Corpus of Modern Scottish Writing (CMSW) - www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/cmsw/ Document : 153 Title: The Only Sure Guide to the English Tongue Author(s): Perry, William No. Bi8_k.25 18 GLASGOW UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. CN. 7 4 1. The firſt îs when a ſpeech is introduced abruptly, without expreſs notice given oſ it; as, "Both turn'd, and under open ſky ador'd The God that made both ſky, air, earth, and heav'n— —Thou alſo mad'ſt the night, Maker omnipotent! and thou the day!" Milton To this figure may be referred the leaving out oſ He ſaid and He replied in dialogues, which tends greatly to enliven the narrative. 2. The ſecond ſort oſ Tranſition is when a writer ſuddenly ſtarts ſrom one ſubject to another, which ſeems at ſirſt to have no ſort oſ relation to it, but is, nevertheleſs, ſecretly connected with it, and ſerves to place it in a ſtronger light. This kind oſ Tranſition is moſt common in Lyric Poetry. Q. What is Sentence? A. Sentence is a pertinent obſervation, containing much ſenſe in a ſew words: as, "The calumny oſ enemies is leſs dangerous than the flattery oſ friends." Q What is Epiphonema? A. Epiphonema is an exclamation, containing a lively remark placed at the end oſ a diſcourſe or narration: as, "In heav'nly minds can ſuch perverſeneſs dwell!" Milton. The END. THE ONLY SURE GUIDE TO THE ENGLISH TONGUE; OR, NEW PRONOUNCING SPELLING-BOOK. Upon the ſame Plan as The Royal Standard Engliſh Dictionary. Deſigned ſor the uſe oſ Schools, and private ſamilies. To which is added, A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR Oſ THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. By W. PERRY, Maſter oſ the Academy Edinburgh, Author oſ The Man oſ Buſineſs, and Gentleman's Aſſiſtant, containing a Treatiſe of Practical Arithmetic Book-keeping, and Engliſh Grammar, and oſ The Royal Standard Engliſh Dictionary. Printed by GAVIN ALSTON ſor the Author; and ſold by J.WILKIE, St. Paul's church-yard, T. EVANs, Paternoſter-row, and J. MURRAY fleet-ſtreet, London; A. DONALDSON, J. BELL, W. CREECH, J. DICKSON, C. ELLIOT, and R. JAMIESON, Edinburgh; W. CHARNLEY, Newcaſtle; C. ETHERINGTON, York; CRESSWELL, Nottingham; NORTON, Briſtol; FREDERICK, Bath; and by the AUTHOR at his Academy. (Price bound 1 s.) M,DCC,LXXVI. Entered in Stationers Hall according to Act of Parliament TO HIS GRACE HENRY DUKE OF BUCCLEUGH, EARL OF DALKEITH AND DONCASTER, &c. &c. &c. THE FOLLOWING SPELLING-BOOK, INTENDED TO FIX A STANDARD FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, CONFORMABLE TO THE PRESENT PRACTICE OF POLITE SPEAKERS IN THE CITY OF LONDON, IS MOST HUMBLY INSCRIBED AS A SMALL TESTIMONY OF ESTEEM, BY HIS GRACE'S MOST HUMBLE MOST OBEDIENT AND DEVOTED SERVANT, WILLIAM PERRY. Lately publiſhed, in One Volume large 8vo.PrIce In boards, 6s THE Man oſ Buſineſs and Gentleman's AſſIſtant; CONTAINING A TREATISE oF PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC, Including VULGAR and DECIMAL FRACTIONS, in which are inſerted many conciſe and valuable Rules, ſor the ready caſting up oſ Merchandiſe, never yet publiſhed in this kingdom; BOOK-KEEPING by SINGLE and DOUBLE ENTRY, the former upon an entire New Plan, compriſing a modern and approved method oſ keeping ſmall accompts Dr. and Cr. in the Waſte-Book only, calculated for the eaſe and advantage oſ Retail Traders. Together with an ESSAY ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR: — adapted to the uſe of Gentlemen, Merchants, Traders and Schools. — By W. PERRY Maſter oſ the Academy Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Printed ſor the Author, and ſold by J. Murray, J. Wilkie and T. Evans, London; J. Bell, Edinburgh; by the Author; and by all the Bookſellers in Great Britain. "THE variety oſ ſubjects which Mr Perry has here brought into "the compaſs oſ a ſingle volume, has of neceſſity obliged him to treat "ſome oſ them with brevity: in ſtudying conciſeneſs, however, he "appears to have made proper choice of the materials contained in this "comprehenſive and judicious compilation. That he has omitted nothing "uſeful, we will not pretend to ſay; but that he has retained every thing "which is moſt uſeful to young perſons deſigned ſor Buſineſs, is certain. "His mercantile inſtructions, in particular, diſtinguiſh this work in prefe"rence to all other ſchool-books we have ſeen. His grammatical precepts "and directions ſor writing Engliſh, in which he very ſenſibly departs "from the prejudices oſ his brethren the North-Britiſh pedagogues, with "regard to that eſſential point, the dividing of words into ſyllables, do "him alſo the more credit, as national profeſſions are the leſs eaſy to be "ſurmounted. — On the whole, we venture to recommend this perform"ance, not only as ONE of the BEST SCHOOL-BOOKS we have:met "with, but as the beſt adapted to qualiſy grown perſons, who have not "been bred