	dead (ded)
hing	haangd	hang	hanged
heer	haard	hear (heer)	heard (herd)
lay	laid	lay	laid
maak	maid	make	made
say	sed	say	said (sed)
shui	shoad	shoe (shoo)	shod
aw	aukht	owe (oa)	owed (oad)
bend	bent	bend	bent
bii	boakht	buy (bii)	bought (baut)
bring	broakht	bring	brought (braut)
burn	brunt	burn	burnt
S.	E.
Present	Past part.	Present	Past part.
laiv	left	leave (leev)	left
lend	lent	lend	lent
neel	nelt	kneel (neel)	knelt (nelt)
seek	soakht	seek	sought (saut)
teech	taakht, toakht	teach (teech)	taught (taut)
tein	tint	lose (looz)	lost
think	thoakht	think	thought (thaut)
wurk	roakht	work (wurk) wrought (raut),
worked
ait	aitun	eat (eet)	eaten (eeten)
bee	been	be	been
beid	biddun	stay	stayed
bid	biddun	bid	bidden
blaw	blawn	blow (bloa)	blown (bloan)
dreiv	drivvun	drive (driiv)	driven
dui	duin	do (doo)	done (dun)
faw	faun	fall (faul)	fallen (faulen)
gay, gaang,
ging	gain	go (goa)	gone (gon)
gee	geen	give (giv)	given (givn)
haad	haadun	hold (hoald)	held
hay, hev	hain	have (hav)	had
heid	hiddun	hide	hidden
hit	hittun	hit	hit
laid	laidun	load	laden (laiden)
lii	lain	lie (lii)	lain
reed	ruddun	read (reed)	read (red)
reid	riddun	ride (riid)	ridden
reiz	rizun	rise (riiz)	risen (rizn)
riiv	rivun	split	split
saw	sawn	saw (wood)	sawn
saw	sawn	sow (soa)	sown (soan)
see	seen	see	seen
sleid	sliddun	slide (sliid)	slid
sut	suttun	sit	sat
tack	tain	take (taik)	taken (taiken)
Examples (2):
beit	buttun	bite (biit)	bitten
bind	bund	bind (biind)	bound
caast	cuissn	cast	cast
drink	drukkun	drink	drunk
find	fund	find (fiind)	found
fleit	fluttun	scold (scoald)	scolded (scoalded)
hing	hung	hang	hung
S.	E.
Present	Past part.	Present	Past part.
reit	ruttun	write (riit)	written (ritten)
ring	rung	ring	rung
rin	run	run	run
sing	sung	sing	sung
spit	sputtun	spit	spat
strikk	strukkun	strike (striik)	struck
sweit	swuttun	sweat (swet)	sweated (swetted)
threiv	thruvun	thrive (thriiv)	thriven (thriivn)
weet	wuttun (or
waat)	wet	wet
laakh	luikhun	laugh (laaf)	laughed (laaft)
laat	luittun	let	let
putt	puittun	put (poot)	put (poot)
shaak	shuikun	shake	shaken
staand	stuidun	stand	stood
thresh	thruishun	thresh	threshed
waash	wuishun	wash	washed
bair	boarn	bear (bair)	born
brok	broakun	break (braik)	broken (broakun)
fekht	foakhun	fight (fiit)	fought (faut)
freez	froazund	freeze	frozen (froazn)
furgit	furgoatun	forget	forgotten
roat	roatun	rot	rotted
shair	shoarn	cut corn with a sickle
shuit	shoatun	shoot	shot
speek	spoakun	speak (speek)	spoken (spoakn)
swair	swoarn	swear (swair)	sworn
tair	toarn	tear (tair)	torn
wair	woarn	wear (wair)	worn
quit	quaat	quit	quit
weet	waat (or
wuttun)	wet	wet
bluid	bled	bleed	bled
breed	bred	breed	bred
cleed	cled	clothe (cloadh)	clothed (cloadhd)
feed	fed	feed	fed
laid	led	lead (leed)	led
meet	met	meet	met
Some verbs, particularly those which end in d or t, make no
change for the past participle. Examples:
S.	E.
Present	Past part.	Present	Past part.
redd	redd	arrange	arranged
spred	spred	spread	spread (spred)
ucquent	ucquent	acquaint	acquainted
slut	slut	slit	slit
splut	splut	split	split
wun	wun	win	won
Examples:
Hee'z foakhun humsel duin.
He's fought himself done. (He's worked himself out.)
Hay yee luittun'd gaang?
Have you let it go?
Hay yee louzd dhe coo?
Have you let the cow loose?
Dhe auld weif roakht stoakuns.
The old woman worked (knitted) stockings.
Sing-it sheep'z haid.	Singed sheep's head.
Aa maan gaang un git begood tay ma waark.
I must go and get begun to (go and begin) my work.
Dhe dugz ull noa git foakhun.
The dogs won't get fought (won't be able to get a fight).
Aa coodnay git suttun doon.	I couldn't manage to sit down.
Aa coodnay git spoakun tull um.
I couldn't manage to speak to him.
LISTS OF WORDS
CONNECTED IN MEANING
NOTE. These lists will be found useful in working out the
vocabulary of any dialect.
PARTS OF THE BODY
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
head	hed	haid
poll	poal	pow
hair	hair	hair
brains	haarnz
face	fais	fais, mug
brow	brow	broo
eye	ii	ee, pl. een
eyebrow	iibrow	ee-broo
eyelid	iilid	winkur
tear	teer	tair
nose	noaz	noaz, neb
mouth	mouth	mooth, gaab, mug
tooth	tooth	teeth
tongue	tung	tung
jaw	chaaft, chouk
cheek	cheek	cheek
chin	chin	chin
lip	lip	lup, fuppul
ear	lug
moustache	mustaash	mootaash
whisker	wisker	hwuskur
beard	beerd	baird
neck	craig
throat	hauz
windpipe	thraapul
breast	brest	breest
back	bak	baak
rib	rib	rub
lungs	likhts
heart	haart	hert
stomach	stumak	staamuk, weim
belly	keit
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
bowels	guts
bladder	bladder	bledhur
rump	rump	rump
shoulder	shoalder	shoodhur
arm-pit	oaxtur
arm	aarm	erm
elbow	elboa	elbay, elbuk
wrist	shaakul
hand	hand	haund
finger	fing-ger	fing-ur
thumb	thum	thoom
little finger	littul fing-ger	luttul fing-ur
knuckle	nukkul	nukkul
palm	luif
fist	nev
handful	nevfay
double handful	goupunfay
haunch	haunsh	hainsh
hip	hip	hup
buttock	hurdee
hams	hunkurz
thigh	hoakh
leg	leg	lig, shaank
knee	nee	tnee
knee-cap	nee-cap	lud ee tnee
shin	shin	shin
ankle	cuit
foot	foot	fut
feet	feet	feet
heel	heel	heel
toe	toa	tay
big toe	big toa	mukkul tay
right	riit	rikht
left	caar
left-handed	caaray
cuppay
caar-haundit
breath	breth	braith
smell	smell	smell
yawn	gaant
grin	grin	girn
scowl	scoul	shoul
sneeze	sneez	neez
snore	snoar	snoar
nod	nod	noad
cough	hoast
PARTS OF ANIMALS
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
horn	horn	hoarn
tail	tail	tail
udder	udder	edhur
hoof	hoof	huif
cloven hoof	cluit
mane	main	main
fetlock	cuit
pastern	pastern	pestur
pluck	draakht
liver	livver	livvur
lungs	likhtz
maw of ruminant	haagus
pudding	pooding	puddin
entrails	haarigulz
3rd stomach of ruminant	munnaypliiz
beak	beek	neb
feather	fedher	fedhur
egg	egg	igg
bone	boan	bain
knee-bone	naap-bain
gristle	grissul	girsul
soft gristle	fix-faax
lean	leen	lain
fat	fat	faat
grease	grees	creesh
hog's lard	swein'z saim
bristle	brissul	burs
FOOD
'
(See 'Names of Animals', 'Parts of the Body', 'Parts
Animals', 'Vegetables'.)
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
food	mait
meat	flesh
beef	beef	beef
mutton	mutton	muttun
pork	pork	poark
ham	ham	haam
bacon	baicon	baucun
singed head	sinjd hed	sing-it haid
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
cut of meat, rasher	coalup
minced meat	mins coalups
thin cut over lower ribs	runnur oa beef
tripe	triip	treip
dish served in sheep's maw	haagus
pudding sausage	pooding	puddin
pie	pii	pii
dripping	kichin-fee
mutton of diseased sheep	braaxay
fish	fish	fush
smoked haddock	finnin haadee
dried herring	kippurz
trout	trout	troot
herring	herring	hairin
flour	flour	mail, floor-mail
oatmeal	oatmeel	ait-mail
barley-meal	baarlay-meel	baurlay-mail
pease-meal	peez-meel	piz-mail
kiln-dried oats without the husks	groats
dough	levin
loaf	loaf	laif
bread	bred	laif-braid
bread not newly made	a cuttin laif
small loaf	taamay-roond
slice of bread	shaif oa braid
thick cake toasted on girdle	baanuk
biscuit	biskit	buskit
soft biscuit	baik
soft biscuit made with butter	buttur-baik
a floury roll	faarul
cake of gingerbread	paarlay
roll	roal	row
cake	caik	caik
scone	scon	scoan
flat scone made of batter	droappit scoan
scone cooked on a girdle	girdul scoan
small, round, plain bun	cookee
reaper's loaf	shairur'z baap
shortbread	shoart-braid
small cakes	smaw braid
thick cake made of oatmeal	ait baanuk
oatcake	oatcaik	ait-caik
oatmeal scone	ait-mail scoan
potato scone	tautay scoan
pease-meal cake	piz baanuk
coarse barley bread	bair braid
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
thick cake made of coarse barley	bair baanuk
scone made of coarse barley	bair scoan
butter	butter	buttur
fresh butter	sweet buttur
salt butter	saut buttur
cheese	kebbuk
curds and cream	crudz un raim
whey	way	hwii
rennet	airninz
porridge	porrij	paarich
brose, a mixture of boiling water
and oatmeal	broaz
gruel	grooel	grool
anything eaten with bread	kichin
salt	saut
pepper	pepper	peppur
treacle	treekul	traikul
sugar	shoogur	shoogur
soda	soada	soadee
jam	jam	jaam
jelly	jelli	jeelee
honey	hunni	hunnay
treacle roll	traikul row
roly-poly	roali-poali	roulay-poulay
tart	taart	tert
a sweet	curlay-aandray
black sausage	blaak puddin
red sausage	bluiday puddin
oatmeal sausage	mailay puddin
broth made with several kinds of
vegetables	hoach poach
broth	kail
leavings	broaks
dregs	dregglinz
crumbs	meeluks
murlinz
murlikinz
scrambled eggs	rummuld iggs
mashed potatoes	chaapit tautayz
roasted potatoes	bursuld tautayz
potatoes and gravy	tautayz un dup
hash	hash	haash
stew	styoo	styoo
breakfast	paarich
dinner	dinner	dennur
tea	tee	tee
	E.	S.

high tea	toozee tee
tee un tull'd
supper	suppur
half-fermented cream or butter-milk with oatmeal
added	raim croudee
flummery, made from husks of oats	soaunz
breadberry, sops, bread and milk	saaps
mixture of potatoes and cabbage	rummultay
thump
cow or bullock fattened and killed about
Martinmas to be salted for winter use	mert
DRINK
	English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
water	wauter	waatur
milk	milk	mulk
fresh milk	sweet mulk
skim milk	skum mulk
churn milk, butter-milk	kurn mulk
cream	creem	raim
whey	way	hwii
tea	tee	tee
coffee	coffi	coafay
whisky in tea	a sindur in't
whisky	wiski	hwuskay
ale	ail	ail
beer	beer	beer
porter	porter	poartur
toddy	toddi	toadee
small beer	smaw beer
spruce beer	sproosh beer
mulled porter	mulld poartur
pies and porter	piiz un poartur
treacle beer	traikul peeree
treacle ale	traikul ail
small ale	smaw ail
brew	broo	brui
oatmeal and water	cauld steer
stooree drink
mailay drink
raspberry wine	cuddul-ma-deeree
stand your hand
pay for a dram	staund yur haund
pay for a dram
produce your old stocking
(used as a purse)	draw yur huggur
CLOTHES
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
clothes	cloadhz	claiz
cloth	cloth	claith
rag or clout	clout	cloot
clothes, especially old ragged clothes	dudz
bits of rags	buts oa cloots
dish-cloth	dush-cloot
household linen	naipray
blanket	blaankit
shepherd's plaid	raukhun
cap	cap	kep
broad blue bonnet	bred bloo baanut
chimney-pot hat	lum-haat
night-cap	kilmaarnuk
nikht-kep
coat	coat	coat
shirt	shirt	saark
waistcoat	waiscoat	waiscoat
jacket	jaket	jaikut
a short coat or blouse	corsekkay
knickerbockers	nikkurz
breeches	brichiz	breeks
trousers	trouzers	troozurz
spats	spats	spaats
collar	coller	coalur
cravat	cravat	graavut
braces	gaalusiz
pocket	pokit	pooch
breast pocket, pocket under the arm	oaxtur-pooch
hip pocket	hup-pooch
mittens, glove with thumb but no
fingers	mittunz
mitts
stockings without feet	huggurz
stockings	stockingz	stoakinz
boot	boot	buit
shoe	shoo	shui
shay, pl. shuin
old boot or shoe	baukhul
old slipper	sclaaf
handkerchief	neepkin
brooch	broach	broach
bead	beed	baid
loose jacket	poalkay
petticoat	coat, pêticoat
chemise	shuft
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
corset	steiz
gown	goun	goon
frock	frok	froak
sort of blouse with tails outside
the skirt	shoart goon
cap	much
plain cap	soobaak much
embroidered cap	boardee much
small woven cloth with fringes,
used as a shawl	naipyin
apron	aipron	aipurn
coarse working apron	braat
pinafore	daidul
daidlay
peenee
shawl	shaul	shaal
plaid	plad	plaid
garter	gaarter	gertun
ribbon	ribbon	rubbun
frill	frill frull
embroidery (flowering)	floorin
linen and wool	linzay woolzay
a woman's large hanging pocket	waalut
leather	ledher	ledhur
silk	silk	sulk
trousseau (mounting)	muntin
collection of clothes, &c., made
by a girl in readiness for her
possible marriage	proveidin
cloak	cluk, kyuk
hood	hood	huid
BUILDINGS
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
house	hous	hoos
castle	caasl	caastul
manor house	big hoos
parsonage	maans
coal-house	coal-hous	coal-hoos
wash-house	waashin-hoos
hen-house	hen-hoos
barn	baarn	baarn
stable	staibul	stibbul
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
byre (cow-shed)	biir
pigsty	soo'z crui
lodge	loj	luj
shed	shed	shaid
loft, gallery	loft	laaft
iron	ii ron	eirun
brass	brass	bress
glass	glass	gless
tin	hweit eirun
steel	steel	steel
clay	clay	clei
lead	led	laid
brick	brik	bruk
thatch n.	thaak
to thatch v.	thach	theek
an old thatched building	an auld thaak biggin
flag, slab	flag	flaag
pavement	flaagz, plainstainz
paved floor	flaag fluir
plaster	plaster	plestur
kerb	kerb	kerb
pig's trough	troff	soo'z troakh
rack for holding fodder	haik
pond embankment	daam-haid-deik
pump	pump, waal
suckers	sukerz	sookurz
bar	baar
staple	staipul	steepul
cottage	coatuj
avenue	avenyoo	uproach
wall	waul	waw
roof	roof	ruif
floor	floar	fluir
ceiling	seeling	seelun
rafter	cuppul, bauk
window	windoa	windee, winduk
door	doar	doar
latch	snek
small bolt of a door	snib
chimney	lum, vent, chumlay
tap	spiggut
oven	uvin	oavun
shutters	shutterz	shutturz
shelf	shelf	shelf
mantelpiece	lumhaid, brais,
chumlay pees
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
hearth	haarth	herth
fire-place	ing-ul
corner by the fire-place	ing-ul nyuk
fireside	ing-ul-seid
fire	fiir	fir
small cupboard in wall near fire	bunkur
sink	jaw-boax
cesspool	jaw-hoal
dung-heap	middun
gutter under eaves	roan
(gutter) open drain in street	streip
tannery	taanaree
brewery	brooeri	broouree
open drain	trow or staank
well, pump	well	waal
soot	soot	suit
flakes of coal dust	coom
soft stone used for polishing
hearthstone	caamstain
eave	eev	aiv
FURNITURE AND UTENSILS
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
chair	chair	chair
armchair	_armchair	erm chair
stool	stool	stuil
low table with leaves to fold
down	buffit-stuil
low stool	creepee
table	taibl	tibbul
piano	pyano	peeannay
looking-glass	lookin-gless
an old kind of dresser	haamuk
dresser	dressur
plate-rack	plait rak	plait-raak
meal-bin	girnul
boiler	boiler	beilur
ash-box	ess-baakit
salt-box	saut-baakit
screen	screen	screen
picture	pictyoor	pictur
cupboard open in front, used for
keeping bread, &c.	aumray
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
top of drawers	draurz' haid
cupboard	press
bed
bed	bed
box bed	boax bed
mattress 	matréss
ticking	teikin
valance	paand
footstool	fut cushun
cushion	cushun
pillow	coad
feather pillow	fedhur coad
bolster	boustur-coad
ewer	yooer	yoor
towel	touel	tool
towel-rail	tool-rail
nail	nail
ornaments	oarnamints
chain	chen
ring	ring
link	link
pot-hook	cruk
swinging rod at fire for hanging
pots on	swei
clock	tnoak
clock with visible pendulum	waag-at-dhe-waw
bar across inside of door to
fasten it	steibaand
knob	nob	noab
door-mat	baass
spoon	spoon	spuin
fork	fork	foark
knife	niif	tneif
cup	cup	cup
saucer	sauser	sausur
cups and saucers	cups un fletts
plate	plait	plait
weight	wait	wekht
round vessel for holding corn
(like a sieve, but with a
bottom of skin)	wekht
wooden bowl	coag
small wooden bowl	coagee
churn	kirn
basin	baisin	baisun
bowl	boal	boul
small two-handled dish or cup	bikkur
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
flat basin in which milk is put
to cream	fluttay
milk-dish, for holding cream	boain
milkingpail	haandee
wooden pail for milk	mulk bouay
milk sieve	mullsay
wooden cup with one handle	luggee
mould	shaip
jug	joog
jug which will hold a chaapin
= 2 muchkins	chaapin joog
jug with a spout	pooree joog
kettle	kettul
pot	paat
teapot	teepot	teepaat
spout, of kettle or teapot	stroop
spout	spout	spoot
pot-lid (wooden)	paat broad
lid	lud
handle	haunul
preserving-pan	jeelee paan
porridge-pot	porrij-pot	paarich-paat
dish	dush
large meat-dish	aashut
bucket	bukkit
slop-pail	sloap-pail
stick for stirring porridge
broth, &c.	theevul, spurtul
potato-masher	chaapin stuck
tautay beetul
rolling-pin	roaling-pin	roalin-pin
receptacle for refuse, pig's pail	broak dush
tool	gibbul
bottle	bottul	boatul
glass	glass	gless
tumbler	tumbler	tumlur
crystal	cristal	krustul
flagon	flagon	flaigun
decanter	decantur	dikaantur
vessel for holding liquid	stoup (nerray at
dhe taap)
whisky decanter	Jeroboam
toddy tumbler (like a large
wineglass)	toadee rummur
toddy ladle	laidul	toadee laidul
tray	tray	servur
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
whale oil	wail oil	hwaal eil
oil and wick lamp	cruizay
uilee cruizay
rush wick	raashay week
tallow candle	baubee dup
candle	caunul
wax	waux
tinder-box	tindur-boax
flint and steel	flunt un steel
box of matches	boax oa spunks
clothes basket	claiz baaskit
washing-tub	bukkit
tub	tuib
mangle, wringer	ringur
scrubbing-board	waashin-buird
soap-suds	greth (= saipay
sudz)
soap	saip
stick for thumping blankets	poachur
to wash blankets by stamping
on them	traamp blaankits
lukewarm	lookwaurm	loowaarm
shrunken or leaky, like a dry tub	geizund
Italian iron, for goffering caps,
goffering-iron	taalyun eirn fur
peipun up dhe
muchiz
broom	bruim
besom	beezom	bizzum
poker	poaker	poakur
tongs	tongz	taingz
shovel	shuvel	shufful
sieve	riddul
bellows	belloas	bellusiz
bag or sack	poak
fringe	frinj	freenj
reel	purn
needle	needul	needul
thimble	thimbul	thummul
pin	pin	preen
pin-cushion	preen-coad
tape	nuttin
spectacles	spektakulz	speks, glessiz
razor	raizor	rauzur
shoehorn	shoohorn	shuihoarn
brush	brush
comb	coam	reddin caim
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
hoop for a barrel	gird
change of abode, removal of
furniture	fluttin

a fetching of water	a gaang (or a raik)
oa waatur
strain, filter	sii
boil	beil
fry noisily	frizzul
furniture, equipment	plenishin
a kind of match	mach	fyoozee
small-toothed comb		bain-caim
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
dog	dog	dug
collie	collie	coalay
dog	teik
poor old dog	puir auld teik
puppy	pup
cat	cat	caat, baudrinz
pussy	poosi	poosay
kitten	kittlin
donkey	cuddee
pig	pig	pig, grumfay, guissay
young pig	greis (obs.)
sow, pig	sow	soo
boar	boar
goat	goat
poultry	poaltri	pootray
hen	hen
clucking hen	cloakin hen
chicken	chikun
cock	coak
tame rabbit	maapay
goose	goos	guis (pl. gees)
duck	duk	dyuk
drake	draik	draik
turkey-cock	bubblay joak
tame pigeon	puddee doo
hive	skep
domesticated bee	skep bee
horse	hors	hoars (pl. hoars)
stallion	staig
pony	poni	pounee
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
small pony	sheltay
colt	colt	cout
gelding	gildin
filly	filli	fullay
nag	nag	naig
foal	caast
beast, a head of horned cattle	beest	baist (pl. bais)
cattle (horned)	caatul
horned cattle	caatul baist
bull	bool	bull
bullock	nout, stoat
a cow or bullock to be killed at Martinmas
for winter use	mert
cow	cow	coo (pl. kii)
heifer	kwei
cow (not in calf or giving milk)	yeld coo
calf	caaf	cauf
1st-winter calf	sturk
sheep	sheep	sheep (pl. sheep)
ram	tuip
ewe	yoo	yow
lamb	lam	laam
1st-winter lamb	hoag (m. or f.)
ewe in her 2nd year before lambing	gimmur
castrated male sheep of any age	wedhur
an old ewe past bearing	croak
drove or herd	droav
drover, herdsman	droavur
wool	oo
hair	hair	hair
cow dung	coo shairn
horse dung	hoars dung
sheep's dung	sheep's purlz
fowl dung	hen pen
bellow	rout
neigh	nikhur
grunt
grumf
howl	houl	youl
chirp	cheep
bark	bark
call to a pigeon	pud, pud
„ „ hen	chuk, chuk
tik, tik, tikkay
„ „ duck	leg, leg
„ „ sheep	suk, suk
„ „ calf	proo, proo
English	Scotch
call to a cow	twrrooay, preechay

„ „ cat	poos, poos — chee, chee
pussay, pussay
„ „ dog	iskay, iskay
„ „ horse	foalay poalay
„ „ pig	guisay, guisay
„ „ tame rabbit	maap, maap
calls to a horse —
come to left	hii
stop!	woa, sst
go on! (hurry up!)	jee, jeeup
go to right	woabaak
go faster	hud up
accustomed to stay in a particular place	heftit or thirld stoak
All the calves are one-year-olds after
Halloween.	Aw dhe caavz iz sturks
eftur Haallayeen.
WILD ANIMALS, BIRDS, FISH, INSECTS, ETC.
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
monkey	puggee
pole-cat	foomurt
hare	hair	hair
hare, rabbit	maukin
weasel	hwutrik
badger	broak
otter	oatur
rat	roatun
mouse	mous	moos
mole	moudeewurt
hedgehog	hejhog	haijhug
squirrel	squrrul
lark	laivruk
swallow	swalloa	swaallay
sparrow	sprug
linnet	linnet	lintee (red, green, gray, roaz)
owl	hoolut
cuckoo	gouk
thrush	maivis, maivee
corncrake	corncraik	coarn-skreekh
swift	skreekh
robin	roabin
starling	sturlin, stukkee
hedge-sparrow	bloojennay
sand-martin	saandmertin
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
chaffinch	shulfay
wagtail	wagtail	wullay waagee, waagtail
crow	croa	craw
raven	coarbee
jackdaw	cay
blackbird	blaakay
hooded crow	hoodee craw
bullfinch	bullay
sand-piper	saand-peipur
titmouse	oaxee
yellow-hammer	yaalay yeit
wren	ren	rennay, raan
wood-wren	hwii-burd
water-crow	waatur-craw, waatur-hen
water-hen	waatur coot
wood-pigeon	cushay doo
plover	pluver	tyukhut, pluvur
seagull	seemaw, pitaarnay
curlew	hwaup
buzzard	gled
hawk	hauk	hauk
partridge	paitrik
pheasant	fezant	faizhun
grouse	grous	grous
wild duck	wild dyuk
bat	bat	baat
bee	bee	bee
humble-bee	bumbee = fuggaybee
hweit ersay
red ersay
bee's nest	fuggay's nest
wasp's nest	waasp's beik
butterfly	butturflee
moth	moath
midge	mij	muj
fly	flii	flee
ant	emmik
spider	spiider	netturcup, etturcup, speidur
beetle	cloak
flying beetle	bum cloak
daddy-long-legs	spinnin maagee, jennay-laang-legz
gadfly	gleg, cleg
bug	bug	bug
flea	flee	flekh
earwig	foarkee tail, gouluk
a tiny red spider	red soajur
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
lady-bird	Virjin Mairay
louse	lous	loos (pl. leis)
wood-louse	slaitur
maggot	maukh
worm	wurm	wurm
cobweb	mooswub
striped worm	braamay wurm, brummul
caterpillar	hairay wurm
snail	snail
snail's shell	buckay
newt	aask
adder	edhur
fresh herring	caallur hairin
herring	hairin
salmon	samun	saumun
young salmon	paar
smolt	smoalt	smout
roe	roa	raun
spawn of fish, frogs, &c.	redd
foul fish	kelt
trout	trout	troot
pike	piik	peik
perch	perch
grilse	grils	gruls
haddock	haadee
minnow	minnoa	baagee minnin
eel	eel
whale	wail	hwaal
crab	paartun
toad	toad	taid
frog	pudduk
tadpole	puddukpounee, kail laidul
GARDENING
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
garden	garden	gerdun
cottage garden	kail-yaird
yard or garden	yaird
bush	bush	buss
hedge	hej	haij
gravel	chaanul
grass	grass	gress, girs
green kale	kail
kale or cabbage stock	kail runt
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
turnip	neep
onion	unyun	ing-in
carrot	caarut
pea	pee	pee
pea-pod	peez-coad
shelling peas	huilin pees
bean	been	been
leek	leek
fruit	froot	fruit
pear	pair	pair
apple	appul	aipul
plum	ploom
potato plum	tautay bullut
rhubarb	roobarb	rooburt
raspberry	raazberri	raasp-s
red currants	rizzurz
black currant	blaakbairay
gooseberry	groazur
flower	flouer	floor
rose	roaz	roaz
china aster	cheenee aastur
marigold	mairay goald
poppy	poapay
weed	weid
seed	seed
shovel v.	shuvel	shuil
shovel with a shovel	shuil in wee a shufful
dig	delv, houk
tool	gibbul
wheelbarrow	baarray
hedge-bill	hej-bill	haij-bull
hoe	hoa	how
Dutch hoe	duch how
saw	saw	saw
rake	raik	raik
fork	foark
short fork with several prongs	graip
spade	spaid	spaid
shovel n.	shuvel	shufful
dibble	dibbil	dubbul
trowel	trouel	trouin
sickle	hyuk
scythe	siidh	siith
shears	sheerz	sheerz
knife	niif	tneif
line or cord	liin	lein
TREES AND PLANTS
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
oak	oak	aik (obs.)
acorn	aicorn	aikoarn
ash	ash	aish
elm	elm	ellum
fir	fir	fur
spruce	sproos	sproosh
birch	birch	burk
beech	beech	beech
larch	larch	lerruk (obs.), lerch
rowan, mountain ash	rouan	roadun
hazel	haizul	hizzul
alder	aarn
willow	saukh
elder	boontree
elderberry	boontreebairay
wild cherry	 geen
hawthorn	haw-thoarn
laburnum	burnum
cherry	churray
lilac	liilac	lullayaik, Meifloor
sloe	sloa	slay
bramble, blackberry	brummul
holly	holli	hoallay
wood	wood	wud
plantation	plaantin
root	root	ruit
firewood	broul
twig	reis
branch	gren
moss	fug
broom	broom	bruim
furze, gorse	hwun
heather	hedhur	hedhur
fern	fern	fairn
bracken	bracken	brekkun
nettle	nettil	nettul
dock	dock	doakun
earth-nut	loosay aarnut
sorrel	sooruk
toadstool	pudduk stuil
thistle	thissel	thrussul
a grass with long roots	quikkunz
hips and haws	haups un hawz
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
wild mustard
field mustard, charlock	skellay, skellukh
sedge	sej	seg
southernwood	aippul ringay
rush	rush	raash
blue cornflower	blawward
foxglove		bluidee fingurz
daid maan'z bells
crow's foot	croa's foot	crawtayz
speedwell	caat's ee
large field daisy	gouun
daisy	daizi	daizay
blade, leaf of a tree	blaid	blaid
long, coarse grass	bent
ragwort	weebee
bilberry	blaybairay
CROPS AND FARMING
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
crop	crop	craap
grain	grain	gren
harvest	harvest	hairst
corn, oats	corn	coarn
oats	oats	aits
barley	barley	baurlay
coarse barley	bair
wheat	weet	hweit
rye grass	rii grass	rii gress
clover	cloaver	cloavur
potato	tautay, spud
potato haulms	tautay shauz
mangel wurzel	maangulz
mungo weesul
lea, old grass	lee	lei
ploughed land	red laund
tares	tairz	tairz
ploughing	plouing	plooin
ridge	rig
mark off ridges by ploughing	feer, drawin a feerin
harrow	harroa	herray
sprout (e. g. corn, turnips), first
appearance above ground	breer n. and v.
a good sprout	a fein breer
has sprouted well	hez breerd fein
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
is sprouting well	iz breerin fein
thinning turnips	sing-lin neeps
trench turnips	hyookh = shyookh neeps
stripping turnips of leaves	shawin neeps
hoeing potatoes	houin tautayz
broad-hoeing potatoes	bred-houin tautayz
weeding by hand	haund weidin
harvest home	raantin kirn
reap with the sickle	shair
reaping, harvest	shairin
lifting and binding	luftin un bindin
bundle of straw	boatul oa stray
sheaves	sheevs	shaifs
shock of corn (12 sheaves of
wheat, 14 sheaves of oats)	stook
covered shock	hoodit stook
two stooks	thraiv
beard (of barley, &c.)	aun
bearded	aunay
part of mill for removing awns	aunur
knock awns off barley	hummul baarlay
chaff	chaff	caaf
twister (for making straw ropes)	thraw cruk
last corn cut on a field	caach dhe maidun

Is your corn all in?	Iz yur coarn aw in?
Ur yee aw led yet?
carting crops from the field	Wee'r laidin dhe-day
winnowers	faanurz
officially fixed average prices
of grain	feerz, streikin dhe feerz
dried in the wind (as grain)	wun, weel wun
foundation of stack	stethul
support for stack	boas
haycock made by hand	haund coal
haycock	coal
putting the hay into cocks	coalin dhe hei
larger than a cock and smaller
than a stack	traamp-coal
stack	stack	staak
oblong haystack	soo
rick, large stack	rick	rukk
swing of scythe, and grain cut
by one swing	swei
length of cutting	bout
injured by frost	froastit
fodder	fudhur
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
rack for fodder	haik
meadow	medoa	meedee
strip of unploughed land between
two fields	bauk
cutting peats	peets	caastin dhe paits
cut with an axe, chop	haak
empty by upsetting	coup
binder of sheaves	baandstur
foreman of a gang	gaafur, foarmun
farm overseer	greev
youth, stripling	haaflun, lauddee
odd man	oaraymun
ploughman	ploomun
herdsman	caatulmun
market at which farm servants are
hired	feein maarkit
a day's work of horse, man, and cart
or plough given without payment	luv daarg
rent paid in kind	cain
HARNESS, CARTS, ETC.
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
trace-horse	thait-hoars
trace	thait
trace of a cart	draakht
shaft	traam
hangers	hangerz	hingurz
chain over saddle of a horse that
bears weight on its back	rigwuddee
sliding catch of rigwuddee	sleidur
saddle	saddel	seddul
bridle	briidel	breidul
bit	bit	but
chin-strap	chouk-straap
blinkers	blundurz
girth	bellaybaand
round buttock under tail	bruchin
hames on a horse's collar	haimz	hemz
collar	brekhun
hearing-rein	bairing-rain	bairin-rain
nose-band	noaz-band	noaz-baand
reins	rains	leinz
head-stall	hed-staul	haid-stull
horse's shoes	horsiz shooz	hoars-shuin
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
corn-cart	coarn-kert
cart with movable body	coup-kert
cart with fixed body	cloas-kert, boax-kert
axle	axel	exul
wheel	weel	hweel
hoop	rung
spoke	spoak	spoak
nave	naiv	naiv
swingletree	mesturtree, swungultree
nails through body of cart and
axle	cathul nailz
movable board put on side of
a cart to increase its capacity	shellmun, shellmunt
FARM BUILDINGS, TOOLS, ETC.
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
farm	farm	ferm
farmhouse	fermhoos
farm buildings	steddin
land attached to a mansion house,
generally encircled by a wall	poalisayz
home farm	mainz
croft, cottage	craaft
cottage for unmarried ploughmen	boathay
mill	mill	mull
mill-wheel	mill-weel	mull-hweel
granary	granari	grenuray
stackyard	staakyaird
coarnyaird
enclosed court for cattle	caatul-reed
small sheep-fold	faank
small enclosure for sheep	bukht
pigsty	soo'z crui
wall	deik
wooden fence	pailin
garret	garret	gaarut
trap-door	trap-doar	traap-doar
gap in wall, fence, or hedge	slaap
back door	baak doar
front door	foar doar
above back door	baak stikh
drain in cowshed	grip
plough	plow	ploo
English	Scotch
Written	Spoken
handle of plough	stult
curved side of plough	buird
scythe	siidh	siith
sickle	hyuk
grindstone	griindstoan	grunstain
wheelbarrow	hurlbaaray
hurdle	flaik
stake	staik	stoab
turf	fail
balance for weighing	bauks
ladder	ladder	ledhur
stump of a tree used to chop
sticks on	cloag
basket for potatoes	tautay creel
foot-rule	foot-rool	fut-ruil
pair of pincers	pair oa pliiurz
pair oa nuppurz
tool for killing weeds	weeduk
mallet	mallet	mell
crowbar	guddul
drill	drill	dreel
axe	ax	aix
back of an axe	houzul
muck-hoe	haarl
wooden corn measure kept in
coarn kust	luppay
red ochre	keel
CHRISTIAN NAMES
The following are among the more common Christian names,
with their shortened and diminutive forms. A child is generally
called by the diminutive form, which may cling to it through life
or be replaced by the shortened or full form as it grows older.
MASCULINE NAMES.
E.	S.
Written	Spoken	Full Name Short Name Diminutive
Aeneas	Eeneeus	Eenus	Aang-us	Aang-ay
Alexander Alexander	Aaluxaandur	Aaluk	Saundee
Andrew	Androo	Aundray	Aundray
Archibald	Aarchibald	Erchbuld	Erch	Erchay
Baulday
Charles	Chaarlz	Chairlz	Chairlay
Daniel	Dan yel	Dainul	Daan	Daanay
E.	S.
Written	Spoken	Full Name	Short Name	Diminutive
David	Daivid	Dauvud	Daiv	Daivee
Donald	Donald	Doanuld	Daan	Daanay
Duncan	Duncan	Duncun	Dunk	Duggee
George	Jorj	Joarj	Joardee
Hector	Hector	Haictur	Hek	Hekkay
Henry	Henry	Hendray	Hairay
James	Jaimz	Jaimz	Jaim	Jaimay
Jimmay
John	Jon	Joan	Joak
Jekk	Joakay
Jekkay
Joanay
Laurence	Laurins	Laurins	Lour	Louree
Malcolm	Malcom	Maakum
Michael	Miicul	Mikhul	Mik	Mikkay
Peter	Peeter	Peetur	Pait
Peet	Paitay
Robert	_Robert	f Roaburt
Roabin	Raab
Boab	Bert
Roabee Boabee
Bertay
Thomas	Tommas	Taamus	Taam	Taamay
William	Willyam	Weelum	Wull
Beel	Wullay
Beelee
FEMININE NAMES.
E.	S.
Written	Spoken	Full Name Short Name	Diminutive
Agnes	Agnez	Naanzay	Naan	Naanay
Anne	Ann	Aan	Aanay
Barbara	Barbara	Baarbara	Baab	Baabee
Catherine	Catherin	Kaitrun	Kait	Kaitay
Kittay
Christina	Cristeena	Kurstiina	Kurstun
Criss
Teen	Kurstay
Crissay
Teenee
Elizabeth	Elizabeth	Leezbuth	Luz
Bet
Bess	Luzzee
Bettay
Betsay
Bessay
Euphemia Yoofeemia Yoofaimia	Effay
Faimay
Grace	Grais	Grais	Girzay
Isabella	Izabella	Iizabella	Bell	Bellay
Eezee
Tibbee
Jane	Jain	Jain	Jeen	Jeenee
E.	S.
Written	Spoken	Full Name Short Name	Diminutive
Janet	Janet	Jennut	Jess	Jinnay
Jessay
Jemima	Jemiima	Jemiima	Mem	Memmay
Jaimay
Lily	Lilly	Lullay	Lull	Lullay
Marion	Mairion	Mairun
Margaret	Maargaret	Maargut	Maag
Meg
Peg	Maagee
Meggee
Peggee
Mary	Mairy	Mairay	Mair	Mairay
Poalay
May	May	Mei	Meizee
Minnie	Minni	Meenee
Robina	Robeena	Roabeenee	Been	Beenee
Sarah	Saira	Sairay	Sairay
Saalay
SURNAMES
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
Bailie	Bailay	Beilay
Balmain	Balmain	Bamáin
Boag	Boag	Bug
Campbell	Cambell	Caamul
Cunningham	Cunningam	Cuinikum
Chalmers	Chaamerz	Chaumurz
Christie	Cristi	Creistay
Crichton	Criitun	Crikhtun
Douglas	Duglas	Dooglus
Dougal	Doogal	Doogul
Dunn	Dun	Duin
Dewar	Dyooar	Dyoor
Deuchar	Dyookar	Dyukhur
Flockhart	Flokart	Floakurt
Forbes	Forbz	Foarbus
Fulton	Fooltun	Fultun
Gardner	Gaardnur	Gairdnur
Gibbons	Gibbonz	Gibbunz
Gordon	Gordon	Goardun
Graham	Grai-am	Graim
Guild	Gild	Gild
Hally	Hallay	Haalay
Hogg	Hogg	Hugg
Leighton	Laytun	Likhnin
Lord Rollo	Lord Rollo	Loard Roallay
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
Leuchars	Lookarz	Lookhurz
Macpherson	Macfersun	Mucfairsun
Mackenzie	Makenzee	Mukinzee
Malcolm	Malkum	Maakum
Marshall	Maarshal	Mershul
Martin	Maartin	Mertun
Menzies	Meengus	Ming-us
Millar	Miller	Mullur
Mitchell	Michel	Muchull
Monteith	Monteeth	Muntaith
Oliphant	Olifant	Oalufunt
Oswald	Oswald	Oazit
Paton	Paitun	Paatun
Paterson	Patersun	Pettursun
Robertson	Robertsun	Roabisun
Ross	Ross	Roas
Salmon	Saamun	Saumun
Scott	Scot	Scoat
Scougall	Scoogul	Scoogul
Somerville	Sumurvill	Summurul
Sword	Sord	Swurd
Watt	Wot	Waat
Westwood	-Westwood	Waastwud
Wilson	Wilsun	Wulsun
Winton	Wintun	Waantun
Wright	Riit	Rikht
Young	Yung	Yung
PLACE NAMES
E.	S.	E.	S.
Egypt	Aijup
America	Amerikay
England	Ing-lund
English	Ing-lish
New Zealand	Nyoo Zailund
Russian	Rooshyan
Scotch	Scoach
Edinburgh	Aidunburray
Aberdeen	Aiburdeen
Dundee	Dundee
Glasgow	Gleskay
London	Londin
Perth	Pairth
Forfar	Faarfur
Fife	Feif
Highlands	Heelundz
Highland	Heelunt
Strathearn	Straathairn
Auchterarder	Aakhturairdur
(Oakhturairdur)
Brechin	Breekhun
Crieff	Creef
Dunning	Dinnin
Dunblane	Dumblain
Forgandenny	Foargun
Forteviot	Furtevvit
Gask	Gaask
Highlandman	Heeluntmun
Kinross	Kinroas
Comrie	Coamray
E.	S.
Cultoquhey	Kultohwai
Kippen	Kuppun
Madderty	Meddertay
Muthill	Muithil
Muckart	Mukkart
Monzie	Munee
Scone	Skuin
Trinity Gask	Taarantay
Methven	Meffun
River Earn	Waatur Airn
Forth	Foarth
River May	Waatur oa Mei
Tay	Tay
Loch Katrine	Loakh Kaiturin
(Lochs near
Dunning)	Clevij Moass
Coo'z Moass
Hweit Moass
Keltay Moass
Grampians	Graampiunz
Ochils	Oakhulz
Hills north of
the Earn	Brayz ee Airn
Cairnie Hill	Cairnay Bray
Craig Rossie
Craig Roasay
Gask Hill	Gaask Bray
Dhe Gled Bray
Dhe Knoak
Dhe Tnouz
Dhe Law
(Between
Dunning
and Perth) Needcessitay Bray
(Below
Dupplin) Dhe Shaw
Brayz
TheBlackPool	Blaak Duib
(Gorge in Roassay
Burn)	Bain Kist
Rossie Law	Roassay Law
Bridge of Earn	Brig ee Airn
Toaray Brig
Thortur Brig
Badhead	Baadhaid
Barnyards	Baarnyairdz
Baldinnies	Badinnis
Balgowan	Bagouun
Balgour	Bagour
Balquhandy	Bahwandee
E.	S.
Bridgefold	Brigfauld
Boghall	Bughaw
Broadlees	Bruidleiz
The Broom	Dhe Bruim
Caldhome	Cauldhaim
Cockersfold	Caukurzfauld
Corb	Coarb
Crofts	Craafts
Dalreoch	Daraikh
Dragon	Draigun
Duncrub	Duncroob
Inverdunning	Endurdinnin
Invermay	Endurmei
Garvock	Gaarik
Gateside	Gaitseid
Gatherleys	Gedhurlaiz
Granco	Graankay
Haughend	Haukhend
(A gorge in
the May)	Hummul
Bummul
Littlerig	Luttulrig
Midgemill	Mijmull
Mount Taabor
Muirhead	Muirhaid
Pitmeadow	Pitmidday
Sheelnouz
Thimble Row	Thummulraw
brook	burn
a wide stretch
of level land
along a river	caars
common	C oamun
crag	craig
a small, deep,
wooded valley	den
narrow valley	glen
top of the hill	haid ee hekht
hollow with
steep sides	hyukh
hill	hull
a round-topped
hill	law
rocky pool	linn
lake	loakh
bog, marshy
pool	moass
E.	S.
moor	muir
valley	straath
spring , pool of water
in a bog	waal-ee
E.	S.
river	waatur
village	vullaij
town, village, farm
buildings	toon
WEATHER
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
sky	luft
clouds	cloudz	cloodz or cludz
blast, shower, squall	blaast	blaast
wind	wind	wund
windy day	fein reevin day
thunder	thunder	thunnur
lightning	liining	likhnin
summer lightning	wuldfiir
dew	dyoo	dyoo
hail	hail	hail
snow	snoa	snaw
snow-drift	reeth
melting snow	snaw-brui
ice	iis	eis
cold	coald	cauld
hot	hot	het
misty	rookay
gleam	glint
frost	frost	froast
freeze, froze, frozen	freez, froaz, froazun
frosty	froastay, reimay
keen	nuppay
frost in the air to-day	a nup ee air dhe-day

its a frosty morning	it's a froastay (reimay) moarnin
hoar-frost	reim
black frost	blaak froast
fresh	caalur
sharp, keen	snell
thaw	thaw	thow
rain	rain	ren
wet	saaft
pouring	laashin
a heavy shower	a doonrikht poor
shower	shouer	shoor
heavy fall of rain	plaash
heavy fall of rain, especially
when accompanied by
thunder	plout, spoot
	E.	S.
	Written	Spoken
wet day	weet day
a wet day	a weetee day
a wet night	niit	weet nikht
rather wet	wee thing saaft
don't get wet	duinay weet yursel
pouring	hail waatur
rennin hail waatur
beating rain or snow	oan ding
pretty heavy shower	a but oan ding
very warm	aufay waarum
close, muggy day	maukhay day
very close	aufay cloas

cold, wet fog (from the east)	aisturlay haur
haur
slush	slush	sleesh
cold weather in May when cows
go out	coo-quaak
cold weather in July after shearing	yow-trummul
indistinct rainbow	waatur-gaw
rainbow	renbow
halo round the moon	brukh
TIME
E.	S.
	Written	Spoken
day	day	day
morning	morning	moarnin
evening	eevning	een
night	niit	nikht
twilight	gloamin
late evening	daarknin
morning, before 12 o'clock	foarnuin
afternoon	efturnuin
about noon	dennur-teim
week	week	week
month	munth	munth
year	yeer	yeer
hour	ouer	oor
minute	minit	meenut
time	tiim	teim
term	term	terrum
breakfast (porridge)	paarich
dinner	dinner	dennur
tea	tee	tee
supper	supper	suppur
	E.	S.
Written	Spoken
to-day	dhe-day
to-night	dhe-nikht
to-morrow	dhe-moarn
this year	dhe-yeer
now, at present	dhe-noo
yesterday	yesturday
yesterday evening	yestreen, dhestreen
last night	laast nikht
to-morrow week	dhe-moarn cum ekht dayz
this week past	dhis ekht dayz
harvest	haarvest hairst
winter	wuntur
summer	summur
spring	spring
late autumn	baak-end
season	seezun	saizun
DAYS, MONTHS, AND TERMS
	E.	S.
	Written	Spoken
Sunday (Sabbath day)	Saubuth day
Monday	Munday	Munnunday
Tuesday	Tyoozday	Tiizday
Wednesday	Wenzday	Wuddunzday
Thursday	Thurz day	Fuirsday
Friday	Friiday	Freiday
Saturday	Saturday	Setturday
Dhus iz luttul Setturday,
Dhe-moarn'z Saubay-saw;
Munnunday'z up un tull'd agen,
Un Tiizday'z caw awaw.
Wuddunzday'z dhe muddul ee week,
Or Fuirsday yee may say;
Un gin Freiday'z a guid moarnin
Yee may bee shuir oa a guid day.
	E.	S.
Written	Spoken
January	Janyooary	Jaanwur
February	Febrooary	Faiburwurray
March	March	Merch
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
April	Aipril	Upréil
May	May	Mei
June	Joon	Juin
July	Jóolíi	Jóolay
August	August	August
September	September	Septembur
October	Octoaber	Oktoabur
November	November	Novembur
December	Desember	Dizembur
New Year's Day	Nairzday
The first Monday after the New Year	Haansul Munday
2nd February	Caunulzmus, Caunulzday
15th May (legal term)	Hwuttsunday
1st August	Laamus
Michaelmas	Mikhulmus
31st October	Haalayeen
11th November for banking
28th November for removals	Mertimus
31st December	Huggmunay
DIRECTIONS
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
direction, point of the compass	ert
north	north	noarth
south	south	sooth
east	eest	aist
west	west	waast
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
E.	S.
whisky jar	graybaird
large vessel for whisky	joarum
large tumblerful of beer	scoonur oa beer
boll, a measure of capacity	bow
WEIGHT.
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
ounce	ouns	uns
pound	pound	pund
hundredweight	hundurwekht
ton	tun	tun
LIQUID MEASURE.
2 donnulz = 1 jull
4 jullz = 1 muchkin (taapit hen)
2 muchkinz = 1 chaapin
2 chaapinz = 1 peint
8 peints = 1 gaalun = 3 imperial gallons
CORN MEASURE.
4 luppayz = 1 pekk
4 pekks = 1 furlut
4 furluts = 1 bow
16 bowz = 1 chauldur
1 furlut of oats = 1.46 of imperial bushel
AREA.
36 ellz = 1 faw
40 fawz = 1 ruid
4 ruidz = 1 aicur = 1.26 of imperial acre
= 6,104 square yards
LENGTH.
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
foot-rule	foot-rool	fut-ruil
yard	yaard	yaird
ell	ell	ell
mile	miil	meil
VALUE.
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
pound, £1	pound
sovereign	soavrun
£1 note	noat
crown	croun	croon
half-crown	haafcroun	a haaf-a-croon
guinea	ginni	geenee
shilling	shullun, boab
penny	pennay
halfpenny	haipni	maik, haapnay, baubee
fourpence	groat
farthing	faardun
fistful	nevfay
double handful	goupunfay
pound in money
pund in weight
a haank oa yern
a hank of yarn (wool)
a cut oa wursut
a cut (one-twelfth of a hank) of worsted
WEAVING AND SPINNING
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
weave	weev	weev
web, warp	wub, waarp
weft, woof	waaft
maker of web	waarpur
weaver	wubstur
reel	purn
filler of purns	purnay
shuttle	shuttel	shuttul
spool	spool	spuil
hand-loom	hand-loom	haund-luim
beam	beem	baim
a gap in the woof	jesp
hank of yarn	hesp
to miss threads in weaving	scoab v.
the part of the loom which lays
the threads of the web parallel	lay
shrink (of cloth)	wauk in v.
bleach	bleech	bleich
rock	rock	roak
spindle	spindel	spunnul
spin	spin	spin
spinning-wheel	spinnin-hweel
thread	thred	threed
band	band	baand
reel	reel	reel
yarn	yaarn	yern
bobbin	bobbin	boabin
cloth	cloth	claith
cotton	cotton	coatun
wincey	winsay	winshay
dressing	dressing	dressin
lint	lint	lint
tow	toa	tow
footboard	board	futbuird
dust of threads in weaving	caadis
COMMON OCCUPATIONS
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
church officer	baidul
baker	baiker	baikur
blacksmith	blaksmith	blaaksmuth
cadger, hawker	caajur	caajur
cooper	cooper	coopur
horse-dealer	coupur
dealer	deeler	dailur
doctor	doctor	doaktur
schoolmaster	doamunay, mestur
drainer	drainer	drennur
ditcher	dieher	duchur
butcher	boocher	fleshur
gardener	gaardiner	gairdnur
grocer	groaser	groasur
hedger	hejer	haijur
joiner	joiner	jeinur
carrier	carrier	kerriur
mason	maison	maisun
minister	minister	ministur
miller	miller	mullur
pedlar	pedler	paakmun, peddlur
seller of crockery	pigmun
precentor	presentor	prizentur
reel-filler	purnay
wright	riit	rikht
slater	slaiter	sclaitur
saddler	saddler	seddlur
sempstress	shoostur
smith	smith	smuth
cobbler	sootur
tailor	tailer	teilur
auctioneer	aukshoneer	ungshuneer
weaver	weever	weevur, wubstur
GAMES
E.	S.
a feat to be imitated	baistay
game	gem
English and French (a game)	Scoach un Frensh
hop-scotch	beddeez, boax dhe beddeez
hockey	shintay
wrong side (in hockey)	curshaamyee
blind man's buff	blind-boalay
touch	tig
pax, a truce while playing tig	baurlay
E.	S.
tig round the stacks	baurlay braaks
it (in playing tig)	hut
home (in playing tig)	den
pitch and toss	pich un toas
a children's game	eelee pigz
leap-frog	fut un a haaf
variations of leap-frog	baanutay, tuppnay nuppnay,
saumun'z loup
knuckle stones	chukkay stainz
hop, skip, and jump	haap, staap, un loup
tossing the caber	toassin dhe caibur
putting the stone	puttin dhe stain
spinning-top	peeree
to spin a teetotum	burl a teetoatum
indiarubber ball	gaasay baw
draughts	daambroad
clear the board	shuil dhe broad
pop-gun	baalin-gun
potato bullets	tautay bulluts
stop pushing, in swinging	laat dhe caat dee
to catch hold of any one by
shoulders and feet and dump
his back on the ground	benjee, gee um benjee
old maid	auld maid
catch the ten	caach dhe ten
knave	jekk
golf	gouf
fore	foar
caddie	caudee
tip-cat	caattay un duggee
marbles	boolz
line	taw
variegated glass marble	glessay
clay marble	hard haid, brickay
little, coloured clay marbles	steeneez
a game of marbles placed in a circle	ringay
a game of marbles in several
holes scraped in the ground	houlay dumps
play first	furst dreep
play fair	fair wunnay
play for stakes	dreep
to play a marble sharply with
thumb and first finger	nikkul
to hit the marble aimed at with
the marble played	daab
hitting the marble aimed at
from the line	daabur fay taw
E.	S.
play marble from hollow of
forefinger	poosee nikkul
keep marbles won to end of game
and then give them back	funnee dreep
football	futbaw
goalkeeper	goalay
curling	curlin
curling-stone	curlin-stain
(1) a set of four a side at curling
(2) the length of ice on which a
game is played	rink
captain of a rink	skup
iron sheet, indented to grip the
ice, on which the curler stands
to throw his stone	craamp or craamput
broom, besom	cow, bruim
a line drawn across the ice seven
yards from the tee or Jack	hug
pot-lid (a curling-stone played
so as to rest on the tee)	paat-lud
bias on the ice	twust
passageleft between two curling-stones	
poart
throw a stone so that it draws
in towards the tee from the
right-hand side	play dhe foar haund
from the left-hand side	baak haund
rather beyond the tee	full-lay Jeck-hii
play straight up to lie near the
tee	draw
cannon off a stone and lie shot	wick un curl in
knock out a stone and lie in its
place	chaap un lii
'sweep him up' (quicken the
speed of a stone by sweeping
the path clear in front of it)	soop um up
hold up the broom, do not sweep	hud up
not a bosom! (don't sweep in
front of the stone)	noa a cow, nivvur a cow
let him alone! (don't sweep in
front of the stone)	laa'm ulain
give me a guard (a stone placed
so as to protect another from
being dislodged)	gee's a gaird
I'm as narrow as a match	Aa'm az nerray'z a spunk
I'll sweep his stone out	Aa'll git um
he's off the ice (has made a wide
shot)	hee'z aaf dhe eis
E.	S.
your stone has not come far
enough	yee'r noa heer, mun
it won't come far enough	ut heznay feet
you're too far out	yee'r weid
you're narrow (too near the
straight line to the tee)	yee'r nerray
a game in which no stone lies
near the tee	a weid end
that's the shot (the stone nearest
the tee)	dhaat's dhe shoat
'shake that man' — by way of
congratulation on a good shot	shaak dhaat maan
you for a curler! (well played!)	yoo fur a curlur
take your will of it (do as you
please)	taak yur wull oa'd
that's a very bad shot for a skip
to play	dhaat's an aufay-leik shoat
fur a skup tay play
to sit on one's heels sliding
down a slide	kurshang
HEALTH AND SICKNESS
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
ague	aigyoo	aigee
rheumatism	roomatism	roomatizm
erysipelas	dhe roaz
pleuro-pneumonia	plooroa
cholera	colera	coaluraa
scarlet fever	rush fivvur
measles	meezelz	mizulz
smallpox	smallpox	poax
pock-marked	pod-markt	poak-maarkit
fever	feever	fivvur
mumps	buffits
deformed	paulay
bandy-legged	bouzay
lifting foot too high	cleekit
blind	bliind	blind
deaf	def	daif — dull oa heerin
squinting	gleid, skellay-ee'd
dumb	dum	dum
stutter	maant
headache	sair haid
toothache	toothaik	sair teeth, tuithik
stomach-ache	sair weim
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
fester, suppurate	bail
whitlow	hwuttul bailin
heal	heel	hail
mole	moal	moal
chilblain	chilblain	froast-buttin, chulblain
corn	corn	coarn.
boil	boil	beil
wart	raat
cough	hoast
whooping-cough	kink-hoast
bronchitis	bronkiitis	broonkaidees
croup	croop	Croop
sore throat	claap oa dhe hauz
staggers, megrim	shaakurz
a disease of poultry	gaips
disease of sheep, trembling	loupin ull
internal inflammation in
sheep	braaxay, waaturay haid
swoon	dwaam
a spasm came over my
heart	a dwaam cumd our ma hert
faint	faint	fent
pang, intermittent pain	stoond
I've had a terrible pain	Aa'v hain an aufay stoond
a pain at the heart	a stoondin at dhe hert
trembling	aw oa a trummul
a great shock	an aufay shaak
founder	foonur
infectious	smuttul
tired out	fair wubbit
chapped hands	chappt	chaapit
haakit	haundz
sick	sik	seek
decline, fall off, fade away	dwein
consumption	diclein
what's the matter to-day?	hwaat ailz yee dhe-day?
well	well	weel, brawlay
ill	ill	ull, baadlay
CEREMONIES
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
baptism	babtizm	baabteezm
baptised	babtiizd	baabteezd
christening	krisning	crusnin
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
first person met on New Year's
morning or on the way to a
baptism (he gets a pees)	furst fut

wedding	wedding waadin
married to	marrid	merraid oan
messenger sent out to fetch
guests for a wedding	sendz
banns called	criid
fee for calling banns	crii-in sullur
banns called in church	criid ee kirk
certificate of banns, marriage,
or church membership	leinz
licence	liicense	leeshuns
poor marriage (only cakes of
barley-meal)	bairmail merrij
marriage to which guests contribute
food, &c.	pennay waadin
who is she marrying?	hwaw's shee gittin?
Shorter Catechism	dhe sing-ul caarichiz
day of preparation for Communion	
faast-day
kept the fast-day	keepit dhe faast
Sacrament, Holy Communion	saikrimunt
bread and wine for Holy Communion	
dhe elimunts
address before Communion	fensin dhe taibulz
to attend Holy Communion for
the first time	gaang foarit
metal ticket of admission to
Holy Communion	toakun
bury	berry	buiray
funeral	buiraiul
laid out	streekit
corpse	corps	coarp
coffin	coffin	coafun
funeral pall	paul	moarclaith
symbols of mourning on hat
and sleeves	baand un weepurz
Bible	Biibel	Beibul
Gospel	Gospel	Goaspul
church	church	kirk
Established Church	Auld Kirk
Free Church	Free Kirk
United Presbyterian (U. P.)	Yoo ray
pray	pray	pray
prayer	praier	prair
E.	S.
	Written	Spoken
sermon	sermun	sermun
precentor	presenter	prizentur
elder	elder	eldur
chief elder	roolin eldur
church officer	baidul
precentor's desk	lattern
pew	pyoo	pyoo
deacon	deekon	deikun
bailie	baili	beilay
collection	collekshun	coalekshun
collecting-box with long handle	laidul
collection plate	broad, plait
heritor, landowner	erritur
pulpit	poolpit	pooput
old metrical version of the 100th Psalm	Auld Hundur
bride	briid	breid
bridegroom	briidgroom	breidgruim
best man	best maan
bridesmaid	best maid
When a newly-married couple go to church for the first time
after marriage it is said of them, Dhay wur kirkit dhe-day.
COMMON ADJECTIVES
	E.	S.
Written	Spoken
bad	bad	baad
good	good	guid
old	oald	auld
new	nyoo	nyoo
young	yung	yung
big, great	grait	mukkul, grait
small, little	smaul, littil	smaw, wee, luttul
well	well	weel
ill, bad	ill	ull
many	meni	moanay
few	noa moanay
broad	braud	bred
wide	wiid	weid
narrow	narroa	nerray
thick	thik	thik
thin	thin	thin
high	hii	heekh
low	loa	laikh
	E.	S.
Written	Spoken
long	long	laang, loang, laung
short	short	shoart
before	befoar	foar
behind	hindur
straight	strait	straukht
crooked, awry	gleid, skyould
hot	hot	het
cold	coald	cauld
loose	loos	lous
tight	tiit	tikht
smooth	smoodh	smuidh
rough	ruff	rukh
empty	emti	tuim
full	fool	foo
hollow	boas
strong	strong	stroang
weak	week	waik
white	wiit	hweit
black	black	blaak
yellow	yelloa	yaalay
brown	broun	broon
red	red	rid
blue	bloo	bloo
green	green	green
grey	gray	gray
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
FAVOURABLE.
E.	S.
	Written	Spoken
well	well	weel
strong, healthy	stroang
strong, well, healthy	stoot
quick, active	clivvur
pretty	boanay
buxom, well conditioned, pleasant--
looking	soansay
comely, stately	dentee
plump, buxom, handsome	gausay
good-looking, sensible, sane	weisleik
neat, trim	trig
well-dressed woman	gaash wummun
smart, well set up	swaank
good-looking	weel-faurd
UNFAVOURABLE.
E.	S.
Written	Spoken
ill	ill	ull
sick	sik	seek
unnaturally thin, shrivelled,
pinched	shulpit
lean, weak	sullay
delicate	dweinin
thin, of little bulk, shrunken	luttul-bookit
skeleton, very thin	juist a rikkul oa bainz
peaked, thin-faced	pyookit
corpulent	foazay
ugly	ull-faurd
dishevelled	toozee
shuffling	shaukhlin
limping, lame	hurplin
bungling, useless, clumsy	fuiturin
squinting	gleid
dumb	dum	dum
blind	bliind	blind
deaf	def	daif
somewhat deaf	dull oa heerin
exhausted	furfoakhun
bald	bauld	beld
MENTAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS
FAVOURABLE.
E.	S.
quick, sharp, clever	gleg
knowing, wide-awake
smart fellow	burkay
glad, happy, cheerful	bliith
merry, light-hearted	likhtsum
cheerful	cheeree
cosy, comfortable, familiar	coothay
common sense	gumshun
slow, gentle, cautious	caanay
sober, respectable, honest, modest	doos
precise, particular	purjink
old-fashioned, sagacious, shrewd, quaint	auld-faarund
a funny person	coamic
exact (pointed)	peintit
handy, clever with the hands	haundee
UNFAVOURABLE.
E.	S.
slow	dull
sad, gloomy, dismal	douay
sulks	doadz
sulky	doadee
down in the mouth	hingin dhe fuppul
an easy-going person	sug
without pith or strength, weak	fulzhunlus, puiflus
lacking energy, strength, or purpose	thaivlus
lout, blockhead, stupid	sumf
fool, idiot, clown	full, goamurul
nervous, excitable, not all there	skeeree
mad, foolish, idiotic, silly	daaft
crazy	craakit
idiotic, silly, muddled, making mistakes
stupidly	deitit
stupid	donnurd
in a state of dotage	dottul
blockhead	dundurhaid
stupid lump	doavay
careless, forgetful, feeble	feklus
giddy girl	glaik, glaikit jaud
(through other), anyhow, untidy, unmethodical	
throoidhur
romping, hoydenish	haalikit
skittish, frolicsome	skeeree malinkee
capricious	maagutay
rash, hasty, clumsy	raamstaam
dawdling, pottering	daidlin
reluctant	sweer
hesitate	swidhur
mean, treacherous	footay
hard, obstinate, stubborn	door
miserly, avaricious	gruppay
shrewd, sly, tricky	paukay
twisted, ill-natured, crusty, crossgrained	
thraun
crabbed, cross-grained	craabit
struck dumb with astonishment	dumfoondurd
a dirty person	clert
niggling, fussy about trifles	purnikkitay, finnikin
one who abuses hospitality	skunj, soarnur
unreasoning dislike, disgust	scunnur
fatigued, worried	traakhuld
drudge, worrying worker	traakhul
mean, shabby	scuffay
E.	S.
disreputable	waafay
sharp of speech, snappish	cluppay
nasty	nestay
greedy	greedee-leik
light-fingered, pilfering	taaray-fingurd
sulky	glumshay
grumpy	goulin
babbler	bledhurskeit
RELATIONS
Masculine.
	E.	S.
Written	Spoken
father	faadher	faidhur
son	sun	sun
brother	brudher	bridhur
grandfather	guchur (obs.), graandfaid
uncle	uncul
nephew	nevyoo	neffay
father, daddy, &c.	paw, daw, daadee
husband	guid-maan
father-in-law	guid-faidhur
son-in-law	guid-sun
brother-in-law	guid-bridhur
widower	weedeeur
family	famli	faimlay
Feminine.
E.	S.
	Written	Spoken
mother	midhur
daughter	dauter	doakhtur
sister	sister	sustur
grandmother	graanay
aunt	aant	aantay
niece	nees
mother	maw, maamay
wife	wiif	guid-weif
mother-in-law	guid-midhur
daughter-in-law	guid-doakhtur
sister-in-law	guid-sustur
widow	widdoa	weedee
Common.
E.	S.
	Written	Spoken
cousin	cuzn	cuizin
grandchild	oa (obs.)
forefathers	foarbeerz
relation	freend
NOTE. The terms neffay and nees are not often used, the
more common mode of description of the relationship being
bridhur'z sun, sustur'z doakhtur, &c. So, too, it is more usual
to speak of sun'z doakhtur, doakhtur'z sun, &c., than to use the
terms graandsun, graanddoakhtur.
A man often speaks of his wife as hur, or hur dhair, or dhe
weif, or dhe mustris, and hardly ever mentions her by name.
A woman calls her husband dhe guid-maan, or dhe mestur, or
mii mann, or mentions him by name, or says hum dhair.
A man or woman speaking of a child says oor Joak or oor
Jeenee.
The terms guchur and oa for grandfather and grandchild are
obsolescent. Oa is sometimes used for a nephew or niece.
One's own relations are mii foak, oor foak, maa ain foak.
The older generation are dhe auld foak.
The younger generation, dhe yung foak.
TERMS OF ENDEARMENT
E.	S.
little trout	trootay
dove	doo
little lamb	laamay
little bird	burdee
little pet	dautay
darling	deeree
pretty little girl	boanay wee laussaikay
my little cooing pigeon	maa wee croodlin doo
Who called you crab-faced,
my little lamb?	Hwaw cawd yee paartun-faist,
maa wee laam?
Who stole your treacle scone,
my little lamb?	Hwaw stailt yur traikul scoan,
maa wee laam?
poor little girl	puir wee laussay
WORDS APPLIED TO A GIRL OR WOMAN
E.	S.
girl	kummur, quein, hizzee
a comely girl	a dentee quein
a good-looking girl	a weel-faurd kummur
a teidee kummur
an active, clever girl	a clivvur hizzee
a comely girl	a dentee hizzee
a good-looking person	a dentee buddee
a bold, conceited, proud lass	a croos laus
a woman, especially an elderly woman	a lukkay
a queer one	a gei lukkay
jade	jaud
wild, bad woman	cuttay
bad lot	lummur
besom	bizzum
stupid girl	taupay
very wild girl	hempay
idle girl, slut	eidul taupay
you great stupid	yee mukkul taupay
she's an empty pea-pod	shee'z a tuim peez-coad
EXPRESSIONS APPLIED TO A MISER
	E.	S.
very hard	gei haard
as hard as a stone	as haard'z a stain
very near (stingy)	aufay neer humsel
avaricious	gruppay
he would get change for a halfpenny	
hee wud chenj a baubee
coining money	hee'z fair keinin sullur
he's too near (stingy) to be
honest	hee'z our neer tay bee eanist
he would skin a louse for its fat	hee wud skin a loos for dhe
faat
reluctant to part with cash	sweer tay pert wee dhe clink
EXPRESSIONS RELATING TO DRUNKENNESS
	E.	S.
he's been having a little whisky	hee'z been taistin
he's had a good drop	hee'z hed a guid draapay
half on	haaf oan
well on	weel oan
blind drunk	blind foo
fighting drunk	fekhtin foo
E.	S.
weeping drunk	greetin foo
mortally drunk	moartul
not able to keep his feet	noa aibul tay keep a fut
taking the breadth of the road
(staggering from side to side
of the road)	taakin dhe breed ee road
as drunk as a pig	az drunk's a soo
now and then slightly tipsy	nooz un dhaanz a wee fuilish
forgets himself	furgits humsel
PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
An ken yur meenin baa yur mumpin.
I know your meaning by your mumbling.
A boanay breid's suin buskit.	A pretty bride is soon dressed
A brunt bairn draidz dhe fir.	A burnt child dreads the fire
A full un his sullur'z suin n pertit.
A fool and his money are soon parted.
A gaangin fut's ei gittin, un ut bee but a thoarn.
A going foot is always getting, be it only a thorn.
A geen coo shuidnay bee lookit ee moo.
A given (received as a present) cow should not be looked in
the mouth (to see its age). Eng. equivalent: Don't look a
gift horse in the mouth.
A green Yuil maaks a faat kirk-yaird.
A green Christmas makes a fat churchyard.
A guid sikht fur sair een.
A good sight for sore eyes (a pleasant sight).
A hairay maan's a gairay maan,
A hairay weif's a wuch.
A hairy man's a wealthy man,
A hairy woman's a witch.
Ain tay saw, ainn tay naw, Un ain tay pei dhe laird withaw.
One to sow, and one to gnaw,
And one to pay the laird with.
The meaning of this is, that of the gross produce of a farm,
one-third pays the expenses of cultivation, one-third the cost
of the farmer's household, and one-third goes in rent.
An auld maid's bairn'z ei weel-bred.
An old maid's child is always well-bred.
An ull shairur nair gaat a guid hyuk.
A bad reaper never got a good reaping-hook.
A rouin stain gedhurz nay fugg.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
A shaif aaf a broakun kebbuk's nair musst.
A slice from a cut cheese is never missed.
A smaw buss iz bettur'n nay beeld.
A small bush is better than no shelter.
A smuth ull maak a pek oa mail
Az faast's hiz weif ull baik ut.
A smith will make a peck of meal
As fast as his wife will bake it.
Aw buddee hez dhur ain draaf-poak tay kerray, but sum
hingz seidur beez idhurz.
Every one has his own draff-sack to carry, but some hang
lower than others.
A weifs ay bairn, un a coatur'z ay coo,
Dhe tain'z flair weel, un dhe tidhur'z nair foo.
A woman's only child, and a cottar's only cow,
The one's never well, and the other's never full (well-fed).
Aw things hez an end, un a puddun hez twaw.
All things have an end, and a sausage has two.
Ay maan'z mait's unidhur maan's poozhun.
One man's meat is another man's poison.
Az blaak's a slay.	As black as a sloe.
Az blind'z a baat.	As blind as a bat.
Az boas az  a baarul.	As hollow as a barrel.
Az daark az pik.	As dark as pitch.
Az daif's a doer-nail.	As deaf as a door-nail.
Az dhe soo fulls dhe draukht soorz.
As the pig fills the swill sours.
Az drii'z a hwussul.	As dry as a whistle.
Az drii'z a rid hairin.	As dry as a red herring.
Az foo'z a fiddlur.	As drunk as a fiddler.
Az queit az dhe cruk hingz.	As quietly as the hook hangs.
Az tuim's a hwussul.	As empty as a whistle.
Az tyukh's dhe wuddee.	As tough as the hangman's rope.
Az weel bee haangd fur a sheep uz a laam.
As well be hanged for (stealing) a sheep as a lamb.
Bettur a fingur aaf nor ei waagin.
Better a finger off than always wagging.
Bettur an auld maan'z dautay nor a yung maan'z dunt-aboot.
Better an old man's pet than a young man's slave (knock-about).
Bettur a tuim hoos nor an ull tainunt.
Better an empty house than a bad tenant.
Bettur suin nor sein.	Better soon than late.
Bettur wair shuin dhun sheets.
Better wear out shoes than sheets.
Beitin un scaartin'z guid Scoach ooin.
Biting and scratching are good Scotch wooing.
Boad fur a sulk goon un yee'll mebbee git dhe sleev oa'd.
Aim at a silk gown and you'll perhaps get its sleeve.
Burdz un bairnz maan ei bee pikkin.
Birds and children must always be picking.
'Caan dui' is aizee kerraid uboot.
'Can do' is easily carried about.
Cauld kail het ugen.	Cold broth heated up again.
Caw saut tay Diizurt.
Drive salt to Dysart (Carry coals to Newcastle).
Chenjiz iz likhtsum, az dhe weifee sed hwun hur maan deed.
Changes are pleasant, as the woman said when her husband
died.
Chenjiz iz likhtsum, un fuilz iz ei foand oa dhum.
Changes are pleasant, and fools are always fond of them
(Variety's pleasing).
Claw yoo mii baak un Aa'll claw yoorz.
Scratch you my back and I'll scratch yours.
Clivvur midhurz maaks daidlay doakhturz.
Active mothers make dawdling daughters.
Coantentit wee luttul un caantay wee mair.
Contented with little and cheerful with more.
Coarbeez duiznay peik oot coarbeez' een.
Ravens don't pick out ravens' eyes.
Creep ufoar yee gaang.	Creep before you walk.
Daansin leik a hen oan a het girdul.
Dancing like a hen on a hot baking-pan (restless).
Dhay'r aw guid ut geez.	They are all good who give.
Dhay wur waur loasiz at dhe Shurraymuir.
There were worse losses at the (battle of) Sheriffmuir.
Dhe auld weif ut tuik hwaat shee hed un nair waantit.
The old woman who took (used) what she had and never was
in want of anything.
Dhe claurtayur dhe coazeeur.	The dirtier the cosier.
Dhe fiir'z dhe best floor ee gairdun.
The fire is the best flower in the garden.
Dhe keeng may cum i dhe caajur'z gait.
The king may come in the cadger's way.
Dhe laussaiz iz aw guid, but hwaur div dhe ull weifs cum fay?
The girls are all good, but where do the bad wives come from?
'Dhe mair hurray dhe less speed,'
Koa dhe wee teilur tee laang threed.
'More hurry, less speed,'
Quoth the little tailor to the long thread.
Dhem ut aits laangist livz laangist.
Those who eat longest live longest.
Dhem ut biiz beef biiz bainz,
Dhem ut biiz laund biiz stainz.
Those that buy beef buy bones,
Those that buy land buy stones.
Dhem ut cumz furst's furst saird.
Those that come first are first served.
Dhe neerur dhe kirk, dhe faarur fay grais.
The nearer the church, the farther from grace.
Dhe pruif ee puddin'z dhe preein oa'd.
The proof of the pudding is the tasting of it.
Dhe shuimaakur'z weif's ei waarst shoad.
The shoemaker's wife is always the worst shod.
Dhur ei sum waatur hwaur dhe sturkay'z droond.
There is always some water where the young bullock is
drowned.
Dhur nay fuil leik an auld fuil.	There's no fool like an old fool.
Dhur nay gain weeoot pain.	There's no gain without pain.
Dhur'z a sluppay stain afoar dhe haw door.
There's a slippery stone before the door of the hall.
Dhur'z an unkay uday hwin caajurz reid.
There's a great to-do when hawkers ride.
Dhur'z ei a mukkul sluppay stain at ulkay buddee'z doar.
There's always a big slippery stone at everybody's door.
Dhur'z luttul wut intul dhe pow
Dhut likhts dhe caunul at dhe low.
There's little sense in the head that lights a candle at the flame.
Dhur'z moanay a lee tellt at dhe neb oa a pen.
There's many a lie told at the point of a pen.
Dhur'z nay reek ee laivruk's hoos dhe-nikht.
There's no smoke in the lark's house to-night (said when the
night is cold and stormy).
Dugz un bairnz kenz hwaw'z guid tay dhum.
Dogs and children know who's good to them.
Duinay bii a pig in a poak. Don't buy a pig in a sack.
Duinay draid dhe day yee nivvur saw.
Don't dread the day you never saw (the future).
Duinay hing ee brichin.
Don't hang on the brichin (tail-strap). Don't hang back.
Duinay scaud yur tung wee idhur foak's kail.
Don't scald your tongue with other people's broth.
Ei gaar dhe haid ee soo meet dhe tail ee greis.
Always make the head of the pig meet the tail of the young
pig (in arranging household expenditure).
Ei hay yur coagee oot hwin ut renz kail.
Always have your bowl out when it rains broth.
Fair play tellz dhe sel oa'd.
Fair play tells the self of it — its own self (speaks for itself).
Flee laikh, flee laang. Fly low, fly long.
Fuilz un bairnz shuidnay hay chaapin-stuks.
Fools and children shouldn't have potato-mashers.
Fuilz un bairnz shuidnay see haaf-duin waark.
Fools and children shouldn't see half-done work.
Gaantin'z waantin sleep, mait, or maakin oa.
Yawning (means) being in need of sleep, food, or being made
of (attention).
Giff gaaf maaks guid freendz.
Exchange of presents (or civilities) makes good friends.
Gin Caunulzday bee daark un duil,
Haaf dhe wuntur'z bii at Yuil.
Gin Caunulzday bee cleer un fair,
Haaf dhe wuntur'z tay cum, un mair.
If Candlemas be dark and gloomy,
Half the winter's past at Christmas.
If Candlemas be clear and fine,
Half the winter's to come, and more.
Gin dhe luft wuz tay faw, dhe laivruks wud bee smuird.
If the sky were to fall, the larks would be smothered.
Gin yee caanay dui a buddee a guid turn, duinay dui dhum
an ull.
If you can't do one a good turn, don't do him an ill.
Gin yee frii stainz in buttur, dhe brui ull bee guid.
If you fry stones in butter, the sauce will be good.
Gin yee'r seekin a guid neep, ei weil a cleen shaw.
If you're looking for a good turnip, always choose a clean
haulm.
Glour ee muin un likht ee middun.
Gaze at the moon and fall into the dung-heap.
Guid foak's scairs — taak tent oa yursel.
Good people are scarce — take care of yourself.
Guid gair'z luttul-bookit.	Good gear has little bulk.
Haarknurz nair haard a guid tail oa dhurselz.
Listeners never heard a good account of themselves.
'Hay' gaar'z a daif maan heer.
'Take this' makes a deaf man hear.
Hee hez a bee in his baanut.
He has a bee in his bonnet (a screw loose).
Heekh hoosiz iz oafun tuim ee taap stoaray.
High houses are often empty in the top story.
Hee'll aidhur maak a spuin or spull a hoarn.
He'll either make a spoon or spoil a horn.
Hee'll nair liv tay scaart un auld pow.
He'll never live to scratch an old head.
Hee'll riiv hiz faidhur'z baanut yet.
He'll split his father's cap yet (i.e. he'll be cleverer than his
father).
Hee needz a laang spuin ut sups wee deel.
He needs a long spoon who sups with the devil.
Hee wuz naidhur tay hud nor tay bind.
He was neither to hold nor to bind (uncontrollable).
Hee'z our auld a caat tay draw a stray ufoar.
He's too old a cat to draw a straw before.
Hee'z waur tay sloakhun nor tay coarn.
He's worse to water (slake) than to corn (feed).
Hum ut wull tay Coopur, maan tay Coopur.
He that will to Cupar, must to Cupar.
Hungur'z guid kichin.	Hunger is good seasoning.
Hwaat caan ye expek oa a soo but a grum?	What can you expect of a pig but a grunt?
Hwaur dhe gray mair foald dhe fiddlur.
Where the grey mare foaled the fiddler (at the back of beyond).
Hwaur dhe coo cauvd dhe cuddee.
Where the cow calved the donkey (at the back of beyond).
Hwaur dhe Heeluntmun faand dhe taingz.
Where the Highlander found the tongs (in the fender).
Jook un laat dhe jaw gay bii.	Duck and let the splash go past.
Keep a caum sookh.
Keep an even mind (take things quietly) (lit. a calm breath).
Keep a thing saivun yeer un yee'll find a yuis fur'd.
Keep a thing for seven years, and you'll find a use for it.
Keep yur ain fush-guts tull yur ain seemawz.
Keep your own fish-guts for your own seagulls. (Don't wash
your dirty linen in public.)
Laakh un grow faat.	Laugh and grow fat.
Laang may yur lum reek.	Long may your chimney smoke.
Laat dhaat flee stuk faast tee waw.
Let that fly stick fast to the wall.
Laat dhe bairnz fend fur dhurselz.
Let the children provide for themselves.
Laat dhe tow gaang wee bukkut.
Let the rope go with the bucket (down the well).
Leik drawz tay leik — an auld hoars tull a fail deik.
Like draws to like — an old horse to a turf wall.
Livin at heck un mainjur.
Living at rack and manger. (Having the run of his teeth.)
Maa sun'z maa sun or hee gits um a weif;
Maa doakhtur'z maa doakhtur aw dhe dayz oa hur leif.
My son's my son till he gets him a wife
My daughter's my daughter all her life.
Mair baa guid luck nor guid geidin.
More by good luck than good management (guiding).
May a moos nair rin our yoor girnul wee a tair in uts ee.
May a mouse never run over your meal-chest with a tear in
its eye.
Mei burdz iz ei cheepin,
Mei breidz iz ei greetin.
May birds are always chirping;
May brides are always weeping.
Moanay a breid breks hur elbay oan dhe kirk lintul.
Many a bride breaks her elbow on the church door-post
(grows lazy after marriage).
Moanay haundz maaks likht waark.
Many hands make light work.
'Mukkul crii un luttul oo,'
Koa dhe deel hwun hee cluppit dhe soo.
'Much cry and little wool,'
Quoth the devil when he clipped the sow.
Naidhur fush nor flaish nor guid rid hairin.
Neither fish nor flesh nor good red herring.
Nair caast a cloot or Mei bee oot.
Never cast a bit of clothing till May be out. (Don't leave off
wearing winter things till the end of May.)
Nair kep a fawin tneif.
Never catch a falling knife.
Naithing'z goattun uthoot painz but durt un laang nailz.
Nothing's got without pains but dirt and long nails.
Nivvur leet, but laakh.	Say nothing, but laugh.
Oo-biiurz kenz oo-sellurz.	Wool-buyers know wool-sellers.
Proaviduns ei taaks tent oa bairnz, fuilz, un foo foak.
Providence always takes care of children, fools, and drunk
people.
Pukkul un pukkul maaks a mukkul.
Little and little make much.
Quik at mait, quik at waark.	Quick at food, quick at work.
Set a stoot hert tull a stei bray.
Set a stout heart to a steep hill.
Shee wudnay taak dhe waukurz un dhe reidurz gaid bii.
She wouldn't take the walkers and the riders went past.
Shee'z bettur un shee'z boanay.	She's better than she is pretty.
Shee'z cut dhe crookit stik at laast.
She's cut the crooked stick at last (i. e. taken the inferior
wooer).
Steek dhe aumray, loak dhe kist,
Or ains sum gair may weel bee mist.
Shut the cupboard, lock the chest,
Or else some stuff may well be missed.
Stuks un stainz ull brek yur bainz,
But naimz ull nivvur herm yee.
Sticks and stones will break your bones,
But names will never harm you.
Sullur'z haundee fur gaun an airund wee.
Money (silver) is useful for running messages with.
Taip dhe mooth ee poak, un dhe tail ull taip dhe sel oa'd.
Economize the mouth of the sack and the bottom will
economize itself (the self of it).
Tell dhe truith un shaim dhe deel.
Tell the truth and shame the devil.
Ulkay coak crawz croos oan hiz ain middun-haid.
Every cock crows boldly on its own dungheap.
Ulkay maan fur hissel, un dhe deel taak dhe hinmust.
Every man for himself, and the devil take the hindmost.
Ut's an ull burd ut feilz uts ain nest.
It's a bad bird that fouls its own nest.
Ut's an ull wund ut blawz nay guid.
It's an ill wind that blows no good.
Ut's awbuddee fur dhurselz i dhus waurld.
It's every man for himself in this world.
Ut's braw un aizee craakin,
But noa say aizee aakin.
It's fine and easy to talk,
But not so easy to act.
Ut's braw tay bee boanay un weel leikit.
It's a good thing to be pretty and well liked (popular).
Ut's braw tay bee hungray un ken oa malt.
It's nice to be hungry and know of food.
Ut's cumin wee dhe blind kerrayur.
It's coming by the blind carrier (not coming at all).
Ut's noa fur noakht dhe gled hwussulz.
It's not for nothing that the buzzard whistles.
Ut's noa loast a freend gits.
It's not lost a friend gets (what a friend gets is no loss to
oneself).
Ut's ull bringin but hwaat's noa ben.
It's difficult to bring out what's not inside.
Ut's ull taakin dhe breeks aaf a Heeluntmun.
It's difficult to take the trousers off a Highlandman (because
he has none on).
Ut's ull waitin fur daid men'z shuin.
It's bad to wait for dead men's shoes.
Ut wuznay dhe baanut, but dhe haid ut wuz in ut,
Gaard awbuddee speek oa Raab Roarisun'z baanut.
It wasn't the cap, but the head that was in it,
That made everybody speak of Rob Rorison's cap.
Weemin'z kittul caatul.	Women are ticklish customers (cattle).
Wulfay waist maaks waifay waant.
Wilful waste makes woeful want.
Wuntur'z thunnur'z summur'z hungur.
Winter's thunder is summer's hunger.
Yee caannay hwussul un chow mail.
You can't whistle and chew meal (at the same time).
Yee caannay maak a sulk purs oa a soo'z lug.
You can't make a silk purse of a sow's ear.
Yee hay baith yur mait un yur mens.
You have both your food and your reputation for hospitality.
(Said when an invitation has been declined.)
Yee hay dhe raang soo bee lug.
You have the wrong sow by the ear.
Yee'll gaang faarur un fair waur.
You'll go farther and fare worse.
Yee'll liv laang eftur yee'r laakht at.
You'll live long after you're laughed at.
Yee may leik dhe kirk weel inyukh, un noa ei reid oan dhe
riggin oa'd.
You may like the church well enough without always riding
on its roof (ridge).
Yee neednay ait dhe coo un wurray oan dhe tail.
You needn't eat the cow and trouble about the tail.
Yee neednay keep a dug un baark yursel.
You needn't keep a dog and bark yourself.
Yee nivvur see green cheez but yur een reelz.
You never see green cheese without your eyes dancing. (You
wish for anything you see.)
Yee'r ei weis uhint dhe haund.
You're always wise when it's too late (behind the hand).
Yee'r luppnin yur baak tull a slaap.
You're trusting your back to a gap in the wall.
Yee'r mair baadhur nor yee'r wurth.
You're more bother than you're worth.
Yee'v a craap fur aw coarn. You've a crop for all corn.
CHARACTERISTIC AND IDIOMATIC
EXPRESSIONS
Aa caannay bee faasht.	I can't be bothered.
Aa caannay meind.	I can't remember.
Aa caannay meind oa'd.	I can't remember it.
Aa caannay see a steim.	I can't see the least bit.
Aa coodnay caw a bumbee aaf a daizay.
I couldn't knock a humble-bee off a daisy.
Aa coodnay git quaat oa dhum.	I couldn't get rid of them.
Aa coodnay git uwaw wee'd.
I could not get away with it (get it started).
Aa divnay see nay oadz oan um.	I see no difference in him.
Aa doot it.	I suppose so. (I doubt it.)
Aa duinay leik.	I'm too shy. (I don't like.)
Aa duinay see mukkul oadz.	I don't see much difference.
Aa felt (or faand) a stink.	I noticed a smell.
Aa gaat a staang wee a bee.	I was stung by a bee.
Aa gaat ut in a praizunt.	I got it as a present.
Aa gaid dhair a grait dail fur hwii.
I often used to go there for whey.
Aa gay dhum a rid fais.	I gave them a red face (startled them).
Aa hed a laud swaald heer — hee swaald sair.
I had a boy (a tooth) swollen here — he (it) swelled badly.
Aa hennay hed teim tay cleen masel.
I haven't had time to wash (clean myself).
Aa juist draank dhe hwuskay un luit ut seip tee sair.
I just drank the whisky and let it soak through to the sore.
Aa'll gee yee a but on maa haapnay.
I'll give you a bit of my halfpenny.
Aa'll gee yee a vairs on Aanay Louree.
I'll give (sing) you a verse of 'Annie Laurie'.
Aa'll haark ut i yur lug.	I'll whisper it in your ear.
Aa'll hay tay lay bii noo.	I must stop work now (lay by).
Aa'll neefur wee yee, gin yee leik.
I'll exchange with you, if you like.
Aa'll noa seek.	I shan't try.
Aa'll tank a shaif aaf dhe laif.	I'll take a slice from the loaf.
Aa'm duin. — Aa'm throo.	I've finished.
Aa meind on dhaat fein.	I remember that well.
Aa'm no dhaat faar ben wee um.	I'm not so familiar with him.
Aa'm noa seekin tay gaang.	I've no wish to go.
Aa'm noa weel uquent wee um.
I'm not well acquainted with him.
Aa'm sair furfoakhun wee traukhlin up un doon.
I'm thoroughly worn out from dragging myself up and down.
Aa'm sair haadun doon wee yoan bubblay-joak.
I'm greatly oppressed by that turkey-cock.
Aa nair haard tell oa'd.	I never heard of it.
Aa nivvur fell in wee dhe leik oa um.	I never met his like.
Aa nivvur laat oan An haard um.
I never showed I heard him. (I pretended not to have
heard him.)
Aa nivvur meindz oa ivvur gittin tee i maa midhur's hoos.
I do not remember ever getting tea in my mother's house.
Aa nivvur taist. I never take whisky.
Aa putt a pee i dhur lug
I put a pea in their ear. (Said something unpleasant.)
Aa putt uwaw a letter tull um.	I sent him a letter.
Aa saat undur um, moanay a day.
I attended his church for many a day.
Aa soopit dhe poopit.	I swept the pulpit.
Aa thoakht a wunnur.	I wondered.
Aa thoakht shaim tay bee seen wee um.
I was ashamed to be seen with him.
Aa took maa twaw nevz tull um.	I took my two fists to him.
Aa wud shuinur muss dhe hail sermun nor dhe cleesh-maa-claivur
at dhe kirk-doar.
I would rather miss the whole sermon than the gossip at the
church-door.
Aa wuss Aa saw um.	I wish I could see him.
Aa wuz fair stawd wee'd.	I was fed up (surfeited) with it.
Aa wuz finnisin tay wun uwaw.	I was fidgetting to get away.
Aa wuz in a fair haabul.	I was in a regular quandary.
Aa wuz in a guid meind tay gaang.	I was much inclined to go.
Aa wuz juist gaun uwaw tay waash masel.
I was just going to have a wash.
An wuz juist wutturin tay git dhum tee doar.
I was just scheming to get them to the door (to go away).
An wuz needin maa waark.	I wanted to get to work.
A been buddee.	A well-to-do person.
A cairt oa coalz.	A cart-load of coals.
A fais leik a noar-waast muin wee ridness.
A face as red as a north-west moon.
A free coup.
A place where rubbish may be emptied out without charge.
A maan cuist up fay Amerrikay.
A man turned up from America.
A meldur oa mail cumin fay dhe mull.
A milling of meal coming from the mill.
An auld bunk oa a thaak hoos un twaw endz.
An old box of a thatched house with two ends.
An auld thaak biggin.	An old thatched building.
A sair fut or dhe leik oa dhaat.
A pain in the foot, or something of the sort.
A see soajur.	A marine.
Ask a blissin.	Say grace.
Aw hekhts un howz.
All heights and hollows. (Very uneven ground.)
Az faak's oakht, Aa wuz dhair.
As a matter of fact, I was there.
Az shuir'z daith.	As sure as death.
Az shuir'z oakht.	As sure as anything.
Caw caanay.	Drive gently. (Take time.)
Chaapit tautayz.	Mashed potatoes.
Cood yee gee's a hurl haim?	Can you give me a drive home?
Cum in, gin yur feet's cleen.
Come in, if your feet are clean (welcome).
Cum inbii un shuft yur feet.
Come inside and change your shoes and stockings.
Cum inbii un scoog dhe shoor.
Come inside and take shelter from the shower.
Cum uwaw un cleen yursel.	Come along and have a wash.
Cum uwaw unour un gee's yur craak.
Come inside and give me your chat.
Cur oan yur hunkurz.
Crouch on your bent legs. (Resting the thighs on the calves.)
Dee yee wush tee?	Will you have tea?
Dhaat baits aw.	That beats everything.
Dhaat bringz mee in meind oa a stoaray.
That reminds me of a story.
Dhaat couz aw.	That beats everything.
Dhaat couz dhe gou-un.	That beats the daisy (everything).
Dhaat daurz dhe thrussul shaw tay peel.
That dares to strip the thistle of its leaves.
Dhaat dingz aw.	That beats everything.
Dhaat gaarz mee meind oa um.
That makes me remember him (reminds me of him).
Dhaat gaarz yur teeth waatur.	That makes your mouth water.
Dhaat putt um fay dhe fekhtin.
That stopped him from fighting.
Dhaat's dhe tukkut fur tautay-soop.
That's the ticket for potato-soup. (That's right.)
Dhaat's gei neer dhe but.
That's pretty near the bit. (Nearly right.)
Dhaat's noa dhe wei oa'd noo.	That's not what happens now.
Dhay caud um faaktur baa hiz naim.
They called him factor by name.
Dhay twaw hay faun oot (or cuissun oot) uboot naithing uvaw.
Those two have fallen out (quarrelled) about nothing at all.
Dhay wur nay staitit thing oa'd.
There was nothing fixed about it.
Dhe aufayist rig ut ivvur yee saw.
The greatest joke that you ever saw.
Dhe beef's ee daid-thrawz.
The beef is getting cold (in the death-struggle).
Dhe burn's doon.	The brook is in flood.
Dhe claash ut's gaun uboot.	The gossip that's going about.
Dhe coarn wudnay shair.	The corn wouldn't cut.
Dhe hoars wuz luittun lous.	The horses were let loose.
Dhe kail-paat's juitlin our.	The broth-pot is running over.
Dhe kirk's skelt gei shuin dhe day.
The church has dispersed (service is over) rather soon to-day.
Dhe knoak chaapit twel.	The clock struck twelve.
Dhe maidsun wudnay beid waast fur aw Aa cood dui.
The medicine wouldn't stay west, for all I could do. (Said
by a patient lying with head to the east.)
Dhem ut foalayz fraits, fraits ull foalay dhem.
Those who are on the look-out for omens will be followed by
omens.
Dhe skii wuz verray staarnay dhe-nikht.
The sky was very starry to-night.
Dhe waal'z aaf dhe faang.	The pump doesn't work.
Dhe waasps iz verray thik eenoo.
Wasps are very plentiful just now.
Dhon'z a graund mait-hoos.
That's a grand food-house. (A house where you get a good
feed.)
Dhur scoanz iz haimuld maid.	These scones are home-made.
Dhuez nay idhur wei oa'd.
There's no other way of it. (No alternative.)
Dhur'z sumthing oancaanay uboot ut.
There's something supernatural about it.
Dinnay gaang ainz airund.	Don't go for that purpose only.
Dinnay temp Proaviduns.
Don't tempt Providence (by running into unnecessary danger).
Draw in bii.	Draw your chair farther in.
Duinay daiv mee wee yur din.	Don't deafen me with your noise.
Dui yee noa feel (or find) a smell?	Don't you notice a smell?
Dung gaars dhe bair grow — un bair maaks gair.
Dung makes the barley grow — and barley makes wealth.
Dup in un shaak aaf.
Dip (your bread) in (the dish) and shake off (the dripping).
Durl un ding dhe Soodhurn cheel.
Hammer and beat the Southern fellow.
Ei hudd waast. Always keep (going) west.
Ei plesturin uwaw, noa maakin naithing oa'd, leik a bee
amoan taar.
Always floundering along, not making anything of it, like a
bee among tar.
Fesh unour dhe boatul, auld weif, un laat's hay a draam.
Bring over the bottle, old woman, and let us have a drink.
Gaang yur ain gait.	Go your own way.
Gaang yur weiz.	Go your ways. (Off you go.)
Gee's a vairs oa'd.	Give us a verse of it.
Haark in tull um.	Whisper to him.
Haarknin at dhe wundee.	Listening at the window.
Hay oanay oa yee oanay oan yee?
Have any of you any about you?
Hay yee a likht oan yee?	Have you a match about you?
Hee daurnay gee a cheep.	He daren't chirp — say a word.
Hee hez a sclait lous. He has a slate loose (a mental want).
Hee hez dhe guft ee gaab.
He has the gift of the mouth. (He's a great talker.)
Hee keind oa gaid uwaw tay taak a weif.
He went away as if to take a wife.
Hee laid hiz lugz uboot um.
He laid his ears about him. (Had a good tuck in.)
Hee'll smut yee.	He'll infect you.
He'll speer dhe guts oot oa ye.
He'll turn you inside out with his questions.
Hee nivvur sent a scraip.	He never sent a letter (scrape).
Hee sluppit uwaw laast nikht.	He died last night.
Hee snufft coanstunt; dhe boax wuz nivvur oot ee'z haund.
He was constantly taking snuff; the box was never out of
his hand.
Hee staapit hiz lum-haat uneth hiz oaxtur.
He stuffed his chimney-pot hat under his arm.
Hee waan hiz hinmust baanuk.
He earned his last cake. (He worked till he died.)
Hee wud hay caw'd dhe verray ruif aaf.
He would have driven the roof itself off.
Hee wud skin a loos fur dhe heid un taalay.
He would skin a louse for its hide and tallow.
Hee wuz a droothay neebur — leikit a draam, yee ken.
He was a thirsty neighbour — liked a dram, you know.
Hee wuz aufay ull at it. He was very much displeased with it.
Hee wuz dhe aufayist singur yee ivvur haard i yur leif.
He was the worst singer you ever heard in your life.
Hee wuz driivin coalz.	He was carting coals.
Hee wuz ettlin tay gaang dhair.
He was intending to go there (making for that place).
Hee wuz hiizin haim.	He was making for home.
Hee wuz sweer tay pert wee dhe clink.
He was reluctant to part with cash.
Hee wuz taakin dhe breed ee road.
He was taking the breadth of the road (staggering from side
to side of the road).
Hee'z a gei taaray-fingurd buddee.
He's a very light-fingered, pilfering person.
Hee'z a luttul wurth craitur.	He's a useless creature.
Hee'z an auld-faarund cheeld.	He's a quaint old fellow.
Hee'z a rail divert.	He's a real diversion (great fun).
Hee'z a rikht trait, yon laud.	He's a real treat, that fellow.
Hee'z a thraun loon.	He's a cantankerous fellow.
Hee'z aufay dull ee up-taak.
He's dreadfully slow in understanding (in the up-take).
Hee'z hirdin wee a fremd buddee — wee fremd.
He's working as a herd with a non-relative.
Hee'z noa tay luppin tull.	He's not to trust to (to be trusted).
Hee'z noa wurth hiz mait.	He's not worth his food.
Hee'z noa wurth saut tull hiz kail.
He's not worth salt to hiss broth.
Hee'z can dhe shoart leet.
He's on the list of selected candidates.
Hee'z shuirlay fei; oot oa hiz oardnur; raang wee hiz meind.
He's surely bewitched; out of his ordinary state of mind;
wrong in the mind (acting strangely).
Hee'z tain dhe doadz.	He's taken the sulks.
Hee'z uwaw tee fremd.	He's gone away from home.
His burs wuz up dhe-day.
His bristles were up to-day. (He was in a bad temper.)
Houp wuz thin hwin yee bait um.
Hope felt small when you beat him.
Hud yur goupun un Aa'll full'd.
Hold your hands together, and I will fill them.
Hur fais wuz aw begruttun, leik.
Her face showed some marks of weeping.
Hwaat gaarz yee hing yur fuppul dhe-day?
What makes you hang your under-lip to-day? (Why are you
so down in the mouth?)
Hwaat ur yee seekin dhe-day?	What do you want to-day?
Hwaat's cum our yee?
What's come over you? (What's wrong?)
Hwaw'll bee aukht dhis hoos a hundur yeer eftur dhis?
Who'll be owner of this house a hundred years after this?
Hwaw wuz aukht you dyuks ut gaid throo dhe burn?
Whose were (who owned) those ducks that went through the
brook?
Hwaw'z shee gittin?	Who is she going to marry?
It duidnay wait loang at a shullin.
It didn't stay long at a shilling.
It ei juist goat dhaat.	It was always just called so.
It gaid aw tay spunks.	It all went into splinters.
It's a faak.	It's a fact. — It's true.
It's a rikht brikht muinlikht nikht dhe-nikht.
It's a fine bright moonlight night to-night.
It wad tair dhe claiz aaf dhe vaaray deel.
It would tear the clothes off the devil himself.
It wuz ull gittin at dhe plais.
It was difficult to get at the place.
Iz dhe tee infuizd yet?
Is the tea made (infused) yet?
Jentul un sempul.	Gentle and simple. (High and low.)
Juist a but un a ben.
Only two rooms — a kitchen and a bedroom.
Juist a loat oa bledhurz.	Just a lot of nonsense.
Juist a loat oa weemin foak.	Just a lot of women.
Juist sair yurselz noo.	Just help (serve) yourselves.
Juist sair yursel or yur bairnz grow up.
Just do for yourself till your children grow up.
Keep tay dhe but.	Keep to the point.
Keep twaw soups gauin.
Keep two sups (spoonfuls) going. (Sup fast.)
Laat ma weim seg a wee.	Let my stomach shrink a little.
Leik buttur ee blaak dug'z hauz.
Like butter in the black dog's throat.
Leik snaw aaf a deik.	Like snow off a wall.
Loot yee doon a wee.	Stoop a little.
Maa midhur nivvur wuz sweer tay likk.
My mother was never reluctant to flog.
Maan, ut wuz an aufay sain.
Man, it was an awful scene (an extraordinary affair).
Maan, yee'r aufay doadee.	Man, you're very sulky.
Ma een'z noa neeburz.
My eyes are not neighbours. (I don't see clearly.)
Mii cauf-cuntray'z Feif.	My call-country's Fife (native place).
Nain oa yur caipurz!	None of your nonsense!
Nay moochin!	No pilfering!
Nivvur laat daab.	Don't mention it.
Nivvur leet, but laakh.	Don't let on — don't tell — but laugh.
Noa wurth a snuff.	Not worth a snuff.
Oan dhe chaap oa twel.	On the stroke of twelve.
Oor ministur hed un unkay poor oa waatur; he graat un
spaat un swaat leik muscheef.
Our minister had an extraordinary power of water (a good
supply of moisture); he wept and spat and perspired like
mischief.
Oor swein'z our sib bred.	Our pigs are too much in-bred.
Putt dhaat i yur boddum draur.
Put that in your bottom drawer. (Girls are said to keep a
collection of clothes, &c., in a 'bottom drawer', in readiness
for possible marriage.)
Reip yur pooch.	Search your pocket.
Hee reipit maa pooch.	He rifled my pocket.
Reip dhe rubz.	Clear out the bars (of a grate).
Say uwaw.	Say away. (Say grace.)
Say uwaw tay yurselz.	Say grace to yourselves.
Say ut fell oot.	So it befell.
See a spunk.	Give me a match.
See un bring'd haim wee yee.
Take care that you bring it home with you.
See un full yur weim noo.	See that you fill your stomach now.
See un noa faw.	Take care you don't fall.
Shee caanay fleip hur huggurz.
She can't turn her stockings inside out. (Is good for nothing.)
Shee ei gits Jeenee.	She is always called Jeanie.
Shee goat ut fur haaf naithing.
She got it for half nothing (very cheap).
Shee hed hain mair dayz.
She had had more days; had longer to live.
Shee hednay a saark tull hur baak.
She hadn't a chemise for her back. (She was badly supplied
with a trousseau.)
Shee held dhe laussay traakhlin dhe hail day our, nikht un
moarnin, haundz mebbee bluidin.
She kept the girl drudging the whole day long, morning and
evening, perhaps with bleeding hands.
Shee hez nay gumshun uvaw.	She has no common sense at all.
Shee'll bee suttin wutturin oan hur tee.
She'll be sitting longing for tea.
Shee maitit hursel.	She provided her own food.
Shea nair divauldit — juist spaak aivun oan.
She never ceased — just spoke without a stop.
Shee raizd oan mee leik a liiun.	She turned on me like a lion.
Shee staartit oan um.	She began to scold him.
Shee wuz aufay ull at um.	She was very angry with him.
Shee wuz aw in a curfufful.
She was in a great state of excitement.
Shee wuz fair geizund fur hur tee.
She was quite leaky (like a dry barrel) for her tea.
Shee wuz gaun uboot dhum hweilz.
She sometimes visited them.
Shee wuz juist juiturin uwaw; duiin juitray waark.
She was just putting off time; doing odds-and-ends of work.
Shee wuz laidund leik a cuddee.	She was laden like a donkey.
Shee wuz sair left tull hursel.
She was very much left to herself. (Acted on a foolish impulse.)
Shee'z a rail weel duiin buddee.
She's a really excellent woman (well-doing person).
Shee'z caw'd hur hugz tull a puir hull.
She's driven her sheep to a poor hill (made a poor marriage).
Shee'z fair kerraid uboot it.
She's just full of it; obsessed with it.
Shee'z juist a traakhul, ei in a haarukh, nivvur gittin hur
waark duin.
She's just a worrying worker, always in a fuss, never getting
her work done.
Shee'z unkay ull tay dui wee.
She's very ill to do with (get on with).
Sik a caipur; sik a kerray oan!	What a to-do!
Sik a stoor uboot naything.
Such a hullabaloo (dust) about nothing.
Sin dhe ministur caam, hee'z dung the guts oot oa twaw
Beibulz.
Since the minister came, he's thumped the inside out of two Bibles
Singin leik a lintee.	Singing like a linnet.
Smeilin leik a beild tautay.	Smiling like a boiled potato.
Staap yur mooth wee yur mait.
Stuff your mouth with your food.
Steek dhe doar.	Shut the door.
Suttin oan hiz hunkurz.	Sitting on his bent legs.
Sut yoant a but, un noa burz mee intee coarnur.
Sit along a bit, and don't squeeze me into the corner.
Taak ut a cloor wee houzul ee ex.
Give it a blow with the back of the axe.
Taip dhe mulk.	Use the milk sparingly; make it last.
Tummur tay tummer.
Timber to timber. (Said when two people knock their heads
together.)
Twel oa cloak oan dhe knoak.	Twelve o'clock by the clock.
Ut'll bee faar bettur tay putt hur tee fremd (tay dhe fremd).
It'll be far better to send her away from home (among
strangers).
Ut's a peetee yee coodnay fleip ur.
It's a pity you couldn't turn her inside out.
Ut's our loang tay meind.	It's too long to remember.
Ut waamuld i ma weim aw nikht.
It rumbled in my stomach all night.
Ut wud hay teendit yee tay see dhum.
It would have made you jealous to see them.
Ut wuz an aufay rig — waark — sain..
It was an extraordinary sight (joke, work, scene).
Ut wuz a toon'z craak.	It was the talk of the village.
Ut wuz laid tull um.
It was ascribed to him. (He was accused of it.)
Ut wuz oan dhe baak oa twaal.
It was a little past twelve (o'clock).
Waisturz cumz ei tay waant.	Wasters always come to want.
Wee dinnay waant nain oa yur laang-nebbit wurdz.
We don't want any of your long-nosed words.
Wee draikit dhe claiz wee hen-pen.
We soaked the clothes with hen's dung.
Wee ei cleend steel wee smuddee spaarks.
We always cleaned steel with sparks from the smith's anvil.
Wee hennay mukkul troak wee dhem.
We haven't many dealings with them.
Wee'r puttin fay'd.	We're put from it (turned away from it).
Wee tuik dhe law oan'd. We went to court about it.
Wee'v hed nivvur a cheep fay um.
We've never had a chirp from him (not heard a word).
Wee wuz traampin dhe blaankuts.	We were treading blankets.
Wull Aa yoak dhe misheen?	Shall I put the horse to?
Wull yee taist?	Will you have a little whisky?
Wull yoo raiz dhe tyuin?	Will you start the tune?
Wumman, yee'v a tung ut wud clup cloots.
Woman, you have a tongue that would clip clouts (a sharp
tongue).
Wuz yee laidin dhe-day?
Were you leading (bringing in the corn) to-day?
Yee'd bettur be dui-in wee'd.
You'd better be doing (content) with it.
Yee'll daiv foak wee yur din.
You'll deafen people with your noise.
Yee'll git dhe nikk.	You'll be put in the police-cells.
Yee'll git yur paiks.	You'll get a licking.
Yee'll noa taak a tellin.	You won't take warning (advice).
Yee'll set hiz daundur up.	You'll rouse his temper.
Yee'll taak an eek.	You'll take a little more.
Yee'll taak a taist.	You'll take a little whisky.
Yee'll taak beit un soup wee oos.
You'll take bite and sup with us.
Yee neednay cum heer seekin sullur.
You needn't come here asking for money.
Yee neednay faash yur thoom.
You needn't trouble your thumb (worry about it).
Yee neednay thraip ut doon maa throat.
You needn't force your opinion down my throat.
Yee'r crawin gei croos dhe-day.
You're crowing quite boldly to-day.
Yee'r noa our kirk-greedee.
You're not particularly keen about going to church.
Yee'r rikht full dhe-day.	You're very proud to-day.
Yee'r shuirlay fei dhe-day.	You're surely bewitched to-day.
Yee'v droond dhe mullur.
You've drowned the miller (put in too much water).
Yee'v hed a laung sidairunt.
You've had a long sederunt (sitting).
Yur fingurz iz aw thoomz.	Your fingers are all thumbs.
CONVERSATION IN VOWELS BEWEEN DRAPER AND
CUSTOMER
Scotch	English
C. Oo?	C. Wool?
D. Ii, oo.	D. Yes, wool.
C. Aw oo?	C. All wool?
D. Ii, aw oo.	D. Yes, all wool.
C. Aw ay oo?	O. All one wool?
D. Oa ii, ei aw ay oo.	D. Oh yes, always all one wool.
CONVERSATIONS ABOUT HEALTH
Aa'm gled tay see yee'v goatun our'd.
I am glad to see you have got over it.
Hee'z az hweit's a dush-ctoot.	He's as white as a dish-cloth.
Hoo'r yee keepin?	How are you keeping?
Hoo ur yee dhe-day?	How are you to-day?
Hoo'z aw wee yee?	How are all with you? (How are you all?)
Hwaat's leik dhe mettur?	What's the matter with you?
Iz hee bii hiz oardnur?	Is he out of his usual health?
Ur yee brawlay?	Are you well?
Yee'v goatun a fell but shaak.
You've got a pretty severe shake (had a pretty bad time).
Aa caanay cumplen.	I can't complain. (I'm not very bad.)
Aa'm brawlay; hoo'z yursel?	I'm well; how are you yourself?
Aa'm rail weel dhe-day.	I'm wonderfully well to-day.
Aa'm ei gaun uboot.	I'm always (still) going about.
Aa'm ei huddin foarut.
I'm always holding forward (improving).
Aa'm ei tee foar.	I'm always to the fore (still alive).
Aa'm keepin bettur.	I'm keeping better.
Aa'm noa cumplenin.	I'm not complaining. (I'm pretty well.)
Thenk ye, Aa'm waarslin oan.	Thank you, I'm struggling on.
Wee'r aw in oor oardnur.	We're all in our usual health.
Aa caanay git quaat oa'd.	I can't get quit (rid) of it.
Aa'm gei faar throo.	I'm pretty far gone.
Aa'm geiun soabur.	I'm rather poorly.
Aa'm juist gei middlin.	I'm just pretty middling.
Aa'm noa dhaat weel.	I'm not so well. — I'm not very well.
Aa'm noa varray braw, but Aa maanay complen.
I'm not very brisk, but I mustn't complain.
Aa'v a sair haid — a sair teeth — a sair hoast — a sair weim.
I've a headache — a toothache — a bad cough — a stomach-ache.
Hee'z sair aulturd; yee wud haardlay ken um.
He's much changed; you could scarcely recognize him.
Juist a but glusk ee cauld.	Just a little touch of (the) cold.
Maan, Aa'v an aufay hoast.	Man, I've a bad cough.
Shee'z gei caanay.	She's rather quiet (poorly).
THREATS AND ABUSE
Aa'll bring yee tay yur hunkurz.
I'll bring you to a squatting position.
Aa'll claash yur mooth.	I'll smash your mouth.
Aa'll cloor yee.	I'll smash you.
Aa'll cum our yur hurdeez wee maa baukhul.
I'll come across your buttocks with my old shoe.
Aa'll dikht yur neb fur yee.	I'll wipe your nose for you.
Aa'll ding yur haarnz oot.	I'll knock out your brains.
Aa'll gee yee a lik ee chaafts — a sclaaf ee lug.
I'll give you a crack on the jaws — a slap on the ear.
Aa'll gee yee a skeit ee ee.	I'll give you a blow in the eye.
Aa'll hay law oan yee.	I'll have the law against you.
Aa'll nair look yoor ert agen.	I'll never look your way again.
Aa'll plunk yee ee burn.	I'll plump you into the brook.
Aa'll raax yur craig fur yee.	I'll stretch your neck for you.
Aa'll scoar yur hups un putt saut oan dhum.
I'll score your hips, and put salt on them.
Aa'll steek yur gaab fur yee.	I'll shut your mouth for you.
Aa'll taak dhe coat aaf yur baak.
I'll take the coat off your back.
Aa'll taak dhe skin aaf yee.	I'll take the skin off you.
Aa'll taak yee a ring ee lug.	I'll give you a blow on the ear.
Aa'll thraapul yee.	I'll throttle you.
Aa'll thraw yur nek.	I'll twist your neck.
A haundlus bizzum.	A handless besom (clumsy creature).
Cum oot oa dhaat.	Come out of there.
Dikht yur neb un flee up.
Wipe your nose and fly up (like a hen roosting for the night).
E, yee luttul rulyun, Aa'll gee yur lug a reeshul.
Oh, you little wretch, I'll give your ear a sounding blow.
Gawaw haim un redd yur hair.
Go along home and tidy your hair.
Hud yur mooth.	Shut (hold) your mouth.
Hud yur weesht.	(Hold your silence) be quiet! shut up!
Mii saang, Aa'll gee yee yur paiks, gin Aa git a hud oa yee.
By my faith, I'll give you a licking if I get hold of you.
Mii saang, yee'll git yur thraapul raaxt yut.
By my faith (blood), you'll get your throttle stretched yet (be
hanged).
Rin awaw haim.	Run along home.
Steek yur gaab. Shut (stitch) your mouth.
Un Aa wur at yee, daagoan yee.	If I were at you, damn you.
Un Ii cum tee yee.	If I come to you.
Uwaw un hud yur tung.	Go along and hold your tongue.
Uwaw wee yur haivurz.	Go along with your nonsense.
Yee baiz luttul cuttay.	You bad little girl.
Yee grait mukkul claurtay soo!	You great big dirty pig!
Yee haundlus jaud; yur fingurz iz aw thoomz.
You clumsy jade; your fingers are all thumbs.
Yee laizee hwulp.	You lazy whelp.
Yee laizee taid.	You lazy toad.
Yee'll git dhe nikk.	You'll be put in the police-cells.
Yee luttul braat ut yee aar.	You little brat (that you are).
Yee mukkul soo!	You great pig!
Yee'r a fuizhunlis doakin.
You're a pithless dock (a weak creature).
Yee'r an impidunt puggee.	You're an impudent monkey.
Yee stinkin broak.	You stinking badger.
Yee'r juist a bizzum.	You're just a besom.
(Retort):
Dhe durt gaangs afoar dhe bizzum.
The dirt goes before the besom.
(or)
Gin Ii'm dhe bizzum yoo'r dhe shaank,
Ii caan sweep, un yoo caant.
If I'm the besom, you're the shank,
I can sweep, and you can't.
DRINKING AND DRUNKENNESS
Git oan dhe baw.	Get on the spree, on a drinking bout.
Hee taaks a gless.	He takes a little too much whisky.
Hee turns up his luttul fingur our oafun.
He turns up his little finger too often (is given to tippling).
Hee wuz az foo'z a coapur stoup cood maak um.
He was as drunk as a copper tankard could make him.
Maan, Aa'm leim drii.	Man, I'm as dry as lime.
moarnin,	morning glass of whisky.
oan dhe spree,	on a drinking bout.
speeruts,	whisky (spirits).
taist,	a nip (taste) of whisky.
Yee'll taak a draam.	You'll take a dram (a drink of whisky).
Yee'll taak an eek.	You'll take a little more (whisky).
Yee'll taak a sindur in't.
You'll take a cinder (a little whisky) in it.
IDIOMATIC USES OF WORDS
Aist, waast, noarth, sooth. These words (east, west, north,
south), and especially the first two, are very often used in S. in
describing direction, where they would not be used in E. E.g.
Hee'z waast ee haw (He's west in the hall). Shee gaid aist
dhe toon (She went east through the village). Hee'z awaw
noarth tay Gaask (He's away north to Gask). Aa saw um
waast dhe road (I saw him on the road to the west).
An old lady, describing how she could not keep her medicine
down, said: It wudnay beid waast, fur aw Aa cood dui' (It
wouldn't stay west, for all I could do).
Aufay (adj. or adv.), awful, very. This word is in even more
common use in S. than 'awfully' in E., in the sense of 'very ',
'excessive'; e.g. Maan, yee'v been an aufay hweil (Man,
you've been a long time).
Aukht (verb), owed, is used in the ordinary sense of owed ; pa. p.
of aw (owe); e. g. Hee aukht mee four shullin (He owed me
four shillings); but it is also used in the sense of belonging; e.g.
Hwaw'z aukht dhis baanut? (Who is owed this cap? i.e. To
whom does this cap belong?)
Bray (noun) means the slope of a hill, either up or down; e.g.
Up dhe bray (uphill); doon dhe bray (downhill); dhe brays oa
Bahwidhur (the hill-slopes of Balquhidder); Loudun'z boanay
wudz un brayz (Loudon's lovely woods and slopes).
Buddee (noun), body, person. This word is in very common
use in S., usually with a diminutive, affectionate, pitying, or
disparaging sense attached to it; e.g.
Puir buddee!	Poor thing!
A puir buddee.	A poor man or woman.
Guid auld buddeez.	Good old people.
A daaft buddee.	An idiot.
A gaun-uboot buddee.
A going-about person; a gipsy or tramp.
A shaukhlin buddee.	A shuffling, jointless person.
A haivurin buddee.	A talker of nonsense.
Caanay (adj.), slow, gentle, cautious; e.g.:
Caanay wee thing. Gentle little thing.
Caw caanay wee dhe buttur.
Deal gently with the butter; lit. drive gently. (Don't flatter
too much.)
A caanay cheeld.	A cautious fellow.
Caw caanay wee dhe waatur.
Be cautious with the water, i. e. don't put in too much.
Caw (verb). There are in S. two distinct meanings for this verb:
(1) 'Call' (caul), with much the same meaning as in E. NOTE.
In E. we say 'call on' a person, in S. 'caw for' a person. In E.,
to call for a person means to call and take him on with you.
(2) Caw means 'drive', 'make to go', 'set to work' ; e. g.
Caw dhe waal.	Work the pump.
Caw dhe yowz tay dhe tnouz.
Drive the ewes to the hillocks.
Caw awaw.	Drive away; go ahead.
Caw caanay.	Drive gently, take it easy.
Caw dhe kirn.	Work the churn.
Complen (verb), complain, is used much as in E., but is also
used in the sense of to be out of sorts ; e. g.
Hee'z been complenin dhis laang teim.
He's been ailing for a long time. Cf. E. 'complaint' = illness.
Craitur (noun), creature, is frequently used in much the same
way as buddee, with a sense of pity or contempt; e.g.:
A daaft craitur. A silly creature.
Find (verb). In S. we find a smell or a stink ; in E. we notice it.
Fluttin (noun), removal; a change of residence, with removal of
one's household goods; e.g.:
A muinlikht fluttin.	A clandestine removal.
Foo (adj.), full, satisfied, drunk; e.g.
Dhe poak's foo.	The sack is full.
Aa'm foo.	I'm satisfied. — I've had enough.
Hee'z blind foo.	He's blind drunk.
Az foo'z a fiddlur.	As drunk as a fiddler.
Freend (noun), friend (frend), is also used in the sense of
relative; e. g.
Hee'z a freend oa meinz.	He's a relative of mine.
In the plural it is used in the sense of friendly, like the S. word
cheef; e.g.:
Hee'z noa freendz (or cheef) wee oos dhe noo.
He's not on good terms with me at present.
Gaar (verb), make, in the sense of 'compel' (make, in the
sense of 'construct', is maak in S.) ; e. g.
Hwaat gaard yee dui dhaat?	What made you do that?
Hwaw gaard yee greet?	Who made you cry?
Aa'll gaar yee gaang.	I'll make you go.
Gin (adv.), if; e. g.
Gin a buddee meet a buddee.
If one meet somebody; e. g.: if a girl meet a man.
Git (verb intrans.), get, is often used in the sense of 'reach',
'arrive', 'be able to go '; e.g.
Aa coodnay git.	I wasn't able to go.
Yee'll noa caan git.	You won't be able to go.
It is also used with the past participle of a verb in the sense of
'be able to'; e.g.:
Aa coodnay git sleepit wee dhe dugz youlin.
I couldn't go to sleep because of the dogs howling.
Aa coodnay git spoken wee ur.
I couldn't get a chance of speaking to her.
Yee'v goatun quaat oa dhaat hoast.
You've got rid of that cough.
Git is also used in the sense of 'be called'; e.g.
Hee ei goat 'Raabut'.	He was always called Rabbit
Hindur-end (noun), foar-end (noun), baak-end (noun). S. distinguishes
between the two ends of a thing; e.g.: The 'foar-end'
and the 'hindur-end', is the end in front, and the end behind.
'Dhe baak-end ee year', or simply 'Dhe baak-end', means the
late autumn or early winter.
Lern (verb) means 'teach ' as well as 'learn'; e.g.
Shee lernt dhe laiv at dhe luim.
She taught the rest at the loom.
Mait (noun), meat (meet), means food in general, not only
butcher-meat, which is flaish (flesh), a butcher being known as
a flaishur; e. g.
Dinnay quaarul wee yur mait.
Don't quarrel with your food.
Meind (verb) is used like 'mind' in the sense of 'take care'
e. g.: Meind yursel (take care of yourself); also in the sense of
'intend', e.g.: Aa wuz meindin tay gaang (I was intending to
go); also very commonly meind oa is used in the sense of
'remember'; e. g.: Aa meind oa hum fein (I remember him
well); Aa caanay meind (I can't remember). A common interjection
is Meind yee (Remember, take note).
Oaxtur (noun) is the armpit; e.g.
Putt dhaat i yur oaxtur.	Put that under your arm.
Dhay gaid oaxtur un oaxtur, or Hee oaxturd ur haim means
'He had his arm round her waist', while Dhay cleekit (hooked)
means 'They went arm in arm'.
Pees (noun), piece (pees); snack. A pees means a piece of
bread, scone, or cake, generally with something added to it, such
as butter, cheese, jam, or meat. It means a snack of something
to eat; e.g.:
Hay! dhair'z a pees tee yee.
Here! there's something for you to eat.
An hed a pees ee pooch.
I had something to eat in my pocket.
Skell (verb), spill ; e. g.:
Maan, yee'r skellin aw dhe waatur.
Man, you're spilling all the water.
It is also used of a meeting dispersing; e.g.: Dhe kirk's
skellin (The church is spilling, i.e. The people are coming out
of church). We also say, Dhe kirk's cumin oot — gaun in,
meaning, The people are coming out of church, or going in to
church; service is over or beginning.
Tairubul (adj. or adv.), terrible, terribly, is used much in the
same way as E. awful, awfully, to mean excess of any kind; e.g.
A tairubul craap.	A very heavy crop.
Thraw (verb and noun), twist, literally and metaphorically; e. g.:
Aa'll thraw yur craig.	I'll twist your neck.
A thrawn teik.	A twisted dog; an ill-natured beast.
Dinnay thraw wee ur.	Don't quarrel with her.
Hee'z tain dhe thraw.	He's taken the sulks.
Wun (verb), is used like the E. 'get' to mean 'arrive',
'reach', e. g.
Duid yee wun dhair i teim?	Did you get there in time?
Mann, Aa coodnay wun.	Man, I couldn't go — or come.
Yee caanay wun intul't.	You can't get inside it.
NOTE. In S. we say Aa coodnay git, but it is not E. to say
'I couldn't get', without some word after it.
Wurd (noun), is used in the sense of 'news'; e.g.
Hay yee oanay wurd oa ur?	Have you any news of her?
Aa goat wurd oa hur daith.	I got news of her death.
Aa nivvur haard wurd oa dhaat.	I never heard of that.
VERSES CURRENT IN STRATHEARN
I. RIDDLES.
II. CHILDREN'S RHYMES.
III. VERSES.
IV. TOASTS.
I. RIDDLES
Gaisiz.
Aa gaid utween twaw wudz, un Aa caam utween twaw
waaturz.
I went between two woods, and I came between two waters.
Answer. Going to the well carrying two wooden pails
empty, and bringing them back full.
Aa gaid un Aa goat ut,
Aa saat un Aa soakht ut,
Un hwun Aa coodnay find ut
Aa caam awaw haim wee'd.
Ans. A thoarn i yur fut.
I went and I got it,
I sat and I sought it,
And when I couldn't find it
I came away home with it.
Ans. A thorn in the foot.
A luttul wee hoosay, foo foo oa mait,
Wee naidhur dour nor wundee, tay laat mee in tay ait.
Ans. An igg.
A tiny little house, full of food,
With neither door nor window to let me in to eat.
Ans. An egg.
A luttul wee maan wee a tummur haat,
Un aw dhe weim oa urn waamlin.
Ans. Dhe paat oan dhe fiir.
A tiny little man with a wooden hat (pot-lid),
And all the belly of him rumbling.
Ans. The pot on the fire.
Az hweit's mulk — nt's noa mulk aidhur;
Az green'z gress — ut's noa gress aidhur;
Az blaak's coal — ut's noa coal aidhur.
Ans. A slay-berray.
As white as milk — it's not milk, however;
As green as grass — it's not grass, however;
As black as coal — it's not coal, however.
Ans. A sloe.
Az roond'z dhe muin, az blaak's a coal,
A laung tootoo, un a pumpin hoal.
Ans. Dhe stroop oa a kettul.
As round as the moon, as black as a coal,A long bent pipe, and a pumping hole.
Ans. The spout of a kettle.
As roond'z dhe muin, as yallay'z oakur;
Gin yee duinay tell mee dhaat, Aa'll gee yee a craak wee
poakur.
Ans. An oarunj.
As round as the moon, as yellow as ochre;
If you don't tell me that, I'll give you a blow with the poker.
Ans. An orange.
Cum a riddul, cum a riddul, cum a roat, toat, toat;
A wee, wee maan wee a rid, rid coat,
A staaf in hiz haund, un a stain in hiz throat.
Cum a riddul, cum a riddul, cum a roat, toat, toat.
Ans. A churray.
A small, small man with a red, red coat,
A staff in his hand, and a stone in his throat.
Ans. A cherry.
Hikkay bikkay oan dhus seid ee waatur,
Un Hikkay bikkay oan dhaat seid ee waatur;
Un yee tuch Hikkay bikkay, ut'll beit yee.
Ans. Nettles.
Hikkay bikkay on this side of the water,
And Hikkay bikkay on that side of the water
If you touch Hikkay bikkay, it will bite you.
Hwaat gayz intee burn hweit, un cumz oot blaak?
Ans. Dhe mullur'z shui.
What goes into the brook white, and comes out black?
Ans. The miller's shoe.
Hwaat'll ging up dhe lum doon, but ull noa cum doon
dhe lum up?
Ans. An umburellay.
What will go up the chimney down, but will not come down
the chimney up?
Ans. An umbrella.
Laung ligz un nay tneez,
Roond feet leik baubeez.
Ans. Dhe taingz.
Long legs and no knees,
Round feet like ha'pennies.
Ans. The tongs.
Throo dhe wud, un throo dhe wud, un throo dhe wud Aa
raan,
Un for uz luttul'z Aa wuz, Aa kull'd a mukkul maan.
Ans. A bullet.
Through the wood . . . I ran,
And though I was so little, I killed a big man.
Throo dhe wudz, un throo dhe wudz, un throo dhe wudz
Aa raan,
Un ulkay buss Aa caam tull, Aa left ma raagz un raan.
Ans. A sheep.
Through the woods . . . I ran,
And every bush I came to, I left my rags and ran.
II CHILDREN'S RHYMES
A geenee goud waach tay tell hiz naim, tay tell hiz naim,
tay tell hiz naim
A geenee goud waach tay tell hiz naim, a haansul murraymun
taanzee.
A guinea gold watch to tell his name, a hansel merryman tanzy.
Az Ii gaid up dhe gairdun,
Aa faand a luttul faardun;
Aa geen ut tay maa midhur,
Tay bii a luttul bridhur.
Maa bridhur wuz a sailur,
Hee saild acroas dhe see,
Un aw dhe fush dhut hee cood caach
Wuz ain, twaw, three.
As I went up the garden, I found a little farthing
I gave it to my mother, to buy a little brother.
My brother was a sailor, he sailed across the sea,
And all the fish that he could catch were one, two, three.
Baibee, baibee, buntin, Daadee'z awaw tee huntin,
Tay git a wee but laamay-skin, tay row hiz baa buntin in.
Baby, baby, bunting, Daddy's away to the hunting,
To get a little lamb-skin, to wrap his baby bunting in.
Baik a puddin, baik a pii;
Send ut up tay Joan Mukii.
Joan Mukii's noa in;
Send ut up tee maan ee muin.
Dhe maan ee muin'z maakin shuin,
Tuppins dhe pair un dhay'r aw duin.
Bake a pudding, bake a pie
Send it up to John Mackay.
John Mackay's not in;
Send it up to the man in the moon.
The man in the moon's making shoes,
Twopence the pair, and they're all done.
Dizzay Dizzay daandee,
Blaak shoogur caandee.
Gee yur bairnz hwaat yee leik,
But nivvur gee dhum braandee.
Dizzy dizzy dandy,
Black sugar candy.Give your children what you like,
But never give them brandy.
Eenitay, feenitay, fikkitay fay,
Ell, dell, doamun ay,
Urkay burkay stoaray roak,
Aan taan toozee Joak.
(A nonsense rhyme for counting out at games.)
Eez oaz maan's broaz, eez oaz oot.
(The same.)
Hei, Joak Macuddee,
Macuddee'z oan dhe deik.
Un if yee middul Macuddee
Macuddee ull gee yee a beit.
Ho! Jock Macuddee,
Macuddee's on the wall,
And if you meddle with Macuddee
Macuddee will give you a bite.
Hikkuray dikkuray doak,
Dhe moos raan up dhe tnoak.
Dhe tnoak straak waan,
Doon dhe moosee raan.
Hikkuray dikkuray doak.
Hickory dickory dock,
The mouse ran up the clock.
The clock struck one,
Down the mousie ran.
Hickory dickory dock.
Hushay baa, loo laam, tay yur craidul yee maan
Hush-a-bye, loo lamb, to your cradle you must go.
Hwaw'll cum intay mii wee ring, tay mii wee ring, tay mii
wee ring?
Hwaw'll cum intay mii wee ring, tay maak ut a wee thing
biggur?
Who'll come into my wee ring, to make it a little bigger?
Joan Smuth — a faallay fein,
Caan yee shut dhus hoars oa mein?
Yais, Aa wull, un dhaat Aa caan,
Juist az guid az oanay maan.
Putt a butt upoan dhe tay,
Tay gaar dhe pounee clum dhe bray.
Putt a butt upoan dhe heel
mudz

Tay gaar dhe pounee pais weel, pais weel.
skup dhe dubz.
Dhair'z a nail, un dhair'z a noad,
Dhair'z a pounee weel shoad.
John Smith — a fellow fine,
Can you shoe this horse of mine?
Yes, indeed, and that I can,
Just as well as any man.
Put a bit upon the toe,
To make the pony mount the hill.
Put a bit upon the heel
midst
To make the pony pace well.
skip the puddles.
There's a nail, and there's a nod,
And there's a pony well shod.
Neevee, neevee, nikk-naak,
Hwaatnay haund wull yee taak?
Bee'd dhe rikht or dhe raang
Aa'll begeil yee gin Aa caan.
Fisty, fisty, nick-nack,
Which hand will you take?
Be it the right or the wrong
I'll beguile you if I can.
(Said when offering the choice of two closed hands, one containing
something and the other empty.)
Taam, Taam, dhe funnay wee maan,
Waasht hiz fais in dhe friiin-paan;
He caimd hiz hair wee dhe ligg oa a chair,
Taam, Taam, dhe funnay wee maan.
Tom, Tom, the funny little man,
Washed his face in the frying-pan
He combed his hair with the leg of a chair,
Tom, Tom, the funny little man.
A common prayer taught in English to children in Stra
is
This night when I lie down to sleep
I pray the Lord my soul to keep;
If I should die before I wake,
I pray the Lord my soul to take.
Bless father and mother,
Sister and brother,
And make me a good boy (or girl).
III. VERSES
Az Ii gaid bii maa graanay's dour
Aa faand dhe smell oa bun.
Aa gaid in un soakht a but;
Shee wudnay gee's a crum.
Say Ii tuik up dhe bellusiz
Un blawed hur up dhe lum.
As I went past my grannie's door
I noticed a smell of bun.
I went in and asked for a bit;
She wouldn't give me a crumb.
So I took up the bellows
And blew her up the chimney.
Address to a bat:
Cheez un braid fur dhe baat, baat, baat.
Cum intay maa haat, haat, haat.
Cheese and bread for the bat, bat, bat.
Come into my hat, hat, hat.
Cruppul Dick upoan a stik,
Saundee oan a soo,
Reid uwaw tay Alloaw
Un bii a pund oa oo.
Cripple Dick upon a stick,
Sandy on a sow,
Ride away to Alla
And buy a pound of wool.
Dhe broon bull oa Baaburtun
Gaid our dhe hull tay Haaburtun,
Un daasht uts haid ukween kwaw stainz
Un caam hweit mulk haim.
The brown bull of Baberton
Went over the hill to Haberton,
And dashed its head between two stones
And came white milk home.
Dhe lintee un dhe laivruk, dhe roabun un dhe raan,
Gin yee herray oanay oa dhay burdz' nests, yee'll nivvur
threiv ugen.
The linnet and the lark, the robin and the wren,
If you harry any of these birds' nests, you'll never thrive again.
Dhe laussayz oa Turnaaway, nay wunnur un dhay bee dun,
Tween Mertimus un Caunulzmus dhay nivvur see dhe sun.
The girls of Turnaway, no wonder if they are sallow,
Between Martinmas and Candlemas they never see the sun.
Dhe low oa Louree'z lum'z reekin,
Reek, lum, reek.
The flame of Laurence's chimney's smoking,
Smoke, chimney, smoke.
(To be said fast.)
Dhe oo'z our fein,
Un dhe saark's our coors,
Aa caannay wun uwaw,
Fur a grait mukkul loos.
The wool's too fine,
And the shirt's too coarse
I can't get away
For a great big louse.
Duggeez tee mull, caatayz tee kull,
Un laussayz tee maarkit-day, day, day.
Dhay tain a lik oot oa dhus weirs poak,
Un a lik oot oa dhaat weif's poak,
Un a lik oot ee mull-ring
Un a drink oot ee mull-daam,
Un dhay caam aw aist dhe toon,
Skuppin un loupin un lukkin dhur lups.
Little dogs to the mill, little cats to the kiln,
And girls to the market-day.
They took a lick out of this woman's sack,
And a lick out of that woman's sack,
And a lick out of the ring round the mill-stones,
And a drink out of the mill-pond,
And they all came east through the village,
Skipping and jumping and licking their lips.
Gee Broonee coat, gee Broonee saark,
Yee'll git nay mair oa Broonee's waark.
Give Brownie coat, give Brownie shirt,
You'll get no more of Brownie's work.
(This expresses the superstition that the little brown elf, who
sometimes does the work of the farmer or housekeeper by night,
is offended if offered any remuneration for his friendly help.)
Hay, dhe buttun — hoa, dhe buttun,
Gais yee hwaw hez dhe buttun.
Hay, the button — ho, the button,
Guess you who has the button.
Hwun Craig Roassay gits a taap,
Dhe Loalundurz iz shuir oa saap.
When Craig Rossie gets a top (of cloud),
The Lowlanders are sure of sap (rain).
Leddee Munnay floo uwaw
Our dhe deiks un faar uwaw.
Lady Money flew away
Over the walls and far away.
Address to a hail-storm
Rennay, rennay raatul-stainz,
Duinay ren oan mee.
Ren oan Joanay Groat's hoos,
Faar uyont dhe see.
Rainy, rainy, rattle-stones,
Don't rain on me.
Rain on John o' Groat's house,
Far over the sea.
Roabun, Roabun rid-breest, dhe laivruk un dhe ren,
But hwaw'll herray mii nest, ull nivvur threiv ugen.
Robin, robin red-breast, the lark and the wren,
But who will harry my nest, will never thrive again.
Saandee Kuldaandee, dhe laird oa Kulnaap,
Suppit hiz broaz un swaalayd hiz caap,
Un eftur aw hoe wuznay foo,
He gaid tee biir un swaalayd dhe coo.
Sandy Kildandy, the owner of Kilnap,
Supped his brose and swallowed his wooden bowl,
And after all he wasn't satisfied,
He went to the cow-house and swallowed the cow.
Scaartay, beitay Aiburdeen
Sellt hiz faidhur fur a preen,
Sellt hiz midhur fur a needul,
Scaartay, beitay Aiburdeen.
Scratching, biting Aberdeen
Sold his father for a pin,
Sold his mother for a needle,
Scratching, biting Aberdeen.
Snail, snail, put oot yur hoarn,
Ut'll bee a fein day dhe-moarn.
Snail, snail, put out your horn,
It will be a nice day to-morrow.
Sum sez dhe Deel'z daid
Un buirraid in Kircaudee.
Sum sez hee'll reiz ugen,
Un fligg dhe Heelunt laudee.
Some say the Devil's dead
And buried in Kirkcaldy.
Some say he'll rise again,
And frighten the Highland laddie.
MUMMERS' VERSES ON THE LAST DAY OF THE YEAR
Giizur'z vairs at Hugmunay.
Dhe-nikht's Hugmunay,
Dhe-moarn'z Hugmunaanay.
Faar acroas dhe see,
Tay see maa Soozeeaanay.
Sum foaks sez Aa'm daaft,
Sum foaks sez Aa'm craakit:
Oafur mee a haaf-a-croon
Un see if Aa'll noa taak it.
Aa tuik hur tay a baw,
Aa tuik hur tay a suppur;
She fell our dhe tibbul
Un stuk hur noaz ee buttur.
To-night's Hugmunay,
To-morrow's Hugmunaanay.
Far across the sea,
To see my Susiana.
Some people say I'm mad,
Some people say I'm crazy:
Offer me half-a-crown
And see if I won't take it.
I took her to a ball,
I took her to a supper;
She fell over the table,
And stuck her nose in the butter.
(THE SAME.)
Reiz up, guidweif, un duinay bee sweer,
Un dail yur gair az laang'z yee'r heer.
Dhe day ull cum hwun yee'll bee daid,
Yee'll naidhur dhaan need mail nor braid.
Rise up, good woman, and don't be reluctant,
And deal out your goods as long as you're here.
The day will come when you'll be dead,
You'll then need neither meal nor bread.
(THE SAME.)
Reiz up, guidweif, un shaak yur fedhurz,
Yee neednay thenk ut wee ur beggurz.
Wee'r oanlay bairnz cum oot tay play,
Reiz up un gee'z maa Hugmunay.
Rise up, good woman, and shake your feathers,
You needn't think that we are beggars.
We're only children come out to play,
Rise up and give me my Hugmunay gift.
IV. TOASTS
Heerz tay yoo un yoorz,
Un hwun yoo un yoorz cumz tay oos un oorz,
Oos un oorz ull bee uz keind tay yoo un yoorz
Uz ivvur yoo un yoorz wuz tay oos un oorz.
Here's to you and yours,
And when you and yours come to us and ours,
We and ours will be as kind to you and yours
As ever you and yours were to us and ours.
(Another version.)
Heer'z tay yoo un yoor foak, noa furgittin us un oor foak,
Un gin yoo un yoor foak leiks us un oor foak
Az weel az us un oor foak leiks yoo un yoor foak,
Yoo un yoor foak leiks us un oor foak az weel az foak caan
leik foak.
Here's to you and your people, not forgetting us and our people,
And if you and your people like us and our people
As well as we and our people like you and your people,
You and your people like us and our people as well as people
can like people.
NAMES OF SOME WELL-KNOWN SONGS
Aa hay laid a hairin in saut.	I have laid a herring in salt.
Aa loo nay a laudee but ain.	I love not a laddie but one.
Aa'm wairin uwaw, Jeen.	I'm passing away, Jean.
A guid Nyoo Yeer tay ain un aw.
A good New Year to one and all.
A maan's a maan fur aw dhaat.
A man's a man in spite of all that.
Auld laung sein.	Long long ago.
Beid yee yet.	Just wait a little.
Caalur hairin.	Fresh herring.
Caw dhe yowz tay dhe tnowz.	Drive the ewes to the hillocks.
Coarn-rigz un baarlay-rigz.	Corn-ridges and barley-ridges.
Cum undur maa plaidee, dhe nikht's gaun tay faw.
Come under my cloak, the night's going to fall.
Dhe auld hoos oa Gaask.	The old house of Gask.
Dhe boanay bliith blink oa maa ain fiirseid.
The lovely bright glow of my own fire-side.
Dhe burks oa Endermei.	The birches of Invermay.
Dhe dyuk's dung our maa daadee, oa!
The duck has knocked over my father, oh!
Dhe floorz on dhe foarist.	The flowers of the forest.
Dhe laund oa dhe lail.	The land of the leal.
Dhe weeree pund oa tow.	The weary pound of tow.
Dhur grouz a boanay breeur-buss in oor kailyaird.
There grows a bonny briar-bush in our garden.
Dhur'z nay luck uboot dhe hoos.	There's no luck about the house.
Doon dhe burn, Daivee, laud.	Down the brook, Davie, lad.
Ei waukin, oa!	Always wakeful, oh!
Gin a buddee meet a buddee.	If one meet somebody.
Green growz dhe raashiz, oa!	Green grow the rushes, oh!
Haim caam oor guidmaan at een.
Home came our good man at evening.
Hee'z our dhe hullz ut Ii loo weel.
He's over the hills that I love well.
Hwaat's aw dhe steer, kummur?	What's all the stir, woman?
Hwaur hay yee been aw dhe day, mii boy Taamay?
Where have you been all the day, my boy Tommy?
Hwaw wudnay fekht fur Chairlay?
Who wouldn't fight for Charlie?
Hwun dhe kii cumz haim.	When the cows come home.
Hwun yee gaang uwaw, Jimmay.	When you go away, Jamie.
Hwussul our dhe laiv oa'd.	Whistle over the rest of it.
Jennay daang dhe weevur.	Jenny beat the weaver.
Laast Mei a braw oour caam doon dhe laang glen.
Last May a fine wooer came down the long glen.
Maa hert iz sair fur sumbuddee.	My heart is sore for somebody.
Maa hert'z i dhe Heelunts.	My heart is in the Highlands.
Maa midhur ment maa auld breeks.
My mother mended my old breeches.
Maa oanlay joa un deeree, oa!
My only sweetheart and darling, oh!
Maa weif hez tain dhe gee	 My wife has taken the pet.
Oa aw dhe erts dhe wund caan blaw.
Of all the directions the wind can blow.
Oa, dhus iz noa maa am n laussay.	Oh, this is not my own lassie.
Oa, duinay aask mee gin Aa loo yee.
Oh, do not ask me if I love you.
Oa, duinay thenk, boanay laussay, Aa'm gaun tay laiv yee.
Oh, do not think, pretty maid, I am going to leave you.
Oa, hwussul un Aa'll cum tee yee, maa laud.
Oh, whistle and I'll come to you, my lad.
Oa, Wullay brood a pekk oa maut.
Oh, Willie brewed a peck of malt.
Our dhe muir amoan dhe hedhur.
Over the moor among the heather.
'Saw yee Joanay cumin?' koa shee.
'Saw you Johnny coming?' quoth she.
Taak yur auld cluk uboot yee.	Take your old cloak about you.
Ulkay blaid oa gress keps uts ain draap oa dyoo.
Every blade of grass catches its own drop of dew.
Up un waur dhum aw, Wullay.	Up and beat them all, Willie.
Wee a hundur peipurz unaw, unaw.
With a hundred pipers as well, as well.
Wull yee gaang tay dhe Heelunts, Leezee Linzay?
Will you go to the Highlands, Lizzie Lindsay?
Wull yee gaang tay dhe yow-bukhts, Mairun?
Will you go to the ewe-folds, Marion?
Wull yee noa cum baak ugen? Will you not come back again?
Dhe Peddlur un'z paak.
(A local ballad.)
Dhe peddlur cawd in baa dhe hoos oa Glennyook,
Hwin dhe femlay wuz bii wee dhair brekfust un book;
Dhe laussayz wuz caimin un curlin dhur hair,
Tay gaang tay dhe breidul oa Maagee Mucnair.
'Guid moarn,' koa dhe peddlur, foo fraank un foo free,
'Cum see hwaw dhis day wull bee haansul tay mee;
Un giff an ull baargin shee haapun tay maak,
Aa'll gee hur maasel un dhe hail oa maa paak'.
'Ahaa,' koa dhe guidweif, 'Gif Ii'v oanay skull,
Dhaat wud bee but maakin waur oot oa ull,
Fur, sertay, maa doakhturz oa waark wud bee slaak
Tay truj throo dhe cuntray un kerray a paak.'
'Guidweif,' koa dhe peddlur, 'ut's oanlay a joak,'
Uz hee flaang doon hiz waallut tay shoa dhem hiz stoak.
Hwin shee saw hiz ruch caargay, shoe rood air shee spaak
Say likhtlay oa aidhur dhe peddlur or'z paak.
Dhe laussayz droo roond um wee cleer glaansin een,
Tay glour oan hiz wair dhaat mikht futtit dhe Queen.
Dhey weild un dhay boakht saitunz, rubbing, un lais,
Tull dhay raizd moanay a lurk oan dhe laird's niggurd fais.
Hiz broachiz un braisluts wee diimunz enrucht,
Dhay greend fur tull baith hert un een wuz bewucht;
But boanay bliith Nellay stuid ei a but baak,
Stailin looks at dhe peddlur, but nair meint dhe paak.
Dhis boanay yung laussay hiz faansay did moov,
Hee saw dhaat hur blinks wuz dhe glaansiz oa luv.
Say a neklus hee geed ur wee pairlin beset,
Sayin, 'Hwaw kenz but us twaw may bee merraid yet?'
Hur hert laap wee joy ulkay teim hee caam roon,
Tull hee tellt hee hed tain a braw shoap i dhe toon.
Dhe blush left hur cheek, un her haid likht did reel,
For shee dreedid dhis wud bee his hinmust fairweel.
'Look bliith, mii deer laussay, yur fairs baanish aw,
Yur pairunts may fleit un yur tuttayz may jaw;
But dhay'll hertilay roo yet, ut air dhe joak braak
Say lukhtlay on mee hwin Aa kerraid dhe paak.'
Un dhe auld weif kent noakht oa dhe saikrut uvaw,
Hwin ay day tay dhe kirk shee gaid voagay un braw;
But hur hert tull hur mooth laap, dhe sweit on hur braak,
Hwin shee haard Nellay criid tay dhe cheeld wee dhe paak.
Shee saat wee a fais haafunz roassun wee shaim,
Sein uwaw at twaal oorz shee gaid scoorin straakht haim.
Shee meint nay dhe text, or ay wurd dhe preest spaak,
Aw hur thoakhts wuz tain up wee dhe peddlur un'z paak.
'Hwaat's raang,' koa dhe laird, 'ut yee'r haim heer say
suin,
Dhe kail'z noa loang on; iz dhe day-sairvis duin?'
'Naa, naa,' koa dhe kummur, 'but Aa'v goat un uffrunt,
Dhaat fur munths tay cum wull ma boazum gaar dunt.
'Dhaat glaikit sluit Nell, dhaat wee'v dautit say weel,
Shee'z geen us a purn ut ull sair us tay reel.
For aw wee'v waurd oan ur oa pound un oa plaak,
Shee'z threis criid dhis day tay dhe cheeld wee dhe paak.'
'Ahaa,' koa dhe laird, 'gin shee bee sik a fuil,
Hee'll git hur az bair az dhe burk-tree at Yuil.
Hwaur iz shee, dhe sluit, if I cood hur but fin,
Fient haad mee, but I wud reeshul hur skin.'
But Nell, shee foarsaw hwaat dhe upshoat wud bee,
Say shee gaid croas dhe muir tull a freend'z hoos a wee;
Hwin a chais un pair caam, un hwunair daylikht braak,
Shee set aaf wee dhe peddlur, unfaasht wee dhe paak.
Hee raiz up in welth, hee raiz up in faim,
Un dhe teitul oa Beilay affixt tull hiz naim.
Noo dhe laird oa Glennyook uboot naithing ull craak
Saif dhe Beilay, but nair hints a wurd oan dhe paak.
(Translation.)
THE PEDLAR AND HIS PACK.
The pedlar called in at the house of Glenneuk,
When the family had done with their breakfast and family
worship.
The girls were combing and curling their hair,
To go to the wedding of Maggie Macnair.
'Good morning,' quoth the pedlar, quite frankly and freely,
'Come see who to-day will be the first to buy something from me,
And if a bad bargain she happen to make,
I'll give her myself and the whole of my pack.'
'Aha,' quoth the laird's wife, 'if I've any skill,
That would be but making worse out of ill,
For truly, my daughters would have little to do
Before they would trudge through the country and carry a pack.'
'Good lady,' quoth the pedlar, 'it's only a joke,'
As he flung down his wallet to show them his stock.
When she saw his rich cargo she rued having ever spoken
So lightly of either the pedlar or his pack.
The girls drew round him with clear glancing eyes,
To gaze at his ware that might have been fit for the Queen.
They chose and they bought satins, ribbons, and lace,
Till they raised many a scowl on the laird's niggardly face.
His brooches and bracelets with diamonds enriched
They longed for till both heart and eyes were bewitched
But pretty, bright Nellie stood always a little behind,
Stealing looks at the pedlar, but took no notice of the pack.
This pretty young girl his fancy did move,
He saw that her looks were the glances of love,
So a necklace he gave her, set with seed pearls,
Saying, 'Who knows but that we two may be married some day '.
Her heart leaped with joy every time he came round,
Till he told her he had taken a fine shop in the town.
The blush left her cheek, and her brain reeled,
For she feared this would be his last farewell.
Look happy, my dear girl, your fears banish all,
Your parents may scold, and your sisters may chatter
But they'll heartily rue yet that ever jokes were passed
So lightly about me when I carried the pack.'
And the old lady knew nothing of the secret at all,
Till one day to the church she went vain and smart
But her heart to her mouth leaped, and perspiration broke out
on her,
When she heard Nellie's banns proclaimed with the fellow with
the pack.
She sat with her face half roasted with shame,
Then off she went at twelve o'clock, rushing straight home.
She paid no heed to the text, or to one word the priest said,
All her thoughts were taken up with the pedlar and his pack.
'What's wrong,' quoth the laird, 'that you're home here so soon?
The broth has not been long on the fire. Is the service over?'
'No, no,' quoth the woman, 'but I've had an insult
That for months to come will make my heart beat.
'That giddy slut Nellie, whom we petted so much,
She's given us a reel that will take (serve) us to fill.
In spite of all we've spent on her of pound and penny,
Her banns have been thrice proclaimed to-day to the fellow with
the pack.'
'Aha,' quoth the laird, 'if she be such a fool
He'll get her as bare as the birch-tree at Yule.
Where is she, the slut; if I could but find her,
Devil take me, but I would rattle her skin.'
But Nell foresaw what the upshot would be,
So she went across the moor to a relation's house for a little
while
When a chaise and pair came, and as soon as ever daylight broke,
She set off with the pedlar, unburdened with the pack.
He grew in wealth, he grew in fame,
And the title of Town Councillor was affixed to his name.
Now the laird of Glenneuk about nothing will chat
Save the Town Councillor, but never hints of the pack.
DICTIONARY
A or Aa
(as in English Ah! alms, far,father.)
A, indef. art. a (pronounced u).
A, v. slurred for hay, have.
Aa, pers. pron. I (Ii).
Aaf, prep. off (of).
Aak, n. and v.i. act.
Aakht, obs. num. eight (ait).
Aantay, n. aunt (aant).
Aanturin, a. occasional, rare.
Aargee, vi. argue.
Aargee baargee, n. argument,
quarrel, hot discussion.
Aarn, n. alder.
Aarnut, n. earth-nut (erth-nut).
Aashut, n. large dish.
Aask, n. newt.
Ai (see separate letter).
An, indef. art. an (pronounced un).
At, prep. at.
Au (see separate letter).
Az, adv. as.
Ai
(as in E. aim, pain, raise, pale, day,
dame, fate).
Aiblinz, adv. perhaps, possibly.
Aibul, a. able (aibl).
Aicur, n. acre (aicur).
Aidhur, adv. and conj. either
(eedhur), however.
Aigee, n. ague (aigyoo).
Aih? interj. eh?
Aij, n. edge (ej).
Aik, n. oak.
Aikoarn, n. acorn.
Ail, n. ale (ail).
Ailay, n. alley (allay).
Aimuk, n. ant.
Ain, num. one (wun); pl. ainz.
Ain (long vowel), ref. adj. own
(oan).
Ains, adv. once (wuns).
Ainz airund, adv. (one's errand),
specially, for that alone.
Aipitaaf, n. epitaph.
Aipul, n. apple.
Aipulringay, n. southernwood.
Aipurn, n. apron (aiprun).
Air, n. 1. air ; 2. heir (air), v.i. succeed
to, inherit property from
'hee aird hiz unkul.'
Air, a. early (erli).
Airlay, a. early (erli).
Airn, v.t. curdle (milk).
Airninz, n. pl. rennet, made from
a calf's stomach.
Airnist, a. earnest (ernest).
Airskep, n. heirship, inheritance.
Airth, n. earth (erth).
Airthquaak, n. earthquake (erthquaik.).

Airund, n. errand.
Aish, n. ash.
Aist, n. east (eest).
Ait, v. t. eat (eet); pa. ett or uit; pp.
aitun.
Ait-caik, n. oatcake.
Aith, n. oath.
Aitmail, n. oatmeal.
Aits, n. pl. oats.
Aitun, pa. p. of ait, eaten (eeten).
Aiv, n. eave (eev).
Aivnin, n. evening (eevning).
Aivun, a. even (eeven); adv. straight,
right.
Aix, n. axe.
Aizee, a. easy (eezi).
Ay! interj. Oh! Ah!
Ay, a. one (wun), only; ay day,
adv. one day.
Au (see also O)
(as in E. awe, paw, dawn, fall).
Aubuddee, n. everybody.
Audhegidhur, adv. altogeth er.
Aufay, a. awful; adv. awfully, very.
Aufayleik, a. bad, ugly, disgraceful,
disreputable.
Augait, adv. everywhere.
August, n. August.
Aukht, a. owed.
Aukhteen, num. eighteen (aiteen).
Auld, a. old (oald).
Auldfaarund, a. old-fashioned,
sagacious, shrewd, quaint.
Auld Kirk, n. Established Church.
Auld Maid, n. Old Maid (a game).
Auldun, a. olden.
Aumray, n. cupboard.
Aun, n. awn, beard of grain.
Aunsur, n., v.t. and i. answer (anser).
Aunur, n. part of a mill for removing
aunz.
Aurld, a. engaged as a servant.
Aurlz, n. pl. earnest money.
Ausum, a. awful.
Authing, n. everything.
Auwuld, a. lying on its back (of a
sheep).
Aw, a. all (aul), every.
Aw, v.t. owe (oa); pa. p. aukht.
Aweel-a-waat, interj. well! well!
(well I know!).
B (as in E.).
Baa, prep. by (bii).
Baabteez, v.t. baptize.
Baabteezm, n. baptism.
Baad, a. bad.
Baadhur, n. and v.t. bother.
Baadlay, a. ill.
Baagee, n. minnow.
Baak, n., v.t., adv., and prep. back
(bak).
Baak-cumin, n. return.
Baak-doar, n. back-door.
Baak-end, n. the end of the year,
late autumn.
Baak-haund, n. back-hand, with
the bias to the right (at bowls).
Baakit, n. wooden box for salt,
ashes, &c.
Baalin-gun, n. pop-gun.
Baalund, n. ballad.
Baand, n. band.
Baand, v. pa. of bind, bind.
Baandstur, n. binder of sheaves.
Baandz, n. minister's bands.
Baank, n. bank; v. put in a bank,
deal with a bank.
Baanuk, n. thick cake toasted on
girdul.
Baanut, n. bonnet, cap.
Baanut-laird, n. small landowner,
yeoman.
Baap, n. roll of bread.
Baar, n. bar.
Baaray, n. barrow (barroa).
Baark, n. and v. bark (baark).
Baarn, n. barn.
Baarul, n. barrel.
Baas, n. door-mat.
Baash, n. blow, dent; v. knock in,
dent.
Baat, n. bat.
Baats, n. bots (a disease of animals).
Baid, vi. pa of beid, stayed.
Baid, n. bead (beed).
Baidul, n. church officer, beadle
(beedul).
Baik, v.t. bake (baik); n. soft biscuit.

Baik-hoos, n. bakehouse.
Baikur'z dizun, n. thirteen.
Bail, v.i. fester, suppurate.
Baim, n. beam (beem).
Bain, n. bone (boan).
Bair, a. bare (bair); n. coarse
barley.
Bair, v.t. bear (bair); pa. boar;
pa. p. boarn.
Bairay, n. berry.
Baird, n. beard (beerd).
Bairfut, a. bare-footed.
Bairin-rain, n. bearing-rein.
Bairn, n. child.
Bairnlay, a. childish.
Bais, n.pl. of baist, beasts (beests).
Baisun, n. basin.
Baist, n. beast (beest), a head of
horned cattle; pl. bais, cattle.
Bait, v.t. beat (beet); pa. bait.
Baith, a. both (boath).
Baiz, a. bad (applied to a person),
base (bais).
Baubee, n. halfpenny.
Baubee dup, n. tallow candle.
Baucun, n. bacon (baicon).
Baud, vpa. of bid, bade (bad).
Baudrinz, n. pussy.
Bauk, n. balk (bauk), a strip of
unploughed land between two
fields; rafter; beam of a pair of
scales.
Baukhul, n. old shoe or boot.
Bauks, n.pl. balance for weighing.
Bauld, a. bold (boald).
Baund, n. band.
Baurlay, n. (1) barley (baarlay);
(2) parley, truce (at tig).
Baurlay-braaks, n. game of tig
round the stacks.
Baurlay-mail, n. barley-meal.
Baw, n. ball (baul).
Bed, n. bed; v. put to bed, prepare
a bed for.
Bed, v. pa. of beid, stayed.
Beddeez, n. hopscotch.
Bee, n. bee; v. aux. be (bee); pa.
wuz; pa. p. been; prep. beside,
in comparison with.
Beech, n. beech-tree.
Beef, n. beef.
Beeld, n. shelter.
Been, n. bean (been).
Been, adj. well off, prosperous.
Been, v. pa. p. of bee, been.
Beer, n. beer.
Beestee mulk, n. the first milk of
a cow after calving.
Beetul, n. potato-masher.
Beez, conj. beside, in comparison
with, than.
Begin, v.t. begin; pa. begood;
pa.p. begood.
Begood, v., pa. and pa. p. of begin,
began, begun.
Begruttun, a. showing signs of
weeping.
Behuddun, a. beholden, indebted.
Beibul, n. Bible (biibul).
Beid, v.i. abide (abeid), wait, stay,
dwell, endure; pa. baid or bed;
pa.p. biddun.
Beik, n. nest of wild bees or wasps.
Beil, n. and v.t. boil.
Beilay, n. town magistrate.
Beilur, n. boiler.
Beit, n. and v.t. bite (biit); pa. bet ;
pa. p. buttun.
Bekk, v.i. curtsey.
Beld, a. bald (bauld).
Bell, n. bell; v.t. proclaim by sound
of bell.
Bellaybaand, n. .girth.
Bellusiz, n. bellows (belloaz).
Ben, n. an inner room, bedroom, or
sitting-room.
Ben, adv. and conj. towards the
inner room or sitting-room.
Bend, v. bend.
Benjee, n. bumping a person on the
ground.
Bent, n. a long coarse grass.
Best, adj. best.
Bet, v. pa. of' beit, bit.
Bettur, a. better.
Betwixt, prep. between.
Bich, n. bitch.
Bid, v.i. bid ; pa. baud ; pa. p. biddun.

Biddun, v. pa. p. of bid, bidden,
and of' beid, stayed.
Big, a. big, proud.
Bigg, v.t. and i. (1) build (bild),
(2) beg.
Biggin, n. building, house.
Biggur, n. beggar.
Big hoos, n. manor-house.
Bii, v.t. buy (bii); pa. and pa.p.
boakht.
Bii, adv. by, past; prep. past, beside,
in comparison with, besides;
conj. in comparison with.
Bii-oardnur, a. extraordinary; adv.
extraordinarily.
Biir, n. cowhouse.
Biius, n. bias (biius).
Bii wee'd, by with it, dead, done
for.
Bikkur, n. a small two-handled
dish or cup.
Bilaiv, v.t. believe (beleev).
Billay, n. young fellow.
Biloang, v.i. belong.
Bind, v.t. bind (biind); pa. baand;
pa.p. bund.
Bing, n. heap.
Bink, n. wooden shelf.
Binnay, conj. except.
Birl, v.t. spin (e.g. a bawbee or a
teetoatum).
Bizzum, n. besom (bezom).
Blaak, a. black.
Blaakay, n. blackbird.
Blaakbairray, n. black currant.
Blaak puddin, n. black sausage.
Blaankit, n. blanket.
Blaast, n. blast, shower, squall.
Blaid, n. blade (blaid), leaf of a
tree.
Blait, a. shy, bashful, sheepish.
Blaiz, n. and v.i. blaze.
Blaun, v. pa.p. of blaw, blown
(bloan).
Blaw, n. blow (bloa); v.i. and t.
blow, boast; pa. bloo; pa.p.
blaun.
Blawwurd, n. blue corn-flower.
Bled, v., pa. and pa.p. of bluid,
bled.
Bledhur, n. bladder.
Bledhurz, n.pl. nonsense.
Blegyerd, a. blackguard (blagaard).
Bleich, v.t. bleach (bleech).
Blekkay, n. black man, smut in
wheat.
Blem, n. and v.t. blame (blaim).
Bliith, a. glad, happy, cheerful.
Blind, a. blind (bliind).
Blind-boalay, n. blind-man's-buff.
Blink, n. glance, glimpse, twinkle.
Blissin, n. grace before meat.
Bloo, a. blue (bloo).
Bloo, v. pa. of blaw, blew (bloo).
Bloojennay, n. hedge-sparrow.
Bluidee fingurz, n. foxglove.
Bluidee puddin, n. red sausage.
Bluim, n. blossom, bloom.
Blundurz, n. blinkers.
Bluss, v.t. bless.
Boab, n. shilling.
Boabee, n. policeman.
Boabin, n. bobbin.
Boad, n. bid at an auction.
Boad, v.i. wish.
Boadee, n. body.
Boadul, n. old coin of small value.
Boagul, n. goblin
Boain, n. flat dish in which milk
stands to cream.
Boak, v.i. belch.
Boakht, pa. and pa. p. of bii,
bought.
Boal, n. (1) recess in wall for
holding small articles; (2) rude
window.
Boalt, n. bolt (boalt).
Boanay, a. bonny, pretty, beautiful.

Boar, v.pa. of bair, bore (boar).
Boar, n. boar.
Boaray, v.t. borrow.
Board, n. border of a much.
Boardee much, n. embroidered
cap.
Boarn, pa.p. of bair, born.
Boas, a. hollow; n. support for a
haystack.
Boat, n. boat.
Boathay, n. cottage for unmarried
ploughmen.
Boatul, n. bottle.
Boatul oa stray, n. bundle of
straw.
Boax, n. box.
Boax-bed, n. closed-in bed in wall
of room.
Boax-dhe-beddeez, n. hopscotch.
Boddum, n. bottom.
Boin, n. tub.
Boo, v.t. and i. bow (bou), bend;
pa. and pa.p. bood, bent.
Bood, pa. and pa.p. of boo, bent.
Book, n. (1) bulk; (2) book.
Bool, n. playing marble, playing
bowl (boal).
Boolin-green, n. bowling-green.
Boon-tree, n. elder.
Booz, v.i. drink, carouse.
Bouay, n. wooden pail.
Boul, n. bowl (boal).
Boustur, n. bolster (boalstur).
Boustur-coad, n. bolster.
Bouzay-liggit, a. bandy-legged.
Bow, n. (1) bow (boa); (2) boll
(boal), a measure of capacity.
Braak, v.pa. of brek, broke (broak).
Braamay-, Brummul-wurm, n.
striped worm found in dung-hills,
used as bait.
Braandee, n. brandy.
Braang, broakht, v. pa. of bring,
brought.
Braat, n. a coarse washing apron.
Braaxay, n. an internal inflammation
in sheep; mutton from a
diseased sheep.
Braid, n. bread (bred).
Brais, n. mantelpiece.
Braith, n. breath (breth).
Braulay, a. and adv. quite well,
well enough.
Brawz, n. pl. finery.
Bray, n. slope, side of a hill.
Bred, v. pa. and pa.p. of breed,
bred.
Bred, a. broad (braud).
Breed, n. breadth.
Breed, v t. breed; pa. and pa.p.
bred.
Breeks, n. pl. breeches (brichiz).
Breer, v.i. sprout (e.g. corn or
turnips); n. the first appearance
of a crop above ground.
Breer-buss, n. briar-bush.
Breest, n. breast (brest).
Breid, n. bride (briid).
Breidgruim, n. bridegroom.
Breidul, n. bridle, head of a
plough.
Brek, v. break (braik); pa. braak;
pa. p. brukkun.
Brekhum, n. horse's collar.
Brekkun, n. bracken, fern.
Brensh, n. branch (bransh).
Brent, n. smooth.
Bresh, n. brush, a short attack of
illness, a mild epidemic.
Bress, n. brass.
Brichin, n. strap round horse's
quarters under the tail.
Bridhur, n. brother (brudher).
Brig, n. bridge (brij).
Brik, n. brick.
Brikht, a. bright (briit).
Bring, v.t. bring; pa. braang or
broakht; p a . p. broakht.
Broach, n. brooch (broach).
Broad, n. pot-lid, the plate at
the church door for offerings,
draught-board, brood.
Broak, n. badger.
Broak-dush, n. receptacle for refuse,
pig's pail.
Broaks, n. leavings, refuse.
Broakht, v. pa. and pa. p. of bring,
brought (braut).
Broath, n. pl. broth.
Broaz, n.pl. brose, a mixture of
oatmeal with boiling water.
Broazay, a. fat.
Broo, n. brow (brou).
Broon, a. brown (broun).
Broonee, n. a beneficent elf who
does people's work for them.
Broonkaidees, n. bronchitis.
Broouree, n. brewery.
Broul, n. firewood.
Brug, n. shoemaker's awl.
Brui, n. and v.t. brew (broo).
Bruim, n. broom.
Bruit, n. brute (broot).
Bruk, n. brick.
Brukkul, a. brittle.
Bruklay, a. brittle.
Brummul, n. bramble, blackberry.

Brumstain, n. brimstone.
Brunt, v.pa. and pa. p. of burn,
burnt.
Bubblay-joak, n. turkey-cock.
Buddee, n. person.
Buffits, n. pl. mumps.
Buffit-stuil, n. a low table with
leaves to fold down.
Buid, v. pa. of maan, behoved, had
to, ought to.
Buiraiul, n. burial, funeral (berrial).
Buiray, v.t. bury (berri).
Buird, n. board, curved side of a
plough.
Buirdlay, a. stout, stalwart.
Buit, n. boot.
Bukht, n. sheep-pen; v.t. pen
sheep.
Bukkay, n. sea-snail, spiral shell.
Bukkit, n. washing-tub, bucket.
Bull, n. bull (bool).
Bull, n. bill.
Bullay, n. bullfinch.
Bullut, n. bullet (boolit).
Bum, v.i. hum.
Bumbee, n. humble-bee.
Bum-cloak, n. flying-beetle.
Bung, v.t. throw.
Bunk, n. box.
Bunkur, n. small cupboard in wall
near fire.
Bunnay, conj. and prep. except.
Burd, n. bird.
Burdee, n. little bird, term of endearment.

Burk, n. birch.
Burkay, n. smart fellow.
Burlay, n. uproar, tumult.
Burn, v.i. and t. burn; pa. and pa.p.
brunt.
Burnum, n. laburnum.
Burr, n. burr.
Burray, n. borough (buroa).
Burs, n. bristle.
Bursay, a. bristly, quarrelsome.
Bursul, v.t. parch, scorch, roast.
Bursuld tautayz, n. roast potatoes.
Burz, v.t. press, squeeze.
Bushul, n. bushel (booshul).
Busk, v.t. dress.
Buskit, n. biscuit.
Buss, n. bush (boosh).
But, n. bit, the point.
But, n. an outer room, kitchen end
of a house.
But, adv., conj. and prep. towards
the outer room or kitchen, without,
except.
But, v. pa. same as buid, behoved,
had to, ought to.
Buttun, n. button.
Buttun, pa. p. of beit, bitten.
Buttur, n. butter; a. bitter.
Buttur-baik, n. soft biscuit made
with butter.
Butturflee, n. butterfly.
Buznus, n. business (biznis).
C (hard as in E. kick). See also K.
Caab, v.t. pilfer.
Caach, v.t. catch (cach); pa. and
pa.p. caacht.
Caach-dhe-ten, n. Catch-the-Ten
(a card-game).
Caadis, n. dust of threads in weaving.

Caaf, n. chaff.
Caajur, n. hawker with a cart,
cadger.
Caalant, n. boy.
Caalur, a. fresh.
Caam, v. pa of cum, came (caim).
Caamstain, n. soft stone used for
polishing hearthstones.
Caamsteeree, a. wild, unmanageable.

Caan, v. aux. can; pa, cood or cud.
Caanay, a. slow, gentle, cautious.
Caannay, v. can't (caant).
Caantay, a. happy, jolly, cheerful.
Caap, n. wooden bowl, cup.
Caar, a. left (hand).
Caaray,Caarhaundit, a left-handed.
Caarichiz, n. pl. catechism.
Caarl, n. man, especially an old
man.
Caars, n. a wide stretch of level
land along a river.
Caarut, n. carrot.
Caast, v.t. cast; pa. cuist; pa.p.
cuisn.
Caast, v. weed out, reject, cut (peat
or turf).
Caast, n. foal.
Caast oot wee, v.i. quarrel with.
Caastul, n. castle (caasl).
Caast up, v.i. turn up; v.t. accuse.
Caat, n. cat.
Caat-belt, n. knitted garter of
fancy yarn.
Caat's ee, n. speedwell.
Caattay un duggay, n. tip-cat
Caatul, n. horned cattle of the ox
kind.
Caatul-baist, n. a head of horned
cattle.
Caatulmun, n. cattle-man.
Caatul reed, n. enclosed court for
cattle.
Caibur, n. caber.
Caik, n. cake (caik).
Caim, n. comb (coam).
Cain, n. rent paid in kind.
Caipurz, n. antics, nonsense.
Cair, n. and v.i. care (cair); Aa'm
no cairin (I don't care).
Cairfay, a. careful.
Cairn, n. loose heap of stones.
Cathul nails, n. nails through
body of cart and axle.
Caudee, n. caddie, carrier of golf--
clubs
Cauf, n. calf (caaf).
Cauf-cuntray, n. native place.
Cauk, n. chalk (chauk).
Cauld, n. and a. cold (coald).
Cauldreif, a. always cold, susceptible
to cold.
Cauld steer, n. oatmeal and
water.
Caum, a. calm; n. slate-pencil.
Caundee, n. candy.
Caunul, n. candle.
Caunulzday,
Caunulzmus n. Candlemas, 2nd
of February.
Causay, n. causeway.
Caw, n. and v. call (caul).
Caw, v. drive, knock, set a-going
Cay, n. jackdaw.
Ch (see separate letter).
Claag, v.t. clog (e.g. with mud).
Claam, v.pa. of clim, climbed
(cliimd).
Claamjaamfray, n. a lot of people
(contemptuous).
Claap, n. and v.t. clap.
Claash, n. gossip, scandal; v.t.
smash.
Claith, n. cloth.
Claivur, v.i. talk idly.
Claivurz, n. pl. idle chatter.
Claiz, n.pl. clothes (cloadhz).
Claiz-baaskit, n. clothes-basket.
Claurtay, a. dirty.
Claw, v. scratch.
Cled, v.pa. p. of cleed, clad,
clothed.
Cleed, v.t. clothe (cloadh); pa. and
pa. p. cled.
Cleek, n. cleek, large hook; v.t, and
i. hook, take an arm.
Cleekit, a. arm in arm; (of a horse)
nerved, lifting the foot too high.
Cleen, a. clean (c/een); v.t. clean
adv. quite.
Cleer, a. clear (cleer).
Cleesh ma claivur, n. idle gossip.
Clei, n. clay.
Cleip, v.i. tell tales.
Cleipay, n. tell-tale.
Clerk, n. clerk (clark).
Clert, n. a dirty person.
Cless, n. class.
Clink, n. cash.
Clivvur, a. agile, clever, active.
Cloag, n. stump of a tree.
Cloak, n. (1) beetle; (2) clock.
Cloakin-hen, n. sitting-hen.
Cloas, n. entry, narrow passage.
Cloas, a. stifling.
Cloavur, n. clover (cloaver).
Cloazit, n. closet (clozet).
Cloodz, n. clouds.
Cloor, n. and v.t. bruise, dent, blow.
Cloot, n. strip of cloth, clout, patch.
Cloot, v.t. patch, mend.
Clout, n. knock, blow.
Clud, n. cloud.
Clug, n. clog.
Cluit, n. cloven hoof.
Cluk, n. cloak.
Clum, v.i. and t. climb (cliim); pa.
claam, pa. p. clumd.
Clumd, v. pa. p. of clum, climbed
(cliimd).
Clup, v.t. clip, shear, cut (grass).
Cluppay, a. sharp of speech, snappish.

Coa, v. pa. quoth.
Coad, n. pillow, cushion.
Coadul, v.t. coax, wheedle.
Coafay, n. coffee.
Coaft, v. pa. bought.
Coafun, n. coffin.
Coag, n. wooden bowl.
Coagee, n. small wooden bowl.
Coak, n. cock.
Coakay-leekee, n. chicken soup
with leeks in it.
Coal, n. coal, haycock.
Coalay, n. collie dog.
Coalay shaangay, n. dog-fight, uproar,
noisy row.
Coalekshun, n. collection.
Coal-hoos, n. coal-house.
Coalup, n. a cut of meat, rasher.
Coalur, n. collar.
Coaluraa, n. cholera.
Coamic, n. funny person.
Coamikul, a. comical.
Cóamitee, n. committee.
Coansait, n. conceit (conseet).
Coansaitit, a. conceited (conseeted).
Coanstunt, adv. constantly.
Coansurt, n. concert.
Coantaak, n. contact.
Coantur, a. contrary, opposite; v.t.
contradict, oppose.
Coapee, n. and v.t. copy.
Coapur, n. copper.
Coarbee, n. raven.
Coard, n. cord.
Coarn, n. corn, oats.
Coarn-skreekh, n. corn-crake.
Coarnul, n. colonel (curnul).
Coarnur, n. corner.
Coarp, n. corpse (corps).
Coast, n. and v.t. cost.
Coat, n. coat, petticoat.
Coats, n. pl. petticoats, skirts.
Coatuj, n. cottage.
Coatun, n. cotton.
Coazee, a. cosy, snug, comfortable.
Complen, v.i. complain, be out of
sorts.
Connek, v.t. connect.
Coo, n.f. cow (cow); pl. kii.
Cooch, n. couch; interj. sound made
to drive a dog away.
Cood (or cud), v. aux. pa. of caan,
could (cood).
Coodnay, v. pa. couldn't (coodnt).
Cook, n.f. and v.t. cook.
Cookee, n. small, round, plain bun.
Coo-lik, n. hair sticking up in
front.
Coom, n. is. coal-dust, flakes of soot.
Coont, n. and v.i. count.
Coopur, n. cooper.
Cooquaak, n. cold weather in May,
when the cows go out.
Coors, a. coarse.
Coors, n. course (coars).
Coort, n. and v.t. court (coart),
woo.
Coothay, a. cosy, comfortable-looking,
familiar, kindly.
Cootur, n. coulter (coalter).
Correk, a. correct.
Corsekkay, n. a short coat or
blouse.
Coup, v. (1) upset so as to empty
out; (2) deal, buy and sell.
Coup, n. upset, place where rubbish
may be emptied out.
Coupur, n. dealer.
Cout, n. colt (coalt).
Cow, n. branch of broom or juniper,
besom
Cow, v. beat, surpass.
Craabit, a. ill-natured, fretful,
sulky.
Craaft, n. croft.
Craak, n. and vi. chat, gossip,
talk.
Craakit, a. crazy.
Craap, n. crop, the top of a wall.
Craidul, n. cradle.
Craig, n. (1) neck; (2) crag, precipice.

Crain in, v.i. shrink, contract.
Craitur, n. creature (creetyoor).
Craw, n. crow (croa), rook; vi.
crow; pa. croo; pa. p. crawd.
Crawd, v. pa. p. of craw, crowed
(croad).
Cray, n. pigsty.
Creel, n. creel, coarse basket.
Creep, v.i. creep ; p. and p.p.
creepit.
Creepee, n. a low stool.
Creepit, v. pa. and pa. p. of creep,
crept.
Creesh, n. grease (grees).
Creeshee, a. greasy (greezi).
Cress, v.t. and n. crease (crees).
Crii, v. and n. cry (crii), call, publish
intention of marriage in church.
Crii-in sillur, n. fee for calling
banns.
Croak, n. an old ewe past bearing.
Croap, n. crop.
Croas, n. cross.
Croo, v. pa. of craw, crew (croo).
Crood, n. crowd (croud).
Croodul, v.i. coo.
Crool, a. cruel (crooil).
Croon, n. crown.
Croop, n. croup.
Croos, a. bold, brisk, conceited,
proud.
Croudee, n. whisked cream with
oatmeal.
Cruch, n. crutch.
Crudz, n. pl. curds (curds), junket.
Crui, n. pigsty.
Cruizay, n. oil and wick lamp.
Cruk, n. crook, large hook, iron
hook on which pots are suspended
over the fire.
Cruppul, a. cripple.
Crusnin, n. christening.
Cud, cood, v.pa. of v. aux. caan,
could.
Cuddee, n. donkey.
Cuddul, vi. and t. hug, embrace,
nestle.
Cuddul-ma-deeree, n. raspberry
wine.
Cuid, n. cud.
Cuif, n. fool.
Cuil, v.t. cool.
Cuissn, pa.p. of mast, cast, (of
colour) faded.
Cuist, v.pa. of caast, cast.
Cuit, n. ankle-bone, fetlock.
Cuizin, n.  cousin (cuzn).
Cullur n. colour (cullur).
Cum, v.i. come (cum); pa. caam ;
pa. p. cumd.
Cumd, pa. p. of cum, come (cum).
Cummur, n. gossip, woman, girl.
Cuntray, n. country (cuntri).
Cup, n. cup.
Cuppul, n. rafter.
Curch, n. and v.i. curtsey.
Curfufful, a. agitation, whirl.
Curl, v. curl.
Curlay-aandray, n. sugared coriander
seed.
Curlin, n. a game played with
stones on ice.
Curr, v.i. crouch, curtsey.
Curraybukshun, n. disorderly
gathering.
Currhung, v.i. slide in a crouching
attitude.
Curran, a. a few, several.
Currunt, n. currant.
Cushay, n. wood-pigeon.
Cushun, n. cushion (cooshun).
Cut, v. cut, castrate; n. cut, a short
way.
Cuttay, n.f. bad lot (of a woman);
a. stumpy.
Cuttay-peip, n. short, stumpy pipe.
Cuttin-laif, n. a loaf not newly
made.
Cuvinéntur, n. covenanter.
Ch (as in E. church).
Chaaft, n. jaw.
Chaafur, n, small stove for heating
lead.
Chaans, n. chance (chans).
Chaansay, a. safe to risk.
Chaanul, n. gravel.
Chaap, n. fellow.
Chaap, v.t. strike, knock, beat,
mash, pound; n. stroke.
Chaapin, n. a measure of liquid
= 2 muchkins.
Chaapin-joog, n. a jug which will
hold 2 muchkins.
Chaapin-stuk, n. potato-masher.
Chaapit tautayz, n. pl. mashed
potatoes.
Chaaps mee, an exclamation
claiming something.
Chaip, a. cheap (cheep).
Chaipul, n. chapel.
Chair, n. chair.
Chairj, n. charge (chaarj).
Chairlay, n. dim. for Charles.
Chait, v. and n. cheat (cheet).
Chauldur, n. a measure of grain
= 16 bolls.
Cheef, a. on friendly terms.
Cheek, n. cheek.
Cheeld, n. fellow.
Cheenee, n. china (chiina).
Cheenee aastur, n. China aster.
Cheep, v.i. chirp, speak low; n.
chirp, word.
Cheeree, a. cheerful.
Cheez, n. cheese (cheez).
Cheis, n. choice (chois).
Chen, n. chain.
Chenj, n. and v.t. change (chainj).
Chikin, n. chicken.
Chin, n. chin.
Chittul, v.i. backbite.
Chittur, v.i. shiver, chatter (with
cold).
Choak, vi. and t. choke (choak).
Chouks, n. pl. jaws, chops.
Choukstraap, n. chin-strap.
Chow, n. and v.t. chew (choo).
Chuiz, v.t. choose (chooz).
Chukkay-stain, n. rounded white
stone.
Chulblen, n. chilblain.
Chuldur, n. pl. children.
Chumlay, n. chimney.
Chumlay-pees, n. chimney-piece.
Churray, n. cherry.
D (as in E. dog, door, bad).
'D, pron. slurred form of hut, it.
Daab, v.t. hit a bool in a game at
marbles.
Daab, v.i. (laat) let on, tell.
Daabur-fay-taw, n. good player
at marbles, clever fellow.
Daad, n. lump, chunk, thump,
blow.
Daadee, n. father.
Daadee-laang-legz, n. spinning--
jenny.
Daaf, v.i. sport, flirt.
Daaft, a. mad, idiotic, silly, crazy.
Daaftay, n. idiot, lunatic.
Daagoan't, interj. damn it!
Daam, n. pond.
Daam, v.t. damn (dam).
Daam-broad, n. draught-board.
Daam-haid, n. water headed up by
a dam, pond.
Daam-haid deik, n. pond-embankment.

Daang, v. beat; pa. p. of ding,
beat.
Daans, n. and v.i. dance (dans).
Daarg, n. a day's work.
Daark, n. and a. dark.
Daarknin, n. late evening.
Daid, a. dead (ded).
Daidlay, n. pinafore.
Daidlin, a. dawdling, pottering.
Daid-thrawz, n.  pl. death-struggle
(said of meat getting cold).
Daidul, n. pinafore.
Daidul, v.i. dawdle, trifle, potter.
Daif, a. deaf (def).
Daifay, n. a deaf person.
Dail, n. and v.t. deal (deel).
Dailur, n. dealer (deeler).
Daisunt, a. decent (deesant), respectable.

Daiv, v.t. deafen.
Daundur, n. temper, anger.
Daundur, v.i. and n. saunter, stroll.
Daur, v.i. dare (dair); pa. durst.
Daurnay, vi. dare not; pa. durstnay.

Daut, v.t. fondle, pet, dote on.
Dautay, n. little pet.
Daw, n. father.
Day, n. day (day).
Day, v.t. do (doo).
Declein, n. decline, consumption.
Dee, v.i. die (dii).
Deel, n. devil.
Deel a but, intej. devil a bit.
Deel'z bairn, n. devil's child, bad
lot.
Deel'z books, n. pl. playing-cards.
Deel'z dizin, n. thirteen.
Deel'z dung, n. asafœtida.
Deel'z snuff-boax, n. the common
puff-ball.
Deep, a. deep.
Deer, n. dear, deer.
Deeree, n. darling.
Deik, n. stone wall.
Deikun, n. deacon (deecon).
Deit, n. fool, idiot.
Deitit, a. idiotic, stupid.
Dekaantur, n. decanter.
Delv, v.t. dig
Demuird, a. bamboozled.
Den, n. a small, deep wooded valley.
Dennur, n. dinner.
Dennur-teim, n. dinner-time,
about noon.
Dentee, a. dainty, comely, stately.
Dh; see separate letter.
Dich-how, n. Dutch hoe.
Diizd, a. damned.
Dikht, v.t. and n. wipe.
Din, n. din, noise.
Ding, v.t. beat, knock; pa. daang;
pa.p. dung.
Dinnay, v.a. don't (doant).
Dirdum, n. scolding, blame.
Direk, a. and v.t.. direct.
Disait, n. deceit (deseet).
Discoard, v.i. quarrel.
Discoors, n. discourse (discoars).
Distullur, n. distiller.
Div, v.a. do (doo).
Divauld, v.i.. stop, cease.
Divert, n. amusement; v.t. amuse.
Divnay, irreg. v. do not.
Divut, n. piece of turf, sod.
Dizembur, n. December.
Dizen, n. dozen (du'zn).
Dizzee, a. dizzy.
Doab, v.t. prick.
Doabee, a. prickly.
Doad, interj. God.
Doadee, a. sulky.
Doadz, n. pl. sulks.
Doakhtur, n.f. daughter (dauter).
Doakun, n. dock-plant.
Doal, n doll.
Doalup, n. lump; dhe hail doalup,
the whole lot.
Doaminay, n. schoolmaster.
Doar, n. door (doar).
Doavay, n. stupid lump.
Doavur, v.i. doze (doaz).
Doazund, a. benumbed (wee
cauld).
Doit, n. a bit.
Donnul, n. half a gill.
Donnurd, a. stupid.
Doo, n. dove (duv), pigeon.
Doobul, a double (dubbul).
Dook, v.i. and t. duck, dip, bathe.
Dookin-stuil, n. chair worked by
a lever, for ducking scolds.
Dookit, n. dove-cot.
Doon, adv. and prep. down (doun).
Doonrikht poor, n. heavy shower.
Door, a. hard, stern, obstinate,
stubborn.
Doos, n. thud.
Doos, a. quiet, sober, sedate, respectable,
modest, decent.
Doot, v.t. and i. doubt (dout), suspect,
suppose.
Dottul, n. refuse of a pipe of
tobacco.
Dottul, a. in a state of dotage.
Douay, a. sad, gloomy, dismal,
out-of-sorts.
Doup, n. bottom, buttocks.
Draakht, n. sheep's pluck.
Draakht, n. trace of a cart.
Draam, n. a measure of capacity,
a drink of whisky.
Draank, v. pa. of drink, drank.
Draap, n. drop.
Draid, v. dread (dred), fear.
Draigul, v.i. wet, soak; pa. p.
draiguld.
Draigun, n. paper kite (dragon).
Draik, v.t. moisten, soak (e.g.
meal), steep (clothes).
Draik, n. drake (draik).
Draim, n. and v.i. dream (dreem).
Draipur, n. draper (draiper).
Draiv, v.t. pa. of dreiv, drove.
Draur, n. drawer.
Draurz' haid, n. press, open in
front, used for keeping bread,
&c.
Draw, v.t. draw, play to lie near
the mark (at curling or bowls).
Draw yur huggur, v. pay for a
dram.
Dree, v.t. suffer, expect death.
Dreekh, a. tedious, wearisome.
Dreel, n. drill.
Dreep, v.i. drip.
Dreep, n. play for stakes in
marbles.
Dreepin, n. dripping.
Dreg, v.t. squeeze the last drops
of milk from a cow, which are
considered to be specially nutritious.

Dregglinz, n. pl. leavings of liquid,
last drops, dregs.
Dreiv, n. and v t. drive (driiv), cart;
pa. draiv; pa. p. drivun.
Dreivur, n. driver (driivur).
Dren, n. drain.
Dressin, n. size (for stiffening
cloth).
Dressur, n. dresser.
Dribbul, n. small drop, slaver; v.
drop slowly, slaver.
Drii, a. dry (drii), thirsty.
Drink, v.t. drink; pa. draank;
pa.p. drukkun.
Drivun, v.pa.p. of dreiv, drove.
Droan, n. humming noise, bass of
bagpipes.
Droappit scoan, n. flat scone made
of batter.
Droav, n. drove (droav); v. crowd.
Droavur, n. drover (droaver).
Drook, v.i. drench.
Droon, v.t. drown.
Drooth, n. drought (drout), thirst.
Droothay, a. thirsty.
Drukkun, pa. p. of drink, drunk,
drunken.
Drumlay, a. muddy, discoloured.
Drunk, n. drinking bout.
Dub, duib, n. puddle.
Dubbul, n. and v. dibble.
Duch, n. ditch.
Duchur, n. ditcher.
Duddee, a. ragged.
Dudz, n. pl. clothes, especially rags,
old clothes.
Dufrins, n. difference.
Dufrund, a. different; adv. differently.

Dug, n. dog.
Dui, v.t. and aux. do (doo); pa.
duid, did; pa. p. duin.
Duid, v. pa. of dui, did.
Duin, v. pa.p. of dui, done (dun).
Dull, a. dull, slow.
Dull oa heerin, a. somewhat deaf.
Dumfoondurd, a. struck dumb
with astonishment.
Dumm, a. dumb (dum).
Dummay, n. a dumb person.
Dundurhaid, n. stupid person.
Dung, n. dung.
Dung, v. pa.p. of ding, beaten.
Dunt, a. (1) bump, knock, thump;
(2) a large piece.
Dunt-aboot, n. knock-about, person
treated with little consideration.

Dup, n. dripping (of roast meat).
Dup, n. and v.t. dip, candle.
Durl, n. tingling, vibrating pain.
Durl, v.i. tingle; v.t. make to
tingle
Durst, v. pa. of daur, dared (daird).
Durstnay, v. irreg. p. of daurnay,
daren't.
Dush, n. dish.
Dush-cloot, n. dish-cloth.
Dustuns, n. distance (distans).
Dwaam, n. swoon.
Dwein, v.i. (uwaw), decline, fall
off, fade away.
Dweinin, n. decline, consumption.
D'yee, slurred for dui yee, do
you.
Dyoo, n. dew (dyoo).
Dyuk, n. duck.
Dh (as in E. this, that, the).
Dhaan, adv. then (dhen).
Dhaat, dem. that (dhat); pl. dhay.
Dhaat, adv. so
Dhair, pron. their (dher); poss. of
dhay.
Dhair, adv. there (dher).
Dhairz, pron. a. theirs (dherz).
Dhay, pron. they (dhay).
Dhay, dem. those (dhoaz), pl. of
dhaat.
Dhe, art. the (dhe), pronounced
dhu.
Dhe-day, adv. to-day.
Dhegidhur, adv. together (toogedhur).

Dhem, pron. them (dhem), obj. of
dhay.
Dhe-moarn, adv. to-morrow.
Dhe-nikht, adv. to-night.
Dhe-noo, adv. just now, at present.
Dhe-streen, adv. yesterday.
Dhe-yeer, adv. this year.
Dhon, dem. yon.
Dhondur, adv. yonder.
Dhum, pron. them (dhem), obj. of
dhay.
Dhun, conj. than.
Dhur, pron. these (dheez), pl. of
dhus.
Dhur, pron, slurred for dhair,
their.
Dhur, adv. slurred for dhair,
there.
Dhus, dem. this (dhis).
Dhut, rel. pron. that (dhat), who,
which.
Dhut, conj. that (dhat).
E (as in E. met, pen).
Ee (as in E. meet, seem).
Ei (as in S. fein, wei).
E! interj. Oh!
Ebb, a. shallow, near the surface,
not deep in the ground (as of a
drain).
Eddicaishun, n. education (edyoocaishun).

Edhur, n. (1) udder; (2) adder.
Ee, n. eye (ii); pl. een.
Ee, slurred for i dhe, oa dhe, oan
dhe, in the, of the, on the (see
under Prepositions).
Ee-broo, n. eyebrow.
Eek, n. something additional, supplement.

Eel, n. eel.
Eeldrinz, n. pl. of the same age.
Eelee pigz, n. a children's game.
Een, n. pl. of ee, eyes (iiz).
Een, n. evening (eevning).
Een, adv. just.
Eenoo, adv. just now.
Eent, adv. indeed.
Eeree, a. ghostly, supernatural,
affected by dread of the supernatural.

Effek, n. effect.
Eftur, n. after, past.
Efturnuin, n. afternoon.
Ei, adv, always, still.
Eidul, a. idle (iidil).
Eil, n. oil.
Eirun, n. iron (iiron).
Eis, n. ice (iis).
Ekht, num. eight (ait), eighth
(aitth).
Ekhtay, num. eighty (aity).
Ekht-dayz, n. sing, a week.
Ekhteen, num. eighteen (aiteen).
Elbay,
Elbuk, n. elbow (elboa)
Eldur, n. alder-tree.
Eldur, n. an ordained lay member
of the Kirk Session.
Elimunts, n. bread and wine used
at Holy Communion.
Ell, n. ell, a measure of length and
area.
Ellay, n. alley.
Ellum, n. elm.
Emmik, n. ant.
End, n. end, a round at bowls.
Endeeun-rubber, n. indiarubber.
Ermchair, n. armchair.
Erritur, n. heritor, landowner.
Errum, n. arm.
Ers, n. bottom.
Ert, n. (1) direction, point of the
compass; (2) art (aart).
Esp, n. asp.
Ess, n. ashes.
Ess-baakit, n. ash-box.
Ess-hoal, n. ash-pit.
Ett (or uit), v. pa. of ait, eat (eet).
Ettul, v.i. aim at, propose, intend.

Etturcup, n. spider.
Exibeeshun, n. exhibition.
Expek, v.t. expect.
Exul, n. axle.
F (as in E. fun, stuff).
Faak, n. fact.
Faaktur, n. factor, steward.
Faalay, n. fellow (felloa).
Faand, v.pa. of find, found.
Faang, n. hold (used of a pump).
Paank, n. sheep-fold.
Faanurz, n. winnowers.
Faar, a. far; comp. faarur; sup.
faarist.
Faar baak, adv. long ago.
Faardun, n. farthing (faardhing).
Faarist, a. sup. of faar, farthest
(faardhest).
Faarul, n. floury roll.
Faarur, a. comp. of faar, farther
(faardhar).
Faash, v.t. worry, trouble; pa. and
pa. p. faasht.
Faashus, a. worrying, troublesome,
hard to please.
Faast, n. and a. fast.
Faast-day, n. day of preparation
for Holy Communion.
Faat, n. fat.
Faiburwurray, n. February.
Faidhur, n. father (faadhur).
Fail, n. turf.
Faimlay, n. family
Fain, a. willing, happy.
Fair, n. (1) fair (fair), market; (2)
fear (feer).
Fair, a. fair, thorough; adv. quite.
Fair, n. and v.i. fear (feer); pa. p.
faird.
Faird, a. afraid.
Fairfay, a. fearful.
Fairin, n. present given at a fair.
Fairlay, n. a curiosity, wonder,
strange thing.
Fairn, n. fern.
Fairn-tikkul, n. freckle.
Fairsum, a. fearful, alarming.
Fais, n. face (fais).
Faith, n. and interj. faith.
Faizhun, n. pheasant (fezant).
Fauld, n. and v. fold (foald).
Faun, v. pa. p. of faw, fallen
(fauln).
Faus, a. false (fauls).
Faut, n. fault.
Faw, v. and n. fall; pa. fell; pa. p.
faun.
Faw, n. a measure of area, a Scotch
pole.
Faw oot, v.i. happen, quarrel.
Fay, n. foe.
Fay, prep. from.
Fed, v. pa. and pa. p. of feed, fed.
Fedhur, n. feather (fedhur).
Fedhur coad, n. feather pillow.
Fee, n. fee, hire, wages.
Fee, v.t. hire as a servant.
Feed, n. fodder, food-stuff, feed;
v.t. feed; pa. and pa. p. fed.
Feein-maarkit, market at which
farm servants are hired.
Feekh, intej. exclamation of disgust.

Feel, v.t, feel, smell; pa. and pa.p,
felt.
Feeld, n. field (feeld).
Feenish, v.t. finish.
Feent, in interjections fiend (feend),
devil.
Feer, v.t. mark off ridges by ploughing.

Feerz, n.p1. officially fixed average
prices of grain.
Feet, n. pl. of fut, feet.
Fei, a. bewitched, doomed, acting
strangely.
Feik, n. fuss, a fussy person.
Feikay, a. fussy about trifles.
Feil, v.t. dirty, defile.
Fein, a. fine (fin); adv. well.
Fekht, a. and v.t. fight (fiit); pa.
foakht or fuikht; pa. p. foakhun.

Fekk, n. most, greater part, plenty.
Feklus, a. feeble, careless, forgetful.

Fell, a. remarkable; adv. remarkably,
very.
Fell, v. pa. of faw, fell.
Fellay, n. fellow.
Felt, v. pa. and pa. p. of feel,
felt.
Femin, n. famine (famin).
Femlay, n. family
Fen, a. fain.
Fend, v.i. provide, shift.
Fendur, n. fender.
Fensin dhe taibulz, address before
Communion.
Fent, n. and v.i. faint (feint).
Farm, n. farm.
Fermhoos, n. farmhouse.
Fermur, n. farmer.
Ferray, n. ferry.
Fesh, v. fetch (fech), bring; pa.
fuish; pa. p. fuishun.
Fichiz, n.pl. vetches (vechiz).
Fiddul, n. fiddle.
Fiddlur, n. fiddler.
Fiir, n. fire (fiir).
Fiiv, num. five (fiiv).
Find, v. find (find); pa. faand
pa. p. fund.
Fingur, n. finger (finggur).
Fingur un tay, n. a disease of
turnips.
Finnikin, a. fussy about trifles.
Finnin haadee, n. smoked haddock.

Finninz, n. pl. smoked haddocks.
Finnis, v.i. fidget, itch, be all on
edge.
Fivvur, n. fever (feevur).
Fixfaax, n. soft gristle.
Flaag, n. paving-stone, slab of
stone; flaagz, pl. pavement.
Flaggfluir, n. paved floor.
Flaigun, n. flagon, pitcher.
Flaik, n. hurdle.
Flaikit, a. piebald.
Flail, n. flail.
Flee, n. and vi. fly (flii); pa. floo;
pa. p. floon.
Fleesh, n. fleece (flees).
Fleip, v.t. turn outside in (e.g. a
stocking).
Fleit, v.i. scold; pa. flett; pa. p.
fluttun.
Flekh, n. flea (flee).
Flesh, n. flesh, butcher-meat.
Fleshur, n. butcher.
Flett, adj. and n. flat, saucer.
Flett, v. pa. of fleit, scolded.
Flig, n. and v.t. fright, frighten.
Flii, a. knowing, wideawake.
Flikhturay, a. flighty, fickle.
Flikhun, n. snow-flake, small fall
of snow, small particle.
Flikhur, v.i. flicker.
Fling, v.t. throw.
Fling, n. dance, dance-tune.
Floo, v.pa. of flee, flew (floo).
Floon, v.pa.p. of flee, flown (floan).
Floor, n. flour (flour), flower
(flouer).
Floord, a. embroidered.
Floorin, n. embroidery.
Floor-mail, n. flour.
Flug, n. fright (friit); v.t. scare,
frighten.
Fluir, n. floor (floar), story.
Flunt, n. flint.
Flutt, v.i. flit, change one's abode;
pa. and pa.p. fluttit.
Fluttay, n. flat basin in which
milk is put to cream.
Fluttin, n. flitting, change of
abode, removal of furniture.
Fluttun, v. pa. p. of fleit, scolded.
Foach, v.t. turn over (e.g. scoan
on girdul).
Foak, n. folk (foak), people, persons.

Foakht (or fuikht), v. pa. of fekht,
fought (faut).
Foakhun, v. pa. p. of fekht, fought.
Foal, n. foal.
Foalay, v.t. follow (folloa).
Foand, a. fond.
Foar, n. fore (foar), front; adv.
before, fore; intej. look out in
front (at golf).
Foarbeerz, n. pl. ancestors.
Foardoar, n. front-door.
Foarhaund, n. forehand, with the
bias to the left (at bowls).
Foarit, adv. forwards.
Foark, n. fork.
Foarmun, n. foreman.
Foarnent, prep, right in front of.
Foarnuin, n. forenoon (foarnoon),
morning.
Foart, num. a. fourth (fourth).
Foartay, num. forty.
Foarteen, num. fourteen.
Foartin, n. fortune (fortyoon).
Foarun, a. foreign; adv. abroad.
Foarust, n. forest.
Foazay, a. corpulent, puffy.
Foo, a. full (fool), tipsy; adv.
quite.
Fool, a. foul.
Fool, n. fowl (foul).
Foomurt, n. pole-cat.
Foond, n. foundation.
Foondur, v.i. and t. founder, drink
too much water, break down from
overwork.
Footay, a. mean, treacherous.
Foozhun, n. fizz, pith, spirit,
strength.
Foozhunlis, a. pithless, insipid,
weak, spiritless.
Forrit, n. forward, in football or
hockey.
Four, num. four (foar).
Fraik, v.t. coax, cajole, wheedle.
Fraikay, a. coaxing, wheedling.
Fraish, a. fresh.
Frait, n. superstition, omen.
Free, a. free.
Freend, n. friend (frend), relation;
pl. on speaking terms.
Freenj, n. fringe.
Freez, v.i. freeze (freez); pa. froaz;
pa. p. froazund.
Freiday, n. Friday (Friiday).
Fremd, a. strange, not a relative.
Frii, v.t. fry (frii).
Frikht, n. and v.t. fright (friit).
Frizzul, v.i. fry noisily.
Froa, n. froth.
Froak, n. frock.
Froast, n. frost.
Froastay, a. frosty.
Froastit, a. injured by frost.
Froaz, v.pa. of freez, froze (froaz).
Froazund, pa. p. frozen (froazen).
Froazun-buttun, a. frost-bitten.
Fruit, n. fruit (froot).
Frull, n. frill.
Frush, a. fragile, easily torn or
broken, brittle.
Fudhur, n. fodder.
Fuft, num. a. fifth.
Fuftay, num. fifty.
Fufteen, num. fifteen.
Fugg, n. moss.
Fuggay, a. mossy.
Fuggay-bee, n. humble-bee.
Fuikht, foakht, v.pa. of fekht,
fought (feat).
Fuil, n. fool.
Fuird, n. ford (foard).
Fuirsday, n. Thursday.
Fuish, v. pa. of fesh, fetched.
Fuishun, v.t.pa. p. of fesh, fetched.
Fuitur, v. do work clumsily, fiddle
with one's work.
Fuiturur, n. bungler, useless
worker.
Fuizhunlus, a. without pith or
strength, weak.
Full, a. proud.
Full, v. fill.
Fullay, n. filly.
Full-lay, adv. fully (fooli), rather,
on the whole, rather more than.
Fund, v.pa. p. of find, found.
Fuppul, n. under-lip.
Fur, n. fir.
Fur, prep. for; fur tay, in order to.
Furbii, adv. besides.
Furfoakhun, a. exhausted.
Furgaat, v. pa. of furgit, forgot.
Furgedhur, v.i. meet, meet by
chance.
Furgee, v.t. forgive.
Furgoatun, v. pa. p. of furgit, forgotten.

Furlut, n. a measure of grain.
Furnitur, n. furniture.
Furrin, adv. abroad (foreign).
Furst, num. a. first.
Fush, n. fish.
Fut, n. foot; pl. feet.
Fut-baw, n. football.
Fut-cushun, n. foot-stool.
Fut-ruil, n. foot-rule (foot-rool).
Fut un a haaf, n. leap-frog (foot
and a half).
Fyoozee, n. a kind of match.
G (as in E. gig, gun, rug, always
guttural).
Gaab, n. mouth, chatter, offensive
talk.
Gaab, v.i. chatter, talk offensively.
Gaabur, v.i. gabble, jabber, chatter.

Gaaf, n. gaff for landing salmon.
Gaafur, n. gaffer, foreman of a
gang.
Gaaj, n. and v.t. gauge (gaij),
measure.
Gaajur, n. gauger (gaijur), exciseman.

Gaalun, n. gallon.
Gaalusiz, n. pl. braces.
Gaang, n. a turn of' going for
something.
Gaang, v.i. go; pa. gaid; pa. p.
gain.
Gaang-urul, n. tramp.
Gaant, n. and v.i. yawn.
Gaar, v.t. make, compel.
Gaarut, n. garret.
Gaas, n. gas.
Gaasay bow, n. indiarubber ball.
Gaash, a. well-dressed, smart.
Gaat, v. pa. of git, got.
Gaid, v. pa. of gay, or ging,
went.
Gain, v. pa. of gay, gone (gon).
Gaip, v.i. gape (gaip).
Gaips, n. pi. a disease of poultry.
Gair, n. goods, wealth, stuff.
Gairay, a. wealthy.
Gais, n. and v.t. guess (gess), riddle.
Gaist, n. ghost (goast).
Gait, n. way, road.
Galaashiz, n. pl. goloshes.
Gauin, gaun, v. pres.part. of gaang,
going.
Gauk, n. an awkward person.
Gaukay, a. awkward.
Gausay, a. plump, buxom, handsome.

Gaw, v.t. gall (gaul).
Gawaw, interj. go away!
Gay, v.i. go (goa); pa. gaid; pa.p.
gain.
Gay, v. pa. of gee, gave (gaiv).
Gedhur, v.t. gather (gadher).
Gee, n. pet.
Gee, v.t. give (giv); pa. gay; pa. p.
geen.
Geeg, n. gig.
Geen, v. pa. p. of gee, given.
Geen, n. wild cherry.
Geenee, n.. guinea (gini).
Gees, n. pl. of guis, geese (gees).
Gei, a. peculiar.
Gei, geiun, adv. rather, pretty,
very, peculiarly.
Geid, v.t. guide (giid).
Geid'z aw, intej. guide us all!
Geit, a. mad, out of one's senses.
Geizund, a. shrunken and leaky
(like a dry tub), wrinkled, withered,
wizened.
Gem, n. game.
Gerd, n. and v.t. guard.
Gerdnur, n. gardener.
Gerdun, n. garden.
Gertun, n. garter.
Gibbul, n. tool.
Giff-gaaf, n. mutual giving.
Giizur, n. mummer, masquerader,
especially on Huggmunay.
Gildin, n. gelding.
Gimmur, n. ewe in her second
year before lambing.
Gin, prep. by.
Gin, conj. if.
Ging, v.i. go (goa); pa. gaid; pa. p.
gain.
Gird, n. hoop.
Girdul, n. round iron plate for
baking baanuks and cakes.
Girn, n. (1) gin, snare; (2) grin,
whine, snarl.
Girnul, n. chest for holding oatmeal.

Girs, n. grass.
Girsul, n. gristle (grissul).
Git, vt. get, reach, be called; pa.
gaat; pa. p. goattun.
Glaak, n. gap, dip in a line of
hills.
Glaamur, n. charm.
Glaik, n. a giddy, light-headed
girl.
Glaikit, n. giddy, light-headed.
Glaur, n. mud.
Glauray, a. muddy.
Gled, n. buzzard.
Glad, a. glad.
Gleg, n. gadfly.
Gleg, a. sharp, quick, clever.
Glei, v.i. look out of corner of eye,
look askance.
Gleib, n. glebe (gleeb).
Glei,
Gleid a. squinting, off the
straight, taking a wrong
view of things.
Glen, n. narrow valley.
Gless, n. glass; pl. glessiz, spectacles.

Glint, a. and v.i. gleam, glance.
Gloamin, n. twilight.
Glour, n. and v.i. stare.
Glumsh, v.i. pout, frown, look
sulky.
Glumshay, a. sulky.
Glusk, n. glimpse, glance.
Goad, n. God.
Goalay, n. goalkeeper.
Goamurul, n. stupid fool.
Goaspul, n. Gospel.
Goat, n. goat.
Goattun., v. pa. p. of git, got.
Goo, n. taste.
Goon, n. gown.
Goud, n. gold.
Gouf, n. golf.
Gouk, n. cuckoo, fool.
Gouk's airund, n. fool's errand.
Goulin, a. grumpy.
Gouluk, n. earwig.
Goup, n. gulp.
Goupun, n. hollow made of the
two hands held together.
Goupunfay, n. double handful.
Gouun, n. daisy.
Graanay, n. f.: grandmother.
Graandfaidhur, n. grandfather.
Graap, gruppit, v.pa. of grupp,
caught, gripped.
Graat, v. pa. of greet, cried, wept.
Graavut, n. cravat.
Graip, n. a short fork with several
prongs.
Grait, a. great (grait).
Graiv, n. grave (graiv).
Graund, a. grand, splendid.
Graundfaidhur, -midhur, -sun,
daukhtur, grandfather, -mother,
-son, -daughter.
Gray, a. grey (gray).
Graybaird, n. jar of whisky.
Gree, v.i. agree.
Greed, n. greed.
Greedee, a. greedy, avaricious.
Green, v.i. long.
Green, a. green.
Greeshukul, n. hot embers.
Greet, v.i. cry, weep; pa. graat;
pa. p. gruttun.
Greev, n. farm overseer.
Greis, obs. n. young pig.
Gren, n. (1) grain; (2) a bit; (3)
branch.
Grenuray, n. granary.
Gress, n. grass.
Gret, n. grate (grait).
Greth, n. soapsuds.
Grind, v.t. grind (griind); pa. and
pa. p. grund.
Grip (in biir), n. drain in cowhouse.

Groasur, n. grocer (groasur).
Groat, n. fourpence.
Groats, n. pl. oats with husks off.
Groazur, n. gooseberry (goozberri).
Groo, n. and v.i. shudder.
Grool, n. gruel.
Groosum., a. frightful, making one
shudder.
Groul, v.i. growl.
Grous, n. grouse (grous).
Grow, v.i. grow (groa).
Gruip, n. cow-house drain.
Gruipay, n. farm-servant.
Gruls, n. grilse (grils).
Grumf, n. grunt.
Grumfay, n. pig.
Grumlay, a. and pres. part. grumbling.

Grummul, vi. and n. grumble.
Grund, n. ground.
Grund, v. pa. and pa. p. of grind,
ground.
Grunstain, n. grindstone (griindstoan).

Grupp, n. and v.t. grip, catch,
grasp; pa. graap,gruppit; pa.p.
gruppit.
Gruppay, a. grasping, avaricious,
miserly.
Gruppit, v. pa. and pa. p. of grupp,
gripped.
Grust, n. grist.
Gruttun, v. pa. p. of greet, wept.
Guchur, n. obs. grandfather.
Guddul, v.i. fish with the hands.
Guddul, n. crowbar.
Guff, n. whiff
Guid, a. good.
Guid-faidhur, -midhur, -sun,
-daukhtur, a. father, &c.,
Guid-maan, n. husband.
Guid-weif, n. wife.
Guim, n. gum.
Guis, n. goose (goos); pl. gees.
Guiss, interj. call to a pig.
Guissay, n. pig.
Gullay, n. large butcher's knife.
Gummur, n. ewe in her second
year before lambing.
Gumshun, n. common sense.
Guts, n. pl. bowels.
Gutsay, a. gluttonous.
Guttay-perkay, n. gutta-percha.
Guttur-gaw, n. raw flesh on the
bare foot.
Gutturz, n. pl. mud.
H (as in E. hen, hot, him).
Haabul, n. squabble.
Haad or hud, v.t. hold; pa. huid;
pa.p. haadun.
Haadee, n. haddock.
Haadun, v. pa. p. of haad, held.
Haaf, num. n., a., and adv. half
(haaf); pl. haafs.
Haaflun, n. lad, youth, stripling.
Haaf-oan, a. half tipsy.
Haagus, n. sheep's stomach; a dish
made in a sheep's stomach.
Haak, n. cut; v.t. cut (e. g. with
an axe), chop.
Haakit, a. chapped (e. g. hands in
cold weather).
Haalayday, n. holiday.
Haalayeen, n. All-Hallows Eve,
31st October.
Haalikit, a. romping, hoydenish.
Haam, n. ham.
Haamuk, n. old-fashioned kitchen
dresser.
Haamur, n. hammer.
Haandee, n. milking-pail
Haang, v. pa. of hing, hung.
Haangd, hung, v. pa. p. of hing,
hanged, hung.
Haank, n. hank.
Haansul, n. a present given in
honour of a first occasion, e.g. on
beginning a New Year; v. take
the first piece of anything, be
first in doing anything lucky.
Haansul-Munday, n. the first
Monday of the New Year.
Haantul, n. a good many, a good
deal, a considerable number, a
lot.
Haap, n. and v.i. hop.
Haap, v.t. wrap, cover.
Haapnay, n. halfpenny (haipnay).
Haard, a. hard.
Haard, v. pa. of heer, heard (herd).
Haard haakz, n. clay marble.
Haardlay, adv. hardly.
Haarigulz, n. pl. entrails.
Haark, v.i. whisper, listen.
Haarkin, v.i. listen.
Haarknur, n. listener.
Haarl, n. muck-hoe.
Haarld, a. (of a wall) covered with
a mixture of mortar and small
gravel.
Haarnz, n. pl. brains.
Haarukh, n. and v. fuss, worry.
Haash, v.t. spoil, make shabby.
Haashay, a. careless of dress,
slovenly.
Haavurz, interj. and adv. halves
(haavz).
Haid, n. head (hed).
Haid, v.t. heed, care, mind.
Haid-stull, n. head-stall.
Haij, n. hedge (hej); haij-hug,
hedgehog; haij-bull, hedgebill.
Haik, n. rack for holding fodder.
Hail, a. and n. whole (hoal); v. heal
(heel).
Hail, n. hail.
Hailsum, a. wholesome (hoalsum).
Haim, n. home (hoam).
Haimuld, a. home-made, home--
bred.
Hain, v.t. save, spare, economize,
take care of.
Hain, v.t. and aux.pa.p. of hay,
had.
Hainsh, n. haunch (haunsh).
Haip, n. and v.t. heap (heep).
Hair, n. (1) hare; (2) hair.
Hairay wurm, n. caterpillar.
Hairin, n. herring.
Hairs, n. hearse (hers).
Hairs, a. hoarse (hoars).
Hairst, n. harvest.
Hait, n. (1) heat (heet); (2) whit,
a little bit.
Haithun, n. heathen (heedhen).
Haivur, v.i. talk nonsense.
Haivurul, n. one who talks nonsense.

Haivurz, n.pl. nonsense.
Hauk, n. hawk (hauk).
Haukh, n. holm (hoam); low-lying
flat land near a river.
Haulay, n. hollow (holloa).
Haum-spun, a. homespun.
Haund, n. hand; -oa reit, hand--
writing.
Haundee, a. handy.
Haundless, a. handless, clumsy,
awkward.
Haunul, n. handle.
Haup, n. hip of the rose.
Haur, n. cold wet fog.
Hauz, n. throat.
Haw, n. (1) hall (haul); (2) haw.
Hawthoarn, n. hawthorn.
Hay, v.t. and aux. have (hav); pa.
hed; pa. p. hain.
Hed, v. pa. of hay, had.
Hed, v. pa. of heid, hid.
Hedhur, n. heather (hedher).
Hee, pron. he (hee).
Heekh, a. high (hii).
Heel, n. heel.
Heelund, a. Highland.
Heelundz, n. the Highlands of
Scotland.
Heer, v.t. hear (heer); pa. and pa. p.
haard.
Heer, adv. here (heer).
Heer tell oa, v.t. hear of.
Heesht yee, heeshtee, interj. make
haste.
Heez, v.t. hoist, lift up.
Heft, n. handle (e. g. of a knife).
Heftay, a. heavily built, stout.
Heftit, a. accustomed (as sheep to
a grazing ground).
Hei, n. hay; -soo, oblong hay--
stack.
Heid, v.t. or i. hide; pa. hed; pa. p.
hiddun.
Hekht, n. height (hiit).
Hekhun, v.t. heighten (hiite n).
Hekkul, n. hackle; v.t. dress flax,
cross-examine.
Hell, n. hell.
Help, n. help.
Hempay, n. a romp.
Hems, n. pl. hames on a horse's
collar.
Hen, n. hen.
Hen-hoos, n. hen-house.
Hennay, v. neg. haven't; pa. hednay.

Hen-pen, n. hen-dung.
Herp, n. harp.
Herray, n. harrow (harroa).
Herray, v.t. harry.
Herrum, n. and v.t. harm.
Hert, n. heart.
Herth, n. hearth (haarth).
Hesp, n. hank of yarn.
Het, a. hot.
Het, v. pa. of hit, hit.
Hev, v.t. and aux. have (see hay).
Hez, v. aux. 3rd pers. sing. of hay,
has (haz).
Hiddlin, a. secret, underhand.
Hiddun, v. pa. p. of heid, hidden.
Hii, interj. come to left! (to a
horse).
Hiiz, v.i. hie (hii), make for a place,
go along with some object in
view.
Him, pron. obj. of hee, him.
Hindur, a. the one behind; sup.
hinmust.
Hindur-end, n. end, last few days.
Hung, v.t. and i. hang ; pa. haang,
pa. p. haangd, hung.
Hingurz, n. hangers.
Hinmust, a. sup. of hindur.
Hinnur, a. hinder.
Hird, n. herd, shepherd, cowherd;
v.t. herd, look after sheep or
cattle, guard, protect from:
hirdin sheep, hirdin crawz.
Hit, v. t. hit; pa. het; pa. p. hittun.
Hittun, v. pa. p. of hit, hit.
Hiz, pron. us, we.
Hizzee, n. f. girl.
Hizzul, n. hazel (haizel).
Hoabay, n. hobby (hobbi).
Hoach-poach, n. broth made with
several kinds of vegetables.
Hoag, n., m. or f. first-winter
lamb.
Hoakh, n. hock of an animal, ham
of a man.
Hoal, n. hole (hoal).
Hoaliday, n. holiday.
Hoallay, n. holly.
Hoarn, n. horn.
Hoars, n. horse (hors); pl. hoars.
Hoars-shuin, n. pl. horseshoes.
Hoast, n. and v. i. cough.
Hoo, adv. how (how).
Hoodee craw, n. hooded crow.
Hoodit stook, n. shock of corn.
Hook, n. hook.
Hoolay, interj. slowly, gently.
Hoolut, n. owl (oul); v.t. hen--
peck.
Hoolutit, a. henpecked.
Hooray, interj. hurrah! (hooray).
Hoos, n. house (hous).
Hoots, toots, interj. Tuts! Oh!
Houdee, n. midwife.
Houdul, v.i. huddle, hurry-scurry
in a crowd, like ants or rabbits.
Houf, n. haunt.
Houk, v.t. dig
Houp, n. and v.i. hope (hoap).
Houzul, n. back of an axe.
How, n. and v.t. hoe (hoa).
How, n. hollow (holloa).
Hree, num. a. slurred for three.
Hubeekee, interj. cry given when
one throws anything to be scrambled
for.
Hud, v.t. and i. hold (hoald),
keep.
Huddee craw, n. hooded crow.
Huddin, n. holding (hoalding),
farm.
Hudhur, v.i. do a thing in a
slovenly manner.
Hud up, interj. go faster (to a
horse).
Hugg, n., m. or f a sheep in its
first winter.
Hugg, n. (1) distance-score in curling;
(2) a stone not over the
hugg.
Huggmunay, n. New Year's Eve,
31st December.
Hugguray, a. wrinkled (of clothes),
untidy.
Huggurz, n. pl. footless stockings.
Huid, n. hood.
Huid, v. pa. of haad, held.
Huif, n. hoof.
Hull, n. husk, skin, pod, shell; v.t.
shell (e.g. peas).
Huilay, intej. gently, slowly.
Hull, n. hill.
Hullay, a. hilly.
Hum, pron. obj. of hee, him.
Hummul, v.t. knock awns off bair
or barley.
Hundur, nuns. hundred.
Hundur, v.t. hinder, prevent.
Hundurwekht, n. hundredweight
(hundredwait).
Hung-ray, a. hungry.
Hung-ur, n. hunger (hungger).
Hunkurz, n. pl. hams.
Hunnay, n. honey (hunnay).
Hunt, v.t. hunt.
Hup, n. hip.
Hup-pooch, a. hip-pocket.
Hur, pron. poss. and obj. of shee,
her.
Hurdee, n. buttock.
Hurl, n. drive in a wheeled vehicle;
v.t. wheel.
Hurlay, n. toy barrow.
Hurl-baaray, n. wheelbarrow.
Hurpul, v.i. limp.
Hurray, n. scolding.
Hursul, v.i. move along in a sitting,
crouching, or lying posture, move
gently along; hursul yont, move
along.
Hursul, n. flock of sheep.
Hurt, v.t. hurt.
Hurz, pron. poss. hers (herz).
Hustray, n. history.
Hut, pron. neut. it.
Huz, pron, we, us.
Huzzee, n, a girl (used contemptuously),
a romp.
Hw; see separate letter.
Hyookh, n. hollow with steep
sides, pit.
Hyookh, v.t. trench (turnips, &c.).
Hyuk, n. sickle.
Hw (both h and w distinctly
pronounced).
Hwaal, n. whale (wail).
Hwaal-eil, n. whale-oil.
Hwaan, int. and rel. adv. when (wen).
Hwaang, n. chunk, big piece.
Hwaat, int, and rel. pron. what
(wot); adv. how.
Hwaat fur, int, and rel. adv. why
(wii)
Hwaatnay, int, and rel, a. what,
which, what sort of.
Hwaat wei, int. and rel. adv. why
(wii)
Hwaup, n. curlew.
Hwaur, int, and rel. adv. where
(wair).
Hwauzul, v.i. wheeze (weez).
Hwaw, int, and rel. pron. who (hoo).
Hwaw'z, int. and rel. pron. whose
(hooz).
Hweel, n. wheel (weel).
Hween, a. few.
Hwei, conj. why.
Hweil, n. while (weil), time.
Hweilz, adv. sometimes.
Hweit, a. white (weit).
Hweit, n. wheat (weet).
Hweit eirun, n. tin.
Hweit-ersay, n. a kind of humblebee.

Hweitnin, n. whitening, white
lime.
Hweit-puddin, n. oatmeal sausage.
Hwii, n. whey (way).
Hwii-bird, n. a wood-wren.
Hwin, conj. when (wen).
Hwug, n. Whig (wig).
Hwulp, n. whelp (welp), pup.
Hwummul, v.t. turn upside down,
overturn, capsize.
Hwun, n. whin, gorse, furze.
Hwunstain, n. whinstone, trap--

rock.
Hwup, n. whip (wip).
Hwup-dhe-caat, n. itinerant
tailor; v.i. to go on rounds, as an
itinerant tailor.
Hwuskay, a. whisky (wiski).
Hwuskur, n. whisker (wisker).
Hwussul, n. and v.i. whistle (wissel).
Hwut, rel. pron. and adv. what
(wot).
Hwutrik, n. weasel.
Hwuttsunday, n. Whit-Sunday
term, 15th May.
Hwuttul bailin, n. whitlow.
I (as in E. in, pit, dish).
Ii (as in E. I, eye, my).
I', prep. in.
Idhur, a. other (udher).
If, conj. if.
Igg, n. egg.
Ii, pron. I.
Ii, interj. yes.
Iiday, n. idea (iideea).
Iivay, n. ivy (iivi).
Impidunt, a. impudent.
In, adv. and prep. in.
Incrainz, v.t. boil to nothing.
Incumin, a. coming-in, future.
Infuiz, v.t. infuse (make) tea.
Infurmuray, n. infirmary.
Ing-in, n. onion (unyan).
Ing-lish, a. English (Ingglish).
Ing-lund, n. England (Ingland).
Ing-ul, n. fireplace.
Ing-ul-nyuk, n. corner by the fireplace.

Ing-ul-seid, n. fireside.
Ink, n. ink.
Insh, n. inch (insh).
Intaak, a. intact.
Intay, prep. into (intoo).
Inteitult, a. entitled, deserving of.
Intul, prep. into (intoo).
Invintur, n. inventory.
Inyukh, adv. enough (enuff).
It, pron. it.
Its, pron. poss. its.
Ivvur, adv. ever.
Ixcuiz, v.t. excuse (exkyooz).
Iz, v. aux. 3rd pers. sing. is (iz).
J (as in E. jam, judge).
Jaag, v.t. prick.
Jaam, n. jam.
Jaanwur, n. January.
Jaikut, n. jacket.
Jalooz, v.i. suspect.
Jaud, n.f. jade.
Jaup, v.t. splash, bespatter; n.
splash.
Jaw, n. splash.
Jaw-boax, n. sink.
Jaw-hoal, n. cess-pool.
Jeel, v.i. set in a jelly.
Jeelee, n. jelly.
Jeelee-pan, n. preserving-pan.
Jeenee, n.f. dim. of Jane.
Jeil, n. jail.
Jein, v.t. join.
Jeint, n. joint.
Jeinur, n. joiner, carpenter.
Jeis, n. juice (joos).
Jekk, n. Jack, the knave in cards,
the mark at bowls.
Jennay, Jessay, n.f. dim. of Janet.
Jennaylaanglegz, n. daddy-longlegs.

Jeroboam, n. whisky-decanter.
Jesp, n. a gap in the woof, flaw.
Jigot, n. hindquarter of mutton.
Jimp, a. slender, scanty, short.
Jimmay, n. m. dim. of James.
Jink, v.t. dodge, elude.
Joa, n. sweetheart, dear.
Joab, n. job, difficulty.
Joak, n. and v.i. joke (joak).
Joakay, n. dim. of John.
Joardee, n. dim. of George.
Joarum, n. a large vessel for holding
whisky.
Joog, n. jug.
Jook, v.i. duck, bend the head or
body.
Jookuray-paukuray, n. trickery,
juggling.
Joolay, n. July (Joolii).
Juggz, n. pl. pillory.
Juin, n. June (Joon).
Juist, adv. just, only.
Juitray, a. odd, miscellaneous.
Juitul, v.i. run over (of a pot).
Juitur, v.i. idle, waste time.
Jull, n. gill, a measure of liquid.
Jull-stoup, n. a vessel containing
a gill.
Jummul, v.t. muddy.
Jummul, v.t. jumble.
Jundee, v.t. jostle, jog,
Junt, n. a large piece, chunk.
Jupsay, n. gipsy.
K (as in E. kick). See also C.
Kail, n. curly-headed cabbage,
broth.
Kail-laidul, n. tadpole.
Kail-runt, n. stump of cabbage or
kail.
Kail-yaird, n. cottage garden.
Kaim, n. comb (koam).
Kebbuk, n. cheese.
Kee, n. key (kee).
Keek, n. peep, glimpse, glance; v.i.
peep, glance.
Keekh, interj. an exclamation of
disgust.
Keel, n. red ochre.
Keeng, n. king.
Keep, v.t. keep; pa. and pa. p.
keepit.
Keep fay, v. resist, avoid,.
Keepit, v. pa. and pa. p. of keep,
kept.
Keepur, n. gamekeeper.
Kein, n. coin.
Keind, n. and a. kind (kiind).
Keind oa, kein oa, adv. half, as it
were, somewhat, rather.
Keit, n. (1) quoit (koit); (2) protruding
belly.
Kej, n. cage (caij).
Kelt, n. a foul fish.
Ken, v.t. know (noa); pa. and pa.p.
kent.
Kennin, n. knowledge.
Kennul, v.t. kindle.
Kenspekul, a. easily recognizable.
Kent, v. pa. and pa. p. of ken,
knew (nyoo), known (noan).
Kep, v.t. catch, intercept.
Kep, n. cap.
Kerb, n. kerb.
Kerd, n. card (caard).
Kerraid, a. unhinged, obsessed,
preoccupied, full of, above oneself.

Kerraiur, n. carrier.
Kerray, v.t. carry.
Kerray oan, v.i, go on (scolding).
Kerruj, n. carriage (carrij).
Kert, n. cart.
Kettul, n. kettle.
Kichin, n. seasoning, any tasty
addition to plain food.
Kichin-fee, n. dripping.
Kul, n. pl. of coo, cow.
Kikk, n. kick; git dhe kikk, be
dismissed.
Kilmaarnuk, n. nightcap.
Kilt, n. kilt.
Kin, n. kin.
Kink-hoast, n. whooping-cough.
Kippur, v.t. cure fish by drying.
Kippurz, n.pl. dried herring.
Kirk, n. church.
Kirk-greedee, a. fond of going to
church.
Kirk-yaird, n. churchyard.
Kirn, n. churn, harvest-home; v.
churn.
Kirnmulk, n. buttermilk.
Kist, n. chest.
Kith, n. kindred.
Kittlin, n. (1) kitten ; (2) tickling.
Kittul, v.t. tickle.
Kittul, a. ticklish, difficult, not
easily managed.
Knee, n. knee (nee).
Kneif, n. knife (niif).
Knoab, n. knob (nob).
Knoak, n. clock, knock (nok).
Knot, n. knot (not).
Koa, v.t. quoth.
Krustul, n. crystal.
Kull, n. kiln.
Kull, v t. kill.
Kummur, n.f. woman.
Kuppay, a. left-handed.
Kuz, conj. because.
Kwaal, num. twelve (twelv).
Kwaw, num. two (too).
Kwintee, num. twenty (twenti).
Kyuk, n. cloak.
L (as in E. love, lily, ill).
Laaft, n. loft, gallery.
Laakh, n. and vi. laugh (at); pa.
luikh; pa.p. luikhun.
Laam, n. lamb (lam).
Laamay, n. little lamb (term of
endearment).
Laamus, n. Lammas, 1st August.
Laang, v.i. long (also pron. loang).
Laang-ij, n. language (langgwij).
Laap, loupit, v. pa. of loup, leaped.
Laash, n. and v.t. lash.
Laashin, a. pouring (of rain).
Laasikay, n. little girl.
Laast, a. last.
Laat, v.t. let; pa. luit; pa.p.
luittun.
Laat .oan, v.i. show, admit, reveal,
notice, betray.
Laid, n. (1) lead (led); (2) load;
(3) mill-race.
Laid, v. pa. and pa.p. of lay, laid
(ascribed).
Laid, v.t. (1) lead, cart crops from
the field; pa.p. led; (2) load.
Laidul, n. a kind of collecting-box
with a long handle.
Laidund, a. laden.
Laif, n. (1) leaf (leef); (2) loaf, pl.
laifs.
Laikh, a. low (loa).
Lail, a. leal (leel).
Lain, n. a. and v. (1) being by oneself;
(2) lean (leen).
Lain, v. pa. p. of lii, lain.
Laingth, n. length.
Laird, n. owner, landowner, squire,
landlord.
Lairn, v. (1) learn; (2) teach; pa.
and pa. p. lairnt.
Laist, a. least (leest).
Lait, a. late (lait).
Laith, a. loath.
Laiun, v. pa.p. of lii, laid (lade).
Laiv, v.t. leave (leev); pa. and pa.p.
left.
Laiv, n. the rest, the remainder.
Laizee, a. lazy (laizi).
Laivruk, n. lark.
Lattern, n. precentor's desk below
the pulpit.
Laud, n. lad, boy.
Laudee, n. boy; dim. of laud.
Lauin, n. reckoning, score.
Laund, n. land.
Laung, a. long.
Laus, n. lass.
Laussay, n. lassie, girl.
Law, n. law; law-plee, law-suit.
Law, n. a round-topped hill.
Lawwur, n. lawyer.
Lay, v. t. leave (leev).
Lay, v.t. lay, ascribe; pa. and pa.p.
laid.
Lay, v.i. pa. of lii, lay.
Led, v.t. pa. and pa.p. of laid, led.
Leddee, n.f. lady (laidi).
Ledhur, n. (1) leather (ledher);
(2) ladder.
Lee, n. and v.i. lie (lii).
Leef, adv. willingly.
Leek, n. leek.
Leeshuns, n. licence (liisens).
Leestur, n. salmon-spear.
Leet, n. list of selected candidates.
Leet, v.i. (let on), mention, betray.
Left, v. pa. and pa.p. of laiv, left.
Leggin, n. legging.
Lei, n. lea (lee), old grass-land.
Leif, n. life (liif).
Leik, n. and a. like (liik); adv.
likely, as it were.
Leik, v.t. like (liik).
Leim, n. lime (liim).
Lein, n. line (liin), cord.
Leinz, n.pl. (1) reins; (2) certificate.

Lend, v.t. lend; pa. and pa.p. lent.
Lerch, n. larch.
Lerj, a. large (laarj).
Lerruk, n. obs. larch.
Levin, n. dough.
Lig, n. leg.
Lii, v.i. lie (lii); pa. lay; pa.p,
laiun.
Lik, n. lick, blow; v.t. lick, beat.
Likhnin, n. lightning (liitning).
Likht, n. and a. light (liit), match.
Likht, v.t. light (lilt); v.i. alight
pa. and pa.p. likhtit.
Likhts, n.pl. lungs.
Likhtsum, a. merry, light-hearted,
pleasant.
Lilt, n, melody, cadence, swing of
a tune, happy rhythm; v. sing
cheerfully.
Ling-un, n. shoemaker's thread.
Link, n. pot-hook.
Linn, n. rocky pool.
Lint, n. lint.
Lintee, n. linnet.
Lintul, n. lintel, door-post.
Linzay-woolzay, n. linen and wool.
Liv, v.i. live (liv).
Livvur, n. liver.
Loaf-braid, n. bread.
Loak, n. and v.t. lock.
Loakh, n. lake (laik).
Loan, n. lane (lain).
Loang, a. long.
Loard, n. lord.
Loas, v.t. lose (looz); pa. and pa. p.
loast.
Loast, v. pa. and pa. p. of loas,
lost.
Loat, n. lot.
Loazun, n. lozenge, pane of glass.
Loo, v.t. love (luv).
Look, v.i. look.
Lookin-gless, n. looking-glass.
Loon, n. boy, lad, fellow.
Loondurin, n. a severe beating.
Loos, n. louse (lous).
Loosay aarnut, n. earth-nut.
Loot, v.i. stoop, curtsy.
Loowaarm, a. lukewarm.
Loup, n. and vi. leap, jump,
spring; pa. loupit, laap; pa. p.
loupit.
Loupin-ill, n. a disease of sheep.
Loupit, v. pa. and pa.p. of loup,
leaped.
Lous, n. loose (loos).
Louz, v.t. loosen, unfasten, unyoke.
Low, n. flame.
Lud, n. lid.
Lud ee tnee, n. knee-cap.
Luft, n. sky.
Luft, n. and v.t. lift, take away,
pick up, steal, collect (rents)
pa. and pa. p. luftit.
Lug, n. ear.
Luggee, n. a wooden cup with one
handle, wooden milk-pail.
Luif, n. palm of the hand.
Luikh, v.pa. of laakh, laughed.
Luim, n. loom.
Luit, v. pa. of laat, let.
Luittun, v. pa. p. of laat, let.
Luj, n. lodge (loj).
Lukkay, n. woman, especially an
elderly woman.
Lullay-aik, n. lilac.
Lum, n. chimney.
Lum-haat, n. chimney-pot hat.
Lum-haid, n. mantelpiece.
Lummur, n.f. wild bad woman.
Lunnin, n. linen.
Lup, n. lip.
Luppay, n. a small measure of
grain = ¼ peck.
Luppun, v.i. trust (with oan or
tull).
Lush, v.i. listen (lisn).
Lust, v.i. enlist.
Luth, v.t. wring a hen's neck,
break one's neck.
Luttul, a. little.
Luttul-bookit, a. thin, of little
bulk, shrunken.
Luv, n. love (luv).
Luv-daarg, n. a day's work given
without payment.
M (as in E. men, ham, maim).
'M, slurred for aam, am.
Maa, pron. poss. my (mii).
Maad, a. mad, furiously angry.
Maagee, dim. of Margaret.
Maagutay, a. capricious.
Maak, v.t. make (maik); pa. and
pa. p. maid.
Maamay, n. mother.
Maan, n. man, husband.
Maan, v. aux. must; pa. buid.
Maangulz, n. mangel-wurzels.
Maans, n. manse (mans), minister's
house.
Maant, v. and n. stutter.
Maapay, n. tame rabbit; intej.
call to rabbit.
Maaray, n. match, equal, like.
Maarkut, n. market.
Maarld, a. mottled, variegated in
colour.
Magazeen, n. magazine.
Maid, v. pa. p. of maik, made
(maid).
Maidsun, n. medicine.
Maidun, n. the last corn cut on a
farm.
Maik, n. a halfpenny (haipnay).
Mail, n. meal (meel), especially oatmeal
or flour.
Mailay, a. mixed or covered with
oatmeal.
Mailay drink, n. oatmeal and
water.
Mailay puddin, n. oatmeal sausage.
Maimray, n. memory.
Main, n. (1) mane (main); (2) moan.
Main, v.i. moan.
Mainz, n. pl. home farm.
Mair, n. mare (mair).
Mair, a. more (moar).
Mairaygoald, n. marigold.
Maist, a. most (moast).
Maisun, n. mason (maisun).
Mait, n. meat (meet), food in
general; v.t. provide food for.
Maittur, n. and v. matter.
Maivee, n. thrush.
Maivis, n. thrush.
Masáacur, n. massacre.
Masel, ref. pron. myself.
Matréss, n. mattress.
Maukh, n. maggot.
Maukhay, a. maggoty, muggy,
close.
Maukhlus, a. incapable of moving.
Maukin, n. hare, rabbit.
Maut, n. malt (mault).
Maw, n. (1) mother; (2) gull.
Mebbee, adv. may be, perhaps.
Mee, pron. me, I.
Meedee, n. meadow (medoa)
Meeluks, n. crumbs.
Meen, v.t. mean (meen); pa. and
pa. p. meent.
Meenee, n. dim. of Williamina.
Meenut, n. minute (minit).
Meeshmaash, n. medley.
Meet, v.t. meet; pa. and pa. p. met.
Meggistay mee, interj. exclamation
of surprise.
Mei, n. May.
Meil, n. mile (miil).
Mein, a. mine (miin).
Meind, v.t. mind (miind); v.i. remember
(with oa).
Meinz, a. mine (miin).
Meis, n.pl. of moos, mice (miis).
Meldur, n. the quantity of meal
ground at one time; a milling.
Mall, n. mallet.
Men, n.pl. of maan, men.
Mend, v.t. mend; pa. and pa. p.
ment.
Mennurz, n. pl. manners.
Mens, n. reputation for hospitality.
Merch, n. (1) March; (2) boundary,
border.
Merch, v.i. (1) march; (2) adjoin.
Merraid, v. pa. and pa. p. of merray,
married.
Merray, v.t. marry; pa. and pa. p.
merraid; merray oan, marry to.
Mert, n. a cow or bullock to be
killed at Martinmas for winter
use.
Mertimus, n. Martinmas: 11th of
November in banking; 28th of
November for removals.
Mertin, n. martin.
Mestur, n. master, Mr. (mistur).
Mestur-tree, n. bar combining
action of swingle-trees.
Met, v., pa. and pa. p. of meet,
met.
Mettul, n. metal, broken stones for
making a road.
Mettur, a. matter.
Middul, n. middle; v.t. meddle
with.
Middun, n. dung-heap, rubbishheap.

Midhur, n. f. mother (mudher)
-tung, mother-tongue.
Mii, a. my (mii).
Mikht, n. and v. might (miit).
Mikhtay, a. and adv. mighty
(miiti)
Mikhulmus, n. Michaelmas, 29th
September.
Ministur, n. minister, clergyman.
Minnin, n. minnow (minnoa).
Mins coalups, n. minced (fresh)
meat.
Miscaw, v.t. slander, abuse.
Misheen, n. machine (masheen),
trap, conveyance.
Misluppun, v.t. neglect.
Mittun, mitt, n. glove with thumb
but no fingers.
Mix, v.t. mix.
Mixtay-maaxtay, n. a confused
mixture.
Mixtur, n. mixture (mixtyoor).
Mizulz, n. measles.
Moadurn, a. modern.
Moal, n. mole (moal).
Moalaygraant, v.i. whine, complain.

Moanay, a. many (menni).
Moanay-pliiz, n. pl. intestines.
Moarn, n. morrow (morroa).
Moar-claith, n. funeral pall.
Moarnin, n. morning.
Moas, n. bog, marsh, marshy pool.
Moath, n. moth.
Mooch, v.t. pilfer, steal.
Moochur, n. loafer, pilferer.
Moos, a. mouse (mous); pl. meis.
Mooswub, n. cobweb, spider's
web, gossamer.
Mootaash, n.moustache (moostash).
Mooth, n. mouth; p1. mooths.
Moudeewurt, n. mole (moal).
Much, n. a woman's cap.
Muchkin, n. a measure of capacity
= 4 gills.
Mud, n. small nail in heel of shoe.
Mug, n. mouth, face.
Muin, n. moon.
Muir, n. moor.
Muirland, a. belonging to the
moors.
Muizik, n. music (myoozik).
Muj, n. midge (mij).
Mukk, n. mire, liquid dung.
Mukkul, a. big, large, much; adv.
much.
Mulk, n. and v.t. milk.
Mulk-bouay, n. wooden pail for
milk (mij).
Mull, n. mill.
Mull-daam, n. mill-dam.
Mulld poartur, n. mulled porter.
Mullsay, n. milk-strainer.
Mullur, n. miller.
Mumpin, verbal n. mumbling.
Mun, interj. slurred for maan.
Mungo-weezul, n. mangel-wurzel.
Munnunday, n. Monday (Munday).
Munth, n. month (munth).
Muntin, n. mounting, trimming,
bride's trousseau.
Murkay, a. dark.
Murl, v.t. crumble.
Murlinz, murlikinz, n. pl. crumbs.
Murn, v.i. mourn (moarn).
Murninz, n. pl. mourning.
Murray, a. merry, slightly intoxicated.

Murraymun, n. clown at a circus.
Muscheef, n. mischief (misschif).
Musdoot, v.t, doubt (dout).
Mushaantur, n. accident.
Muss, n. and v.t. miss.
Must, n. mist, fog.
Mustaak, n. and v. mistake.
Mustris, n.f. mistress, Mrs. (missiz).
Muttun, n. mutton.
N (as in E. none, not, pen).
Naa, intej. no (noa).
Naap-bain, bone of the knee.
Naibuddee, n. nobody (noabuddi).
Naidhur, conj. neither (needher).
Naig, n. nag, pony.
Naigur, n. nigger, negro.
Nail, n. nail (nail).
Naim, n. name (naim).
Nain, pron. none (nun), neither.
Naipray, n. household linen.
Naipyin, n. small woven cloth with
fringe, used as a shawl.
Nair, adv. never.
Nair-dui-weel, n. ne'er-do-well, a
hopeless character.
Nairzday, n. New Year's Day
Nait, a. neat (neet).
Naithing, n. nothing (nuthing).
Naitrul, a. natural (nattyooral).
Naitul, n. nettle.
Naitur, n. nature (naityoor).
Nay, a. no (noa).
Nay, adv. (after aux. verbs), not.
Neb, n. nose, beak, bill.
Ned, v.t. knead (need).
Neebur, n. neighbour (naibor).
Need, n., v.i. and t. need, want.
Needcessitay, n. necessity.
Needul, n. needle.
Neefur, v.t. barter, swop, exchange.
Neel, v. i. kneel (neel); pa. and pa.p.
nelt.
Neep, n. turnip.
Neepkin, n. pocket-handkerchief.
Neer, adv. and prep. near (neer).
Neerhaund, a. and adv. near (neer).
Nees, n.f. niece (nees).
Neest, a. next, nearest.
Neez, v. and n. sneeze.
Neffay, n. nephew (nevyoo).
Nein, num. nine (niin).
Neint, num, a. ninth (niinth).
Neintay, num. ninety (niintay).
Neinteen, num. nineteen (niinteen).

Neis, a. particular.
Nelt, v. pa. and pa. p. of neel,
knelt (nelt).
Nerray, a. narrow (narroa).
Nest, n. nest.
Nestay, a. nasty (naastay).
Netturcup, n. spider.
Nev, n. fist.
Nevfay, n. fist-full.
Nik, v.t. nab.
Nik, n. police-cells.
Nikht, n. night (niit).
Nikhtkep, n. night-cap.
Nikhur, n. neigh (nay).
Nikkurz, n.pl. knickerbockers.
Nivvur, adv. never.
Nixt, adv. and prep. next.
Noa, adv. not.
Noab, n. knob (nob).
Noad, v.i. nod.
Noak, n. clock.
Noakht, n. nought (naut).
Noakhtay, a. unreliable.
Noarth, a. north.
Noat, n. note (noat), a pound-note.
Noaz, n. nose (noaz).
Noazbaand, n. nose-band.
Noo, adv. now (now).
Nooz un dhaanz, adv. now and
then.
Nor, conj. nor, than.
Not, n. knot (not).
Nout, n. bullock; pl. nout.
Novembur, n. November.
Now, n. knoll (noal), hillock.
Nukkul, n. knuckle (nukkel).
Nup, v.t. nip, pinch.
Nuppay, a. keen.
Nuppurz, n.pl. pincers.
Nut, n. nut.
Nuttin, n. tape (knitting).
Nyoo, a. new (nyoo).
Nyoo-cawd, a. newly churned
(butter).
Nyoo-faanguld, a. novel, new--
fashioned.
Nyuk, n. corner, nook.
O (as in E. on, hot, shop).
Oa (as in E. road, owe, go).
Oo (as in E. moon, fool, food).
Ou (as in E. our, out, how).
Oa, interj. oh! (oa).
Oa, prep. of (ov).
Oa, n. obs. grandchild.
Oabjik, n. object.
Oa'd, slurred for oa hut, of it (ov it),
used for 'some'.
Oadz, n. pl. odds (oddz), difference.
Oafis, n. office (offis).
Oafun, adv. often (offen).
Oafur, n. and v.t. offer.
Oakht, n. aught (aut), anything.
Oakur, n. ochre.
Oan, prep. on.
Oanay, a. any (eni); oanaybuddee,
anybody; oanaything, anything;
oanaygait, oanaywei, any way,
at any rate, anyhow.
Oancaanay, a. unnatural, supernatural.

Oan-ding, n. beating rain or
snow.
Oangaunz, n.pl. on-goings, goings
on.
Oapeenyun, n. opinion.
Oapun, a. and v.t. open (oapen).
Oar, n. oar.
Oaray, a. odd; oaraymun, n. odd
man.
Oarchurd, n. orchard.
Oardnur, a. ordinary; n. usual
state of body or mind, or of
things.
Oareejnul, a. original (orijinul).
Oarnamints, n.pl. ornaments.
Oarunj, n. orange (oranj).
Oarunj-coatun, n. orange-peel.
Oatur, n. otter.
Oavun, n. oven (uven).
Oax, n. ox; pl. oaxun.
Oaxee, n. ox-eye, titmouse.
Oaxtur, n. arm-pit; v.t. take under
the arm.
Oaxtur-pooch, n. breast-pocket,
pocket under the arm.
Obleej, v.t. oblige (obliij).
Octoabur, n. October.
On, prep. on.
Oo, n. wool.
Oo, v.t. woo.
Oor, n. hour (our).
Oor, poss. pron. our.
Oorselz, pron. ourselves.
Oorz, poss. pron. ours (ourz).
Oos, pron. us.
Oot, prep. and adv. out.
Ootbii, adv. outside, out of doors.
Ootcum, n. outcome, issue, result,
out-turn.
Ootgaang, n. outgo, expenditure.
Oour, n. wooer.
Or, conj. (1) or; (2) until, before,
ere (air); (3) prep. till.
Our, prep, and adv. over (oaver),
too.
Ourcum, n. chorus of song, refrain.
Ow, interj. oh! (oa).
P (as in E. pup, pen, cap).
Paand, n. valance for a bed.
Paar, n. young salmon.
Paarich, n. pl. porridge, breakfast.
Paark, n. park.
Paarlay, n. cake of gingerbread.
Paartun, n. crab.
Paat, n. pot.
Paat, v. pa. of putt, put (poot).
Paat-broad, wooden pot-lid.
Paiks, n.pl. licking.
Pail, n. pail.
Pailin, n. paling, wooden fence.
Pain, n. (1) pane (pain); (2) pain.
Pair, n. (1) pear (pair); (2) pair.
Pairl, n. pearl (perl).
Pais, n. peace (pees).
Pait, n. peat (peet).
Pait, n. dim. of Peter.
Paith, n. path, pass between
hills.
Paitrik, n. partridge.
Paukay, a. sly, tricky, shrewd.
Paulay, n. deformed.
Paumay, n. a stroke on the
palm.
Paw, n. father.
Peddlur, n. pedlar, packman,
hawker.
Pee, n. pea ( pee).
Peeaanay, n. piano (pyanoa).
Peenee, n. pinafore.
Peeree, n. (1) spinning top; (2)
treacle beer.
Pees, n. piece (pees), bread, &c.,
snack; jeelee pees, bread and
jelly.
Peetee, n. pity.
Peeweep, peezweep, n. lapwing.
Peez-baanuk, n. thick cake of
peasemeal.
Peez-stray, n. pease-straw.
Pei, v.t. pay; pa. and pa. p. peid.
Peid, v. pa. and pa.p. of pei,
paid.
Peik, n. pike (piik).
Peik, v.t. peck, lick.
Peikin, n. licking.
Peint, n. and v.i. (1) point; (2) pint
(piint).
Peintit, a. exact (pointed).
Peip, n. pipe (piip); peips, bagpipes.

Peip-up, v.t. goffer.
Pekh, n. and v.i. pant.
Pekk, n. peck, a measure of
grain.
Pen, n. dung of fowls.
Pendikul, n. small piece of ground,
appendage.
Pennay, n. penny; pl. puny.
Pent, n. and v.t. paint.
Pentur, n. painter.
Peppur, n. pepper.
Perch, n. perch.
Perish, n. parish.
Pertay, n. party.
Pestur, n. pastern.
Peticoat, n. petticoat.
Phiss, interj. sound used to drive a
cat away.
Pich un toas, n. pitch and toss.
Pig, n. pig; a. earthenware.
Pigmun, n. seller of crockery.
Pigz, n.pl. crockery.
Pii, n. pie (pii).
Piiut, n. magpie.
Pik, n. and v. pick.
Pik, n. pitch.
Piktur, n. picture (pictyoor).
Pitaarnay, n. seagull.
Piz, n. sing. and pl. pea, peas, pease,
e.g. piz-baanuk, piz-broaz, piz--
coad, piz-mail, piz-wusp.
Plaantin, n. plantation.
Plaash, n. splash, heavy fall of
rain.
Plaid, n. plaid (plad).
Plais, n. place (plais).
Plait, n. plate (plait).
Plait, v.t. plait (plat).
Plait-raak, n. plate-rack.
Plaiz, v.t. please.
Play, v.t. play.
Plen, a. plain.
Plenishin, n. furniture, equipment.

Plenstainz, n. pl. pavement.
Plestur, n. plaster, botch.
Plii, n. fold (foald), twist.
Pliiurz, n. pincers.
Ploi, n. frolic, expedition for
amusement, outing, bit of fun.
Ploo, n. plough (plow).
Ploomun, n. ploughman.
Ploom, n. plum.
Plooroa, n. pleura-pneumonia.
Plout, n. heavy fall of rain,
especially when accompanied by
thunder.
Pluitur, v.i. dawdle, waste time,
potter about.
Plunk, n., v.t., and adv. plump.
Pluskay, n. trick.
Pluvur, n. plover (pluver).
Poach, n. pound, stamp, trample
muddy ground (like cattle).
Poachur, n. stick for pounding
blankets.
Poak, n. bag, sack; poakmun,
bagman.
Poak-maarkit, a. marked with
smallpox.
Poakur, n. poker.
Poalisayz, n. pl. land attached
to a mansion-house, generally
encircled by a; private
demesne.
Poalismun, n. policeman (poleesman).

Poalkay, n. loose jacket.
Poand, n. pond.
Poapay, n. poppy.
Poark, n. pork.
Poartur, n. porter.
Poast-oafis, n. post-office.
Poasubul, a. possible.
Poax, n.pl. smallpox.
Poiut, n. poet (poaet).
Poiutray, n. poetry.
Poo, v.t. pull (pool); pa. and pa.p.
pood.
Pooch, n. pocket.
Pood, v. pa. and pa. p. of poo,
pulled (poold).
Poodhur, n. powder (poudur).
Poopit, n. pulpit (poolpit).
Poor, n. power; v. pour (poar).
Pooree, n. a jug with a spout.
Poossay, n. pussy, cat.
Pootray, n. poultry (poaltri).
Poozhun, n. poison (poizon).
Pound, n. pound in money.
Pounee, n. pony (poani).
Pow, n. poll (poal), the hair of the
head.
Pozeeshun, n. position (pozishun).
Praishus, n. precious (preshus).
Praizunt, n. present (prezent).
Pree, v.t. taste.
Preech, v.i. and t. preach (preech).
Preen, n. pin.
Preen-coad, n. pin-cushion: a
bood preen, a bent pin.
Press, n. press, cupboard.
Prig, v.i. haggle, importune, insist.
Prizentur, n.  precentor, who leads
the singing in church.
Proamus, n. and v.t. promise
(promis).
Proapurtay, n. property.
Proavust, n. provost, chief magistrate
of a town.
Proveidin, n. clothes, &c., provided
by a girl in view of her
possible marriage.
Pruif, n. proof.
Pruiv, v.t. prove (proov).
Puddee, n. pigeon.
Puddee-doo, n. tame pigeon.
Puddin, n. pudding (pooding), sausage.

Pudduk, n. frog.
Pudduk-pounee, n. tadpole.
Pudduk-stuil, n. toadstool.
Puggee, n. monkey.
Puiflus, a. without pith or strength.
Puir, a. poor.
Puir buddee, n. a poor person (a
common interjection).
Puirzhoos, n. workhouse.
Puittun, v. pa p. of putt, put
(poot).
Pukkul, n. little, a small quantity
or number.
Pullay, n. (1) pulley (poolay); (2)
pillow (pilloa).
Pullyunz, n. pl. old clothes, rags.
Pump, n. pump.
Pun, n. pin
Pund, n. a pound in weight.
Puns, n. pl. of pennay after a
numeral.
Pup, n. pup.
Purfaishun, n. profession.
Purjink, a. precise, particular.
Purl, n. dung of sheep, rabbit, or
mouse.
Purn, n. reel.
Purnay, n. a filler of purnz.
Purnikitay, a. fussy about trifles,
niggling
Purteeklur, a. particular.
Purtend, v.i. pretend.
Pustul, n. pistol.
Puth, n. pith.
Putt, n. pit.
Putt, v.t. put (poot); pa. paat;
pa. p. puittun; putt awaw, v.t.
send, dismiss; putt dhe stain,
throw the puttin--
stain.
Puttin-stain, n. the heavy stone
used for puttin, a competition as
to who can throw a heavy weight
farthest.
Pyoo, n. pew (pyoo).
Pyookit, a. peaked, pinched, thin--
faced.
Qu ( = kw), as in E. queen.
Quaak, v. (1) quake (quaik)
(2) quack (quak).
Quaantitay, n. quantity (quontiti).
Quaarray, n. quarry.
Quaarul, v. find fault with, challenge.

Quaat oa, a. rid of.
Quaat, v. pa. and pa. p. of quit,
rid.
Quaw, num. two (too).
Queen, n.f. queen.
Queer, a. queer.
Quei, n.f. heifer.
Quein, n.f. girl
Queit, a. quiet.
Quel, num. twelve.
Quikkunz, n. a grass with long
roots.
Quit, vi. rid ; pa. arid pa.p. quaat.
Quuntee, num. twenty.
R (as in E. rise, run
pronounced with a distinct trill).
'R, slurred for ur, are (aar).
Raaftur, n. rafter.
Raak, n. wreck, wreckage; v.
wreck, tie a latch so that the
door will not open.
Raakul, a. sturdy.
Raam-staam, a. hasty, clumsy,
rash.
Raan, n. wren (ren).
Raan, v. pa. of rin, ran.
Raandee, n.f. scolding woman.
Raang, a. wrong (rong).
Raang, v. pa. of ring, rang.
Raant, v.i. make noisy mirth;
raantin kirn, n. harvest-home.
Raap, v.i. rap; pa. and pa. p,
raapit.
Raash, n. rush.
Raashay, a. made of rushes.
Raashay week, n. rush wick.
Raasp, n. raspberry (razberri).
Raat, n. wart.
Raax, v.t. stretch, overstrain, reach
(reech).
Raid, v.t. and i., pa. of reid, rode.
Raijmunt, n. regiment.
Raik, n. (1) rake (raik); (2)
roamer; (3) a turn.
Raik, v.i. roam about.
Rail, a. real (reeal); adv. really,
very, quite.
Raim, n. cream (creem); v.t. skim
milk.
Raim croudee, n. half-fermented
cream or buttermilk with oatmeal
added.
Rain, n. harping on a grievance.
Raip, n. rope (reap).
Rais, n. a turn in going for something.

Raith, n. ghost.
Raiz, v. pa. of reiz, rose (roaz).
Raiz, v.i. turn excitedly (on any
one).
Raizun, n. reason (reezon).
Raukhun, n. shepherd's plaid.
Raun, n. roe of a fish.
Rauzur, n. razor (raizor).
Raw, n. row (roa).
Raw, a. raw.
Red, v. pa. of read, read (red).
Red-ersay, n. a kind of humble--
bee.
Red laund, n. ploughed land.
Redd, n. refuse, rubbish, spawn.
Redd, redd up, v.t. sort, arrange,
put in order, tidy, clear up; pa.
and pa.p. redd up.
Reddee, a. ready.
Reddin-caim, n. comb.
Reed, n. enclosed court for cattle.
Reed, v.t. read (reed); pa. red;
pa.p. riddun.
Reek, n. and v.i. smoke.
Reekee, a. smoky.
Reel, n. (1) reel; (2) a dance,
dance-tune.
Reeshul, v.i. rustle, scrape, rummage;
n. resounding blow.
Reeth, n. snowdrift.
Reevin, a. high, strong (of wind).
Reglur, a. regular (regyoolar).
Reid, v.i. and t. ride (riid); pa.
raid; pa.p. riddun.
Reif, a. plentiful.
Reim, n. hoar-frost.
Reip, a. ripe (riip).
Reip, v.t. rifle (a pocket), clear out.
Reis, n. twig, brushwood.
Reit, v.t. write (riit); pa. raat;
pa. p. ruttun.
Reis, v.i. rise (riiz); pa. raiz;
pa. p. rizun.
Ren, n. (1) rain; (2) rein (rain); v.i.
rain.
Rennay, a. rainy.
Rennay, n. wren (ren).
Rid, a. red.
Riddlinz, n. pl. siftings.
Riddul, n. sieve (siv).
Riddul, v. sift.
Riddun,v. pa. p. of reed, read (red).
Rifaar, v.t. and i. defer.
Rifuiz, v.t. refuse (refyooz).
Rig, n. (1) ridge in a field (rij);
(2) row, disturbance, rough joke,
ragging.
Rig, v.t. chaff, rag, joke, make
fun of.
Riggin, n. ridge of a building.
Rigwuddee, n. the rope or chain
over the saddle of a horse that
bears the weight of the cart on
its back.
Rii, n. rye (rii).
Rii-gress, n. rye-grass
Riiv, v.t. burst, split, tear; pa.
raiv; pa. p. rivvun.
Rikht, a. right (riit), real.
Rikht, n. wright (riit).
Rikht, adv. quite (kwiit).
Rikkul, n. loose heap.
Rin, v.i. run; pa. raan; pa. p.
run.
Ring, n. (1) ring; (2) blow.
Ring, v.t. ring; pa. raang; pa.p.
rung.
Ring, v.t. wring (ring).
Ringur, n. wringer (ringer),
mangle.
Rink, n. a set of four a side at
curling; the length of ice on
which a game is played.
Rizun, v. pa.p. of reiz, risen
(rizen).
Rizun, a. (of clothes), half dried
in the open air.
Rizzur, n. currant.
Roa, n. roe-deer.
Roabin, n. robin.
Road, n. road, way.
Roadun, n. rowan, mountain-ash.
Roak, n. rock.
Roakht, v. pa. and pa. p. of wurk,
wrought (raut).
n. rolling-pin.
Roan, n. gutter under eaves.
Roar, n. roar, a shout in passing.
Roat, v.i. rot; pa. roatit; pa.p.
roatun.
Roat, v. pa. of reit, wrote (roat).
Roatit, v. pa. of roat, rotted.
Roatun, v. pa. p. of roat, rotted.
Roatun, n. rat.
Roaz, n. (1) rose; (2) erysipelas.
Roazut, n. resin.
Roid, a. wild, mischievous.
Roo, v.t. rue (roo).
Rooburt, n. rhubarb (roobarb).
Rookay, a. misty.
Room, n. room.
Roomatizm, n. rheumatism (roomatizim).

Roond, a., adv., and prep. round.
Rooshyun, n. Russian (Rushyan).
Roost, n. rust.
Roostay, a. rusty.
Roulay-poulay, n. roly-poly (roa--
lay-poalay).
Roulinz, n. pl. ravelled worsted,
waste ends of web.
Roup, n. and v.t. auction.
Rout, v.i. bellow.
Row, n. and v.t. roll (roal); row
(roa), wind.
Rowl, v.t. ravel.
Rub, n. rib, bar of a grate.
Rubbun, n. ribbon.
Ruch, a. rich.
Ruft, v.i. belch.
Rug, v.i. pull roughly,tug; n. tug,
good bargain.
Ruid, n. rood.
Ruif, n. roof.
Ruil, n. rule (rool).
Ruit, n. root.
Rukh, a. rough (ruff).
Rukk, n. rick, large stack.
Rulyun, n. wretch, rascal.
Rummul, v.i. rumble; v.t. turn
about.
Rummuld igg, n. scrambled egg.
Rummul-tay-thump, n. potatoes
and cabbage mixed.
Rummur, n. toddy tumbler, shaped
like a large wine-glass.
Rump, n. end of the back-bone.
Run, v.i., pa. p. of rin, run.
Rung, n. thick stick, cudgel.
Rung, v. pa. p. of ring, rung.
Runkul, n. and v.t. wrinkle, crease.
Runnur oa beef, n. thin cut over
lower ribs.
Runt, n. stump of a cabbage, kail,
or cauliflower, stump of a tree.
Rush-fivvur, n. scarlet fever.
Ruttun, pa. p. of reit, written
(ritten).
S (as in E. sit, sister, miss).
'S slurred for iz after a hard consonant.

'S slurred for us, meaning mee.
Saab, n. and v. sob.
Saaft, a. soft, wet.
Saaftay, n. soft-headed person,
noodle.
Saand-mertin, n. sand-martin.
Saand-peipur, n. sand-piper.
Saang, n. song.
Saang, intej. faith (blood), e.g.
Mii saang! (my faith!).
Saang, v. pa. of sing, sang.
Saap, n. sap.
Saaps, n. pl. breadberry, bread
steeped in water.
Saark, n. shirt.
Saat, v. pa. of sut, sat.
Saattul, v.t. settle.
Saax, (obs.), num. six.
Saaxpins, n. sixpence (sixpins).
Saidlur, n. saddler.
Saidul, n. saddle.
Saikrimint, n. Sacrament, Communion.

Saikrut, n. and a. secret (seekret).
Saikund, num, a. second.
Sail, n. (1) sale (sail); (2) sail.
Sail, v.i. sail.
Saim, n. (1) hog's lard; (2) seam
(seem), parting of hair.
Saim, a. same (saim).
Saimpul, n. sample.
Sain, n. scene (seen), sight, business.
Saip, n. soap.
Saipay-sudz, n. pl. soapsuds.
Sair, a. sore (soar), painful, difficult;
sair haid, headache; sair teeth,
toothache; sair weim, stomachache.

Sair, adv. sorely, badly, very.
Sair, v.t. serve (serv).
Sairaius, a. serious (seerius).
Saishun, n. session (seshun).
Sait, n. seat (seet).
Saivun (obs.), num. seven.
Saivunt, num. seventh.
Saivuntay, num, seventy.
Saivunteen, num. seventeen.
Saizun, n. season (seezun).
Saubuth-day, n. Sunday.
Saukh, n. willow.
Saul, n. soul (soul).
Saum, n. psalm (saam).
Saumun, n. salmon (saamun).
Saumun'z loup, n. a kind of leap--
frog.
Saund, n. sand.
Saundee, n. dim. of Alexander.
Sausur, n. saucer (sauser).
Saut, n. salt (sault).
Saut-baakit, n. salt-box.
Saw, n. saw.
Saw, v.t. saw (wood); pa. sawd;
pa. p. sawn.
Saw, v.t. sow (soa); pa. sawd; pa. p.
sawd.
Saw, v. pa. of see, saw.
Sawn, v. pa. p. of saw (wood),
sawn.
Say, adv. so (soa).
Say, v.t. say; pa. and pa. p. sed;
3rd pers. sing. sez.
Sayin, n. saying, proverb.
Scaabit, a. poor, mean, shabby.
Scaart, n. and v.t. scratch.
Scairs, a. scarce.
Scaith, n. scathe (scaidh), harm,
hurt.
Scaud, v.t. scald (scauld).
Scaum, v.t. burn, scorch, singe (e. g.
so far as to take colour out of
cloth).
Sclaaf, n. slap, an old slipper.
Sclaaf, v. and n. shuffle.
Sclait, n. slate (slait).
Sclaitur, n. slater.
Scluttur, n. hurry-scurry, confusion,
muddle.
Scoab, v.i. miss threads in weaving.
Scoab, n. splint; v.t. put in splints.
Scoach, a. Scotch.
Scoach-un-Frensh, n. name of a
game (French and English).
Scoan, n. scone (scon).
Scoar, v.t. score.
Scoatlund, n. Scotland.
Scoog, n. and v.t, shelter, screen,
take shelter from.
Scoonur, n. draught of beer.
Scoop, v.t. scoop.
Scoor, v.t. scour, clean.
Scoot, n. and v.t. squirt.
Scoudhur, v.t. scorch.
Scraip, n. letter.
Screed, n. a rent, a torn strip, a
long story, a harangue; v.t. tear,
rend.
Screekh, n. (1) screech; screekh
oa day, break of day; (2) the
swift.
Screev, v.i. talk at length.
Screev, n. a long story.
Screevur, n. great talker.
Scrimp, v. skimp, stint.
Scuff, v.t. graze, tarnish in wear,
make shabby.
Scuffay, a. shabby, mean.
Scuil, n. school (scool).
Scuilin, v. schooling, education.
Scuilmestur, n. schoolmaster (scoolmaster).

Scullur, n. scholar (scoller).
Scum, v.t. skim.
Scum-mulk, n. skim-milk.
Scunj, n. sponger, one who abuses
hospitality; vi. sponge on.
Scunnur, n. repugnance, unreasoning
dislike; v.t. disgust.
Scunnurd, a. disgusted.
Sed, v. pa. and pa. p. of say, said
(sed).
Seddlur, n. saddler.
Seddul, n. saddle.
See, n. sea (see).
See, v.t. see, take care; pa. saw;
pa. p. seen.
Seecund, a. second.
Seed, n. seed.
Seek, a. sick.
Seek, v.t. seek, ask for, want, wish,
try.
Seelun, n. ceiling (seeling).
Seemaw, n. seagull.
Seemlur, a. similar.
Seen, v. pa. p. of see, seen.
Seevul, a. civil.
Seg, v.i. sag, sink, shrink.
Seg, n. sedge (sej).
Seid, n. side (siid).
Seidur, a. comp. of seid, awkward.
Sein, adv. then, ago.
Seind, v.t. (1) rinse; (2) sign (siin).
Seip, v.i. ooze, percolate.
Sekh, n. and v.i. sigh (sii).
Sekk, n. sack.
Sel, n. self.
Sell, v.t. sell; pa. and pa. p. sellt.
Selluray, n. salary.
Sellz, n. pl. police cells.
Sempul, a. simple.
Send, v.t. send.
Sendz, n. messenger at wedding.
Septembur, n. September.
Sermun, n. sermon.
Servur, n. tray.
Set, v.t. (1) set, grant in lease, become,
suit (soot); (2) jib.
Settur, n. a jibbing horse.
Setturday, n. Saturday.
Sez, v. pres. of say, says (sez).
Sh; see separate letter.
Sib, a. akin, related by blood.
Sidairunt, n. sederunt, sitting.
Sii, v.t, strain, filter.
Siith, n. scythe (siidh).
Siivur, n. grating over drain.
Sikht, n. sight (silt).
Sikk, sikkun, a. such, such-and-such.

Sin, prep. since; adv. ago.
Sindur, n. cinder: a little whisky
in tea.
Sindur, v.t. sunder, separate.
Sing, v. sing; pa. saang; pa. p.
sung.
Sing, v. singe (sinj); pa.p. singd
or singit.
Singit-haid, n. singed head.
Sing-ul, a. single; v.t. thin (turnips).
Sink, v.i. sink.
Sink, n. sink for dirty water.
Sinkur, n. weight to make a rope
or line sink.
Siskin, n. a kind of finch.
Six, num. six.
Sixt, num. a. sixth.
Skeekh, a. shy, skittish.
Skeelee, n. slate pencil.
Skeeree, a. queer, not all there,
excitable.
Skeeree ma linkee, a. skittish,
frolicsome.
Skeit, n. (1) blow; (2) objectionable
person.
Skeit, v.i, slip, rebound in a slanting
direction, glance, ricochet.
Skelb, n. splinter, thin slice.
Skell, v.i. and t. spill, empty, disperse;
pa. and pa. p. skelt.
Skellay, a. squinting.
Skellay, n. wild mustard.
Skellukh, n. wild mustard, field
mustard, charlock.
Skelp, n. and v.i. smack, slap.
Skelp, v.i. walk smartly, move
quickly.
Skelt, v. pa. and pa. p. of skell,
spilled, emptied.
Skep, n. hive of domesticated bees.
Skin, n. skin.
Skirl, n. and v.i. scream, frizzle.
Skreen, n. screen.
Skum, v.t, skim.
Skum-mulk, n. skim-milk.
Skup, n. captain of a rink at curling
or bowls.
Skwaajee, n. drudge.
Skyould, a. crooked, off the
straight.
Slaap, n. gap in a wall, fence, or
hedge.
Slaivur, n. slaver.
Slay, n. sloe (sloa).
Sled, v. pa. of sleid, slid.
Sleekit, a. sly, deceitful.
Sleep, n. and v.i. sleep; sleep in,
v.i. oversleep.
Sleesh, n. slush.
Sleev, n. sleeve (sleev).
Sleid, n. and v.i. slide (sliid); pa.
sled; pa. p. sliddun.
Sleidur, n. catch of rigwuddee.
Slekhur, v.t. make muddy.
Slestur, n. mess.
Sliddun, a. pa. p. of sleid, slid.
Slii, a. sly (slii).
Sloa, a. slow (sloa).
Sloakhun, v.t. slake thirst.
Sloap-pail, n. slop-pail.
Ship, n. and v.i. slip; slap uwaw,
die.
Sluppay, a. slippery.
Slut, v.t. slit; pa. and pa. p. slut.
Smaw, a. small (smaul).
Smaw beer, n. small beer.
Smaw braid, n. little cakes.
Smeddum, n. mettle, energy, pith.
Smeek, v.t. smoke (smoak).
Smell, n., v.t. and i. smell.
Smert, a. smart.
Smout, n. smolt (smoalt), a small
insignificant person.
Smuddee, n. smithy (smidhi); v.i.
work as a blacksmith.
Smuidh, a. smooth (smoodh).
Smuir, v.t. smother (smudher).
Smut, v.t. infect.
Smuth, n. smith, blacksmith.
Smuttin, a. catching, infectious.
Snail, n. snail.
Snaw, n. snow (snoa).
Snaw-brui, n. melting snow.
Sneeshin-mull, n. snuff-box of
horn.
Sneevul, v.i. snivel.
Snek, n. latch.
Snell, a. sharp, keen.
Snib, n. small catch of a door.
Snoad, a. neat, trim, tidy; v.t. tidy.
Snoar, n. and v.i. snore.
Snoatur, n. nasal mucus.
Snuff, a. and v.i. snuff.
Soabur, a. poorly, not well.
Soadee, n. soda.
Soajur, n. (1) soldier (soaljer); (2)
small red insect.
Soak, n. ploughshare.
Soakht, v. pa and pa. p. of seek,
sought (saut).
Soalid, a. solid.
Soansay, a. buxom, well-conditioned,
pleasant-looking.
Soarée, n. soirée (swauray).
Soarn, v.i. sponge, abuse or trespass
on hospitality.
Soarnur, n. a self-invited guest,
abuser of hospitality.
Soart, n. and v.t. sort.
Soas, n. wet mess, liquid mixture
of foods.
Soaunz,n.pl. a dish made from the
husks of oats.
Soavrun, n. sovereign (sovrin).
Soo, n. sow (sow), pig; pl. swein;
hei-soo, an oblong stack of hay.
Soobaak much, n. a woman's cap.
Soodhurn, a. southern (sudhum).
Sook, n. and v.t. suck.
Sookh, n. deep breath, sigh, whiff,
sound of wind.
Sookur, n. sucker.
Soom, n. and v.i. swim; pa. and
pa. p. soomd.
Soond, n. sound, noise.
Soop, n. and v.t. sweep; pa. soopit,
swept.
Soopul, a. supple, flexible, swift.
Soopur, n. sweeper.
Soor, a. sour.
Soor-dook, n. buttermilk.
Sooruk, n. sorrel.
Sooth, n. south.
Sootur, n. shoemaker, cobbler.
Soo'z crui, n. pigsty.
Soo'z troakh, n. pig's trough.
Sottur, v.i. simmer, boil slowly,
be slightly scorched, maunder,
potter.
Soudhur, n. solder.
Soul, n. soul (soal).
Soup, n. sup.
Spaak, v. pa. of speek, spoke
(spoak).
Spaan, v. pa. of spin, span.
Spaark, n. spark.
Spaat, v. pa. of spit, spat.
Spaats, n. pl. spats.
Spaid, n. spade (spaid).
Spaik, n. bar of wood, especially
one of those on which a coffin is
carried.
Spaikit, a. made of bars of wood.
Spail, n. splinter, chip.
Spain, v.t. wean lambs.
Spait, n. flood.
Spay-weif, n.f. fortune-teller.
Speek, v.i. speak (speek); pa.
spaak; pa. p. spoakun.
Speel, n. climb (cliim).
Speer at, v.i. ask.
Speerut, n. spirit; n. pl. speeruts,
whisky.
Speidur, n. spider.
Speks, n.pl. spectacles.
Spiggut, n. cock, tap.
Spin, v.t. spin; pa. spaan; pa. p.
spun.
Spinnin-maagee, n. daddy-longlegs.

Spit, v.i. spit; pa. spaat; pa. p.
sputtun.
Sploar, n. frolic, generally associated
with drinking.
Splut, vi. and t. split; pa. and pa. p.
splut.
Spoakun, v. pa. p. of speek, spoken
(spoaken).
Spoat, n. spot.
Spoot, n. and v. spout.
Spree, n. frolic, drinking bout.
Sproosh, n. spruce (sproos).
Sproosh beer, n. spruce beer.
Sprug, n. sparrow (sparroa).
Sprung, n. spring, dance-music,
tune.
Spud, n. potato.
Spuil, n. and v. spool.
Spuin, n. spoon.
Spull, v.t. spoil.
Spun, v. pa. p. of spin, spun.
Spunk, n. lucifer match, spirit,
splinter.
Spunnul, n. spindle.
Spurtul, n. stick for stirring porridge,
broth, &c.
Sput, v.i. spit; pa. spaat; pa. p.
sputtun.
Sputtun, v. pa. p. of spit, spat.
Spyug, n. sparrow.
Squair, a. square (squair).
Squrrul, a. squirrel.
Staaf, a. staff.
Staak, n. stack; staakyaird,
stackyard.
Staamp, n. stamp.
Staamuk, n. stomach (stumak).
Staang, n. and v.t. sting.
Staank, n. pool or pond of dirty
water, street gutter.
Staans, n. site, standing-place,
station.
Staap, n. and v.i. step.
Staap, v.t. stuff.
Staar, n. star.
Staarnay, a. starry.
Staart, v.i. start, begin to scold;
v.t. startle.
Staig, n. stallion.
Stail, v.t. steal (steel); pa. and pa. p.
stailt.
Stain, n. stone (stoan).
Stair, n. stair.
Stairch, n. starch.
Staiv, n. and v.t. sprain.
Staivur, vi. saunter, totter.
Stauk, n. stalk (stauk).
Staund, v.i. stand; pa. stuid; pa.p.
stuiddun.
Staund yur haund, v. (stand your
hand), pay for a dram.
Staw, n. stall (staul).
Staw, v.t. surfeit; pa. and pa. p.
stawd, fed up.
Steek, n. stitch.
Steek, v.t. stitch, shut.
Steel, n. steel.
Steenee, n. a little coloured marble.
Steep, a. steep.
Steepul, n. (1) steeple, church--
tower; (2) staple.
Steepul ruit, n. foot of church--
tower.
Steer, n. and v.t. stir, bustle.
Stei, a. steep.
Stei, v.i. stay.
Steibaand, n. bar across inside of
door to fasten it from inside.
Steil, n. style (stiil).
Steim, n. the least thing (in seeing).
Steiz, n. pl. stays, corset.
Stekhay, a. stiff, slow, sturdy.
Stell, n. still.
Stensh, a. staunch (staunsh)
Sterv, v. starve.
Stethul, n. foundation of a stack.
Stibbul, n. stable (staibul).
Stoab, n. stake (staik).
Stoakin, n. stocking.
Stoap, n. and v.i. stop, stay
(live).
Stoaray, n. story (stoari).
Stoarm, n. storm.
Stoat, n. (1) bullock; (2) rebound,
bounce.
Stoat, v.i. rebound, bounce.
Stook, n. shock of corn = 12 sheaves
of wheat, or 14 of oats.
Stookee, n. stucco, plaster-of-Paris.
Stoond, n. pang, intermittent pain.
Stoor, n. dust, excitement.
Stooree, a. dusty.
Stooree drink, n. oatmeal and
water.
Stoot, a. stout, strong, well.
Stoun, pa.p. of stail, stolen.
Stoup, n. vessel for holding liquids,
narrower at the top than at the
bottom.
Straak, v. pa. p. of strikk, struck.
Straath, n. a wide valley.
Straavaig, n. wander idly, roam,
gad about.
Straich, v.t. stretch.
Straik, v.t. lay out a corpse.
Straukht, a. straight (strait).
Stray, n. straw.
Street, n. street.
Streip, n. gutter, open drain in a
street.
Strenj, a. strange (strainj).
Strenjur, n. stranger (strainjur).
Strikk, v.t. strike (striik); pa.
straak; pa. p. strukkun.
Stroang, a. strong, healthy.
Stroop, n. curved spout, e.g. of
kettle or teapot.
Strukkun, v. pa. p. of strikk,
struck.
Strumush, n. fuss, to-do.
Strung, n. string.
Strup, v.t. strip, pa. p. struppit.
Struppit, a. striped.
Stubbul, n. stubble.
Stuid, v. pa. of staund, stood.
Stuiddun, v. pa. p. of staund,
stood.
Stuil, n. stool.
Stuk, n. and v.t. stick.
Stukkee, n. starling.
Stull, a. still.
Stult, n. handle of a plough, stilt.
Stunk, n. and v.i. stink.
Sturk, n. bullock or heifer yearling.

Sturlin, n. starling.
Styoo, n. stew.
Sug, n. an easy-going person.
Suggee, a. easy-going.
Suid, v. aux. should (shood).
Suin, adv. soon.
Suinur, adv. sooner, rather.
Suit, n. soot.
Suit, v.t. suit (syoot).
Sulk, n. silk.
Sullay, a. thin in body, lean, weak.
Sullur, n. silver, money.
Sum, a. some (sum).
Sumf, n. stupid blockhead.
Sumgait, adv. somewhere.
Summur, n. summer.
Sumwei, adv. somehow, somewhere.

Sun, n. sun; (2) son (sun).
Sundurz, a. and adv. asunder.
Sundur, v.t. sunder, separate.
Sung, v. pa. p. of sing, sung.
Sup, v.t. sup.
Suppur, n. supper.
Sustur, n. sister.
Sut, vi. sit; pa. saat pa.p. suttun.
Suttun, v. pa.p. of sut, sat.
Swaach, n. pattern, sample.
Swaal, v.i. swell; pa, and pa.p.
swaald.
Swaallay, n. swallow (swauloa).
Swaallay, v.t. swallow (swauloa).
Swaam, v. pa. of swim, swam.
Swaan, n. swan (swan).
Swaank, a. smart, well set up.
Swaat, v. pa. of sweit, sweated.
Swair, v.i. swear (swair); pa.
swoar; pa. p. swoarn.
Sweer, a. reluctant, lazy, backward.
Sweesh, n. and v.t. swish.
Sweet, a. sweet, fresh (of butter of
milk)
Sweetee, n. sweetmeat.
Swei, n. (1) swinging rod at fire
for carrying pots; (2) a path cut
through corn, swath.
Swein, n.  pl. of soo, swine (swiin).
Sweit, n. and v.i. sweat (swet); pa.
swaat; pa. p. swuttun.
Swidhur, v. i. hesitate, be in
doubt.
Swoar, v. pa. of swair, swore
(swoar).
Swoarn, v. pa. p. of swair, sworn
(swoarn).
Swuft, a. and n. swift.
Swungul-tree, n. swinging bar to
which the traces are attached.
Swum, v.i. swim; pa. swaam.
Swurd, n. sword (soard).
Swurl, n. swirl.
Sh (as in E. shake, shoe (shoo), fish).
Shaak, n. and v.t. shake (shaik);
pa. shuik; pa. p. shuikun.
Shaakul, n. wrist.
Shaakul-bain, n. wrist-bone.
Shaakurz, n. pl. staggers.
Shaal, n. shawl.
Shaanikul, n. fire of refuse or
weeds, bonfire.
Shaank, n. leg, stem, stalk.
Shaanksiz mair, n.
Shanksiz naiggee, n. walking
on foot.
Shaid, n. shed.
Shall; n. sheaf (sheef), slice; pl.
shaifs.
Shaim, n. shame (shaim); think
shaim, v. be ashamed.
Shaip, n. shape (shaip), mould.
Shair, n. (1) ridge (rij); (2) share
(shair).
Shair, v.t. cut corn with a sickle,
reap; pa. shoar; pa. p. shoarn.
Shairin, n. cutting the corn, reaping,
harvest.
Shairn, n. cow-dung.
Shairur, n. reaper.
Shaiv, v.t. shave (shaiv); pa. and
pa. p. shaivd.
Shaukhlay, a. shuffling, unsteady.
Shaukhul, v.i. shuffle, walk unsteadily.

Shaukhuld, a. mis-shapen.
Shaw, n. haulm of a potato, turnip,
thistle, &c.
Shaw, v.t. cut off the leaves of
turnips, &c.
Shay, n. shoe (shoo); pl. shuin.
Shaymaakur, n. shoe-maker.
Shed, n. (1) shed; (2) shade (shaid);
(3) division.
Shedday, n. shadow (shadoa).
Sheddur, n. an instrument for
parting.
Shee, pron. she.
Sheep, n. sheep; pl. sheep.
Sheeps' purlz, n. sheep-dung.
Sheerz, n. pl. shears (sheerz), scissors
(sizurz).
Shein, v.i. shine (shiin).
Sheir, n. shire (shiir).
Shelf, n. shelf; pl. shelfs.
Shellmun, shellmunt, n. movable
boards put on sides of a cart to
increase its capacity.
Sheltay, n. a small pony.
Sharp, a. sharp; v.t. sharpen
pa. and pa.p. sherpit.
Shin, n. shin.
Shintay, n. hockey.
Shoa, n. show (shoa).
Shoad, v. pa. p. of shui, shod.
Shoag, n. and v.t. push, swing,
jog.
Shoagee, n. swing.
Shoap, n. shop.
Shoar, v. pa. of shair, reaped.
Shoart, a. short.
Shoart-braid, n. a sweet cake,
readily crumbling.
Shoart-goon, n. a long blouse.
Shoart leet, n. list of selected
candidates.
Shoat, n. shot, turn; v. pa. and
pa. p. of shuit, shot.
Shoatun, v. pa. p. of shuit, shot.
Shoo, v.t. sew (soa); pa. and pa. p.
shood.
Shoo, v.t. drive away birds.
Shoodhur, n. shoulder.
Shooglee, a. shaky.
Shoogul, v.t. shake.
Shoogur, n. sugar (shoogar).
Shooh, interj. sound made to drive
away birds.
Shook, v.t., pa. of shaak, shook.
Shoor, n. shower.
Shooster, n. f. sempstress.
Shoul, n. and v.i. scowl, make
faces, screw the face.
Shufful, n. shovel (shuvl).
Shuft, n. change, shift, chemise.
Shuft, v.t. shift, change, remove.
Shui, n. and v.t. shoe (shoo); pa.
shuid; pa. p. shoad.
Shuid, v. aux. should (shood),
ought to.
Shuik, v. pa. of shaak, shook.
Shuikun, v. pa. p. of shaak,
shaken.
Shuil, v.t. shovel, scrape.
Shuil dhe broad, n. a game like
draughts, won by the player who
gets rid of all the men first.
Shuin, n. pl. shoes (shooz).
Shuin, adv. soon.
Shuir, a. sure (shoor).
Shuit, v.t. shoot; pa. shoat; pa.p.
shoatun.
Shulfay, n. chaffinch.
Shullun, n. shilling.
Shulpit, a. shrivelled, unnaturally
thin, pinched-looking.
Shup, n. ship.
Shurray, n. sheriff.
Shuttul, n. shuttle.
Shutturz, n. pl. shutters.
Shyukh, v.t. cover plants with
earth, trench.
T (as in E. ten, met, tent).
'T, slurred for hut, it.
Taaful, v.t. ruffle, disarrange.
Taak, n. lease.
Taak, v.t. take (taik); pa. tuik
pa. p. tain ; taak ull, fall ill.
Taak, v.i. talk (tauk).
Taakht, v. pa. and pa. p. of teech,
taught.
Taakut, n. hob-nail.
Taalay, n. tallow (talloa).
Taalyun eirun, n. Italian iron.
Taam, n. dim. of Thomas.
Taamay-roond, n. small loaf.
Taanaree, n. tannery.
Taap, n. top.
Taapit hen, n. crested hen, a
muchkin of whisky.
Taapsul teeree, a. upside down,
topsy-turvy.
Taar, n. tar.
Taaray-fingurd, a. light-fingered,
pilfering.
Taash, v.t. soil, make shabby, batter,
bruise.
Taid, n. toad.
Taigul, v.t. hinder, delay.
Tail, n. (1) tail; (2) account.
Tain, v. pa. p. of taak, taken
(taiken).
T'ain, n. the one.
Taingz, n. pl. tongs.
Tainunt, n. tenant.
Taip, v.t. economize, make a thing
last longer, use sparingly.
Tair, v. t. tear (tair); pa. toar; pa.p.
toarn.
Tair, n. tear (teer).
Tairubul, a. terrible, awful; adv.
terribly, awfully.
Tairz, n. tares.
Taist, n. a little liquid, a dram of
whisky; v.i. take whisky.
Tait, n. a little bit.
Taiz, v.t. tease (teez).
Taupay, n.f. a stupid, clumsy
woman or girl.
Tautay, n. potato (potaitoa).
Tautayz un dup, n. potatoes and
gravy.
Tautay-beetul, n. potato-masher.
Tautay-boagul, n. scarecrow.
Taw, n. the line played from at
marbles.
Tawz, n. pl. a strip of leather with
thongs, used for whipping schoolboys.

Tay, n. toe (toa).
T'ay, a. the one.
Tedhur, n. and v.t. tether (tedher).
Tee, n. (1) tea (tee); (2) the mark
played for in curling or bowls
(3) at golf, the little heap of sand
on which the ball is placed in
playing off; v.t. place a ball on
the tee.
Tee, slurred for tay dhe, to the.
Teech, v.t. and i. teach (teeth); pa.
and pa. p. taakht.
Teend, v.t. vex, make jealous.
Teet, v.i. peep.
Teet-boa, n. bo-peep, children's
game.
Teeth, n. tooth; pl. teeth.
Tee un tull'd, n. high tea.
Teik, n. dog.
Teikin, n. ticking (used to cover
mattresses).
Teil, n. tile (tiil).
Teilyur, n. tailor.
Teim, n. time (tiim).
Tein, v.t. lose; pa. and pa. p. tint;
v.i. be lost.
Tell, v.t. tell; pa. and pa. p. tellt,
tauld.
Tellin, n. warning, advice.
Ten, num. ten.
Tent, num. a. tenth.
Tent, n. care, heed.
Terrum, n. term.
Tert, n. tart.
Th; see separate letter.
Tibbul, n. table.
T'idhur, a. the other.
Tig, n. touch, a game.
Tig, v.t. touch in the game of
tig.
Tii, v.t. tie (tii).
Tiizday, n. Tuesday (Tyoozday).
Tikht, a. tight (tiit).
Tikk, n. a morsel, a small quantity.
Timmur, n. timber.
Tindur-boax, n. tinder-box.
Tinklur, n. tinker.
Tint, v. pa. and pa. p. of tein,
lost.
Tnee, n. knee (nee).
Tneif, n. knife (niif).
Tnoak, n. clock.
Tnoat, n. knot (not).
Tnow, n. knoll, hillock.
Toad, n. fox.
Toadee, n. toddy, made with
whisky, sugar, and hot water.
Toakhur, n. dowry.
Toakun, n. metal ticket of admission
to Communion.
Toal, n. toll (toal).
Toar, v. pa. of tair, tore (toar).
Toarn, v. pa. p. of tair, torn.
Toaray, n. Tory.
Toash, toashay, a. tidy, cosy, comfortable.

Tool, n. towel.
Toon, n. town (toun), village, farmstead,
house and appurtenances.
Toozee, a. dishevelled, shaggy,
rou gh.
Toozee tee, n. high tea.
Tossul, n. tassel.
Tow, n. tow (toa).
Traakhul, n. a tiring exertion,
trudge, drudgery, a worrying
worker, drudge.
Traakhul, v.i. over-exert oneself,
trudge, drudge, work needlessly.
Traamp, n. and v.t. trample, tread.
Traamp-coal, n. hayrick.
Traap, n. trap-door, stairs leading
to trap-door.
Traikul, n. treacle (treekil).
Traikul peeree, n. treacle beer.
Traikul row, n. treacle roll.
Trail, v.i. gad about.
Tred, n. trade (traid)
Tree, n. tree.
Treip, n. tripe (triip).
Treist, n. assignation, agreement
to meet, cattle fair.
Treist, v.i. to agree to meet.
Tren, n. train.
Trevul, v.i. go on foot, walk.
Trig, a. neat, trim.
Trii, v. try (trii).
Troak, n. job, coming and going,
intercourse, dealings.
Troakh, n. trough (troff).
Troo, a. true (troo).
Troot, n. trout.
Trootay, n. little trout (term of
endearment.
Troozurz, n. trousers (trouzerz).
Trouin, n. trowel.
Trow, n. open drain.
Trowz, n. pl. wooden mill-lead.
Truith, n. truth (trooth).
Trumf, n. pl. trump (at cards).
Trummul, v.i. tremble.
Trump, n. Jew's harp.
Trup, n. trip.
Tubaukay, n. tobacco.
Tuch, v.t. touch (tuch).
Tui, adv. too.
Tuib, n. tub.
Tuik, v. pa. of taak, took.
Tuim, a. and v.t. empty.
Tuip, n. ram.
Tuithik, n. toothache.
Tumlur, n. tumbler.
Tummul, n. and v.i. tumble.
Tummur, n. and a. timber,
wooden.
Tun, n. ton.
Tung, n. tongue (tung).
Tuppins, n. twopence (tuppens).
Tuppnay nuppnay, n. a kind of
leap-frog.
Turkay, n. turkey.
Turl, v.,n. and interj. whirl, rattle.
Turravee, n. temper, passion.
Turwur, v.i. wrangle.
Tuttay, n. sister.
Twaal, num. twelve.
Twaw, num. two (too).
Twaw-three, twaw-hree, a. two
or three, some, several, a few.
Tweis, adv. twice (twiis).
Twel, num. twelve.
Twelt, num, a. twelfth.
Twins, n. pl. twins (twinz).
Twuntee, num. twenty.
Tyug, n and v.t. tug.
Tyuin, n. tune (tyoon).
Tyukh, a. tough (tuff).
Tyukhut, n. lapwing.
Th (as in E. thick, thin, three).
Thaak, n. thatch (thach); a.
thatched.
Thait, n. trace by which a horse
draws.
Thait-hoars,
Thaitur n. front horse in a
cart or plough.
Thaivlus, a. lacking energy,
strength, or purpose.
Thee, n. thigh (thii).
Theef, n. thief (theef); pl. theefs.
Theel, theevul, n. stick for stirring
porridge, broth, &c.
Thek, v.t. thatch (thach).
Thenk, v.t. think; pa. and pa. p.
thoakht.
Thenk, n. and v.t. thank.
Therteen, num. thirteen.
Therty, num. thirty.
Thik, a. thick, plentiful.
Thing, n. thing.
Thirld, (of stock) accustomed to
stay in a particular place.
Thoa, adv. though (dhoa), indeed,
all the same.
Thoakht, n. thought (thaut), a
very little, the least bit.
Thoakht, v. pa. and pa.p. of
thenk, thought (thaut)
Thoal, v.t. endure.
Thoarn, n. thorn.
Thoom, n. thumb (thum);v.t.
spread with the thumb.
Thoozunt, num. thousand (thouand).

Thraang, a. busy.
Thraangitay, n. press of work.
Thraapul, n. gullet, windpipe.
Thraapul, v. throttle.
Thraip, v.i. insist, maintain a
statement, argument, or opinion.
Thraitun, v.t. threaten (thretten).
Thraiv, n. two stooks of grain.
Thraiv, v.i. pa. of threiv, throve
(throav).
Thraun, pa. p. of thraw, twisted; a.
ill-natured, crusty, cross-grained.
Thraw, v.t. twist; pa.p. thraun.
Thraw-cruk, n. large hook for
twisting straw ropes.
Three, num. three.
Threed, n. thread (thred).
Threis, adv. thrice (thriis).
Threiv, v. thrive (thriiv); pa.
thraiv; pa. p. thrivun.
Thresh, v.t. thresh; pa. thruish
pa. p. thruishun.
Thrivun, v. pa. p. of threiv,
thriven.
Throa up, v.t. vomit.
Throo, prep. through (throo); adv.
over, finished.
Throo-put, n. out-turn.
Throoidhur, a. anyhow, confused,
untidy, unmethodical.
Thrud, thurd, a. third.
Thruish, v.pa. of thresh, threshed.
Thruishun, v. pa. p. of thresh,
threshed.
Thrum, n. loose end of a web.
Thrussul, n. thistle (thissil).
Thummul, n. thimble.
Thun, a. thin, small, narrow.
Thunnur, n. thunder.
Thurd, num. third.
U (as in E. us, sun, cut, rub).
Ubee, adv. alone, as it is.
Ubloa, prep. below.
Uboot, adv. and prep. about, around,
near, nearly, in the neighbourhood
of.
Ubuin, adv. and prep. above (abuv).
Ubuiz, v.t. abuse, destroy.
Ucroas, prep. and adv. across.
Uday, n. ado (adoo).
Uffront, v.t. offend.
Ufoar, adv., prep., and conj. before
(befoar).
Ugen, adv. again.
Uglei, adv, squinting, awry, off the
straight.
Uhint, adv., prep., and conj. behind.
Uilee, n. oil.
Uilee cruizay, n. oil-lamp.
Uis, n. use (yoos).
Uit (or ett), pa. of ait, ate.
Uiz, v.i. and t. use (yooz); pa. before
a vowel uizd, before the prep. to,
uist.
Ujee, adv, to one side, off the
straight.
Ulaang, adv, and prep. along.
Ulain, adv. alone (aloan).
Ulaivun, num. eleven.
Ulaivunt, a. eleventh.
Ulkay, a. each, every.
Ull, v. slurred for wull, will.
Ull, a. ill, bad, hard, difficult,
angry; adv. ill, badly.
Ull-faurd, a. ugly.
Ulow, adv. in flame.
Um, slurred for hum, him.
Umburellay, n. umbrella.
Umoan, prep. among (amung).
Umuiz v.t. amuse (amyooz).
Un, conj. and, if, than.
Unaw, adv. as well.
Uncay, a. unusual, strange; adv.
unusually, very.
Uncul, n. uncle (uncul).
Uneth, prep. beneath, below.
Ungshuneer, n. auctioneer (aukshuneer).

Unidhur, a. another (anudher).
Unoalyum, n. linoleum.
Unour, adv. inside.
Uns, n. ounce (ouns).
Unyoo, n. enough (inuff).
Unyukh, n., adj., and adv. enough
(inuff).
Up, prep. up.
Upmust, a. topmost.
Upréil, n. April (Aipril).
Uproach, n. avenue.
Uptaak, n. understanding (uptake).
Uquent, a. acquainted.
Ur, v. aux. are (aar).
Us, pron. us, we.
Useid, prep. beside.
Ut, rel. and conj. that.
Uthoot, prep. without.
Utour, adv, and prep. farther off,
out, away, back.
Uttemp, n. and v. attempt.
Utween, adv. between.
Uvaw, adv. at all.
Uwaw, adv. away.
Uyont, prep. beyond.
V (as in E. vast, ever, live).
Vaaray, adv. very.
Vairs, n. verse.
Vaiz, n. vase (vaaz).
Veis, n. voice (vois).
Vent, n. chimney.
Voagee, a. vain.
Vullaij n. village (villaij).
Vuttul, n. white crops, just before
or after cutting.
W (as in E. west, wife, with).
Waad, v.t. wed.
Waadin, n. wedding.
Waafay, a. shabby, disreputable.
Waaft, n. weft.
Waag, v.t. and i. wag.
Waag-at-dhe-waw, n. kitchen
clock.
Waagtall, n. wagtail.
Waakht, n. swig, big draught.
Waal, n. well, pump.
Waalup, v.i. flop.
Waalut, n. wallet, a large hanging
pocket.
Waamul, v.i. totter, shake, rumble.
Waan, num. one.
Waan, v. pa. of win, won (wun),
got.
Waans, adv. once (wuns).
Waant, v.t. want (waunt), be short
of, be without.
Waantin, a. short of; prep. without.

Waantur, n. unmarried man or
woman.
Waar, n. war (waur).
Waark, n. work (wurk).
Waarp, n. warp (worp).
Waarpur, n. maker of warp.
Waarrum, a. warm (waurm).
Waarst, a. worst (wurst).
Waarsul, v.i. struggle, wrestle
(ressul).
Waarund, v.t. warrant (warrant).
Waash, v.t. wash; pa. wuish;
pa.p. wuishun.
Waashin-buird, n. scrubbing--
board.
Waasp, n. wasp (wosp).
Waast, n. west.
Waat, a. wet.
Want, v.t. wot, know; pa. and
pa. p. wust.
Waat, v. pa. of weet, wet.
Waatur, n. water (wautur), river.
Waatur-coot, n. water-hen.
Waatur-craw, n. water-hen.
Waatur-hen, n. water-hen.
Waik, a. weak (week).
Waiklay, a. poorly.
Wair, v.t. and i. wear (wair); pa.
woar; pa. p. woarn.
Waiscoat, n. waistcoat.
Waistray, n. wastefulness.
Waistur, n. waster.
Wait, v.i. wait, stay.
Wauch, n. watch (wauch).
Wauk in, v.i. shrink (of cloth).
Waukin, a. awake.
Waukin, v.t. awake.
Waukrif, n. wakeful, sleepless.
Waulay, interj. alas!
Waur, a. worse (wurs): v.t. worsen,
beat, defeat.
Waur, v.t. spend.
Waurld, n. world.
Waurluk, n. male witch, wizard.
Waux, n. wax.
Waw, n. wall (waul).
Waw, adv. slurred for uwaw,
away.
Way, n. woe (woa); a. sad.
Wayfay, a. woeful, sorrowful.
Waysum, a. woeful.
Way'z mee, interj. woe's me (woa'z
mee).
Wedhur, n. castrated male sheep.
Wee, a. little.
Wee, pron. we (wee).
Wee, prep. with, by, owing to.
Weebee, n. ragwort.
Weedee, n. widow (widdoa).
Weeduk, n. tool for killing weeds.
Week, n. (1) week; (2) wick.
Weel, a., adv., and interj. well.
Weel-duiin, a. well-doing.
Weel-faurd, a. good-looking.
Weemin, n. pl. of wummun, women
(wimmin).
Weeree, a. weary (weeri).
Weesht, n. and interj. silence.
Weet, v.t. wet; pa. waat; pa. p.
wuttun.
Weev, v.t. weave (weev).
Weevur, n. weaver (weever).
Wei, n. way.
Wei, v.t. weigh (way).
Weid, n. and v.t. weed.
Weid, a. wide (wiid), broad.
Weid, v.i. wade (waid).
Weif, n.f. wife (wiif), woman; pl.
weifs.
Weil, v.t. choose, pick out; n. choice,
pick.
Weild, a. wild (wiild).
Weim, n. stomach.
Wein, n. wine (wiin).
Weind, n. curving alley.
Weir, n. wire (wiir).
Weis, a. wise (wiiz), sensible,
sane.
Weisleik, a. good-looking, sensible,
nice-looking, befitting.
Weit, n. blame.
Wei-wekht, n. weight.
Wejiz, n. pl. wages (waijiz).
Wekht, n. (1) weight (wait); (2)
a round vessel for holding corn,
like a sieve, but with a bottom
of skin.
Wekhts, n. balance.
Wersh, a. insipid, tasteless, saltless.

Wiir, n. wire (wiir), knitting--
needle.
Wing, n. wing.
Winkur, n. eyelid.
Winshay, n. wincey (winsi).
Woar, v. pa. of wair, wore
(wear).
Woarn, v. pa. p. of wair, worn.
Wub, n. web.
Wubbit, a. tired out.
Wubstur, n. weaver.
Wuch, n.f. witch.
Wud, n. wood.
Wud, a. mad.
Wud, v. aux. would (wood); pa.
of wull.
Wuddee, n. hangman's rope.
Wuddunzday, n. Wednesday
(Weddenzday).
Wuish, v. pa. of waash, washed.
Wuishun, v. pa. p. of waash,
washed.
Wulcum, a. welcome (welcum).
Wuld, a. wild (wiild).
Wuldfiir, n. lightning.
Wull, n. and v. aux. will.
Wullay, dim. of William.
Wullay waagee, n. wagtail.
Wummun, n.f. woman (wooman);
pl. weemin.
Wumpul, v. and n. ripple.
Wun, v.t. win, earn ; v.i. (1) get,
reach; (2) dry in the wind (as
grain); pa. waan; pa. p. wun.
Wund, n. wind.
Wundee, n. window (windoa);a.
windy.
Wunduk, n. window (windoa).
Wunnin, n. winnings, earnings.
Wunnulstray, n. withered stalk of
grass.
Wunnur, n. wonder.
Wunsum, a. winning, comely,
charming.
Wunt, v. pa. used.
Wuntur, n. winter.
Wur, a. our.
Wurd, n. word, news, notice.
Wurk, v.i. work (wurk), knit a
stocking; pa. and pa. p. roakht.
Wurr, v.i. growl, snarl.
Wurraikou, n. bugbear.
Wurrum, n. worm (wurm).
Wursut, n. worsted (woosted).
Wurth, a. worth (wurth).
Wush or wuss, n.. and v.i. wish;
pa. and pa. p. wusst.
Wusp, n. wisp.
Wuss, v.i. wish; pa. and pa. p.
wusst.
Wusst, v., pa. and pa. p. of wush,
wuss, wished.
Wust, v. pa. and pa. p. of waat,
knew (nyoo).
Wut, n. wit.
Wuttun, v. pa. p. of weet, wet.
Wuttur, v.i. be keen, eager, long
for.
Wuz, v. aux. was (woz).
Wuzzund, a. wrinkled, shrivelled.
Y (as in English yon, yet, yes).
Yaalay, a. yellow.
Yaalay-yeit, n. yellow-hammer.
Yaamur, v.i. whimper, whine.
Yaird, n. yard, garden.
Yee, pron. you (yoo).
Yeer, n. year (yeer).
Yeld, a. (applied to a cow) neither
in calf nor in milk, barren.
Yell, n. yell.
Yern, n. yarn.
Yestreen, adv. yesterday evening.
Yesturday, adv. yesterday.
Yet, adv. and conj. yet.
Yett, n. gate.
Yoak, n. and v.t. yoke (yoak); v.t.
yoak tay, set to, put to.
Yoan, a. that.
Yoant, adv. farther off, farther
along, along.
Yoo, pron. you (yoo).
Yoomur, n. humour (hyoomur).
Yoo Pay, a. U. P. (United Presbyterian).

Yoor, pron. a. your (yoor).
Yoor, n. ewer (yoor), water-jug.
Yoorz, pron. and a. yours (yoorz).
Youl, v.i. howl.
Yow, n.f. ewe (yoo).
Yow-bukhts, n. ewe-folds.
Yuil, n. Christmas-time.
Yukk, v.i. itch.
Yukkay, a. itchy.
Yung, a. young (yung).
Yur, slurred for your (yoor).
Yurd, n. earth (erth); v.t. bury.
Yut, adr. and conj. yet.
Printed in England at the Oxford University Press