accomptants, ſor becoming Men oſ Buſineſs." LONDON REVIEW for March 1775 Juſt publiſhed, in OneVolume 12mo. Price neatly bound 3s. (Dedicated, by permiſſion, to the Right Honourable James Stodart, Eſq; Lord Provoſt oſ the City oſ Edinburgh) The Royal Standard Engliſh Dictionary: IN WHICH The Words are not only rationally divided into Syllables accurarety accented, their Part oſ Speech properly diſtinguiſhed, and their various ſignifications arranged in one line: But likewiſe, by A KEY TO THIS WORK, Compriſing the various Sounds oſ the Vowels and Conſonants, denoted by typographical Characters, and illuſtrated by Examples which render it intelligible to the weakeſt capacity, It exhibits their TRUE PRONUNCIATION, According to the preſent practice oſ Men of Letters, Eminent Orators, and polite Speakers in London; upon a plan perſectly plain, and entirely new. To which is prefixed, A Comprehenſive Grammar oſ the Engliſh Language. Edinburgh; Printed for the Author, and ſold by J. Wilkie, T. Evans, and J. Murray, London; Donaldſon, Bell, Creech, Dickſon, Elliot, Jamieſon, Edinburgh; Charnley, Newcaſtle; Ethrington, York; Creſſwell, Nottingham; Norton, Briſtol; Frederick, Bath; and by the Author. WHEN we reflect on the indefatigable ardour with which youth labour to acquire a knowledge oſ the dead languages; how few arrive at any degree of perfection, eíther through want oſ time or capacity; and how many entirely neglect the cultivation oſ their mother-- tongue, which ought always to be the principal ſtudy of the natives of a country; I hope the public will, inſtead oſ cenſuring, commend me, for havíng devoted a few leiſure-hours in compiling the following Spelling book; which is not only intended ſor children when they firſt begin to read, but alſo for youth further advanced, who, either through inattention, bad example, or for want of opportunity, have been ill-grounded in the principles oſ our language, or contracted a vicious mode oſ pronunciation. Indeed ſrom the vaſt number oſ Engliſh Spelling-- books already extant, ſome, without a due examination, may be apt to deem the preſent one ſuperſluous, and either reproach the Author oſ vanity, or cenſure him with plagiariſm. — Truſting however to its merit, I have ventured to add one more to their number, convinced that every attempt to facilitate the progreſs oſ youth, and reconcile the difference between ſpeech and writing, muſt be a laudable attempt. Beſore I ſat down to write this ſmall treatiſe, I carefully examined ſeveral ſpelling-books oſ Engliſh and Scotch productions; and iſ the authors oſ any oſ them had had the ſame object in view, or had treated the ſubject in a more practical manner, I ſhould have ſaved myſelf the trouble oſ this compilation. It muſt be confeſſed, that the acquiring oſ a perfect knowledge oſ any art or ſcience depends on our imbibing juſt notions oſ its firſt elements or principles; and therefore fore any errour there muſt be attended with the worſt oſ conſequences. This obſervation is more applicable to oral language, as daily experience evinces how deficient the natives of England in general are, oſ the eſtabliſhed mode oſ pronunciation. To compile a Spelling-Book fit to be put into the hands oſ youth, contaîning not only the different ſounds oſ the vowels, and diphthongs, and conſonants, but alſo a Grammar oſ the written language, is a taſk not ſo eaſy as imagined; and yet, from the vaſt yearly increaſe wíth which the public are ſerved, one might be apt to ſuppoſe it a work only fit ſor a ſchool boy. I was led into this reflection ſrom the peruſal oſ ſeveral Spellíng Books of both Engliſh and Scotch authors, moſt of whom, ſrom their defects and erroneous examples laid down ſor the pronunciation of many words fall under the above predicament. Thus Dilworth in his Spelling-Book gives the words, down, grown, town; alſo coſt, loſt, toſt, doſt: come, ſome, home; cave, have, ſave; four, pour; deaf, leaf, ſmall, ſhall, ſtall; and taunt, flaunt, vaunt, &c as having the ſame quality of ſound, than which nothing can, be more erroneous. Now if Dilworth, and others, natives oſ England, have committed ſuch egregious blunders with reſpect to the ſounds oſ the Engliſh vowels and diphthongs, it is leſs to be wondered iſ North Britiſh authors, ſuch as Maſon, the late Mr Drummond, &c ſome of whom probably never croſſed the Tweed, ſhould err in attempting to convey the pronunciation oſ words of a ſoreign language. In ſhort, no errour can be more flagrant to an Engliſh ear than thoſe which the above authors have committed in this reſpect. To prove my aſſertion, without taking any notice oſ the imperfect definition oſ the various ſounds. of the vowels, I ſhall firſt quote ſome words from Maſon's Spelling-Book in which the following claſſes are given as having the ſame ſound. Aunt, daunt, flaunt, ſlaunt; death, deaf, bear; food, good, mood, wood, look, crook; four, tour, hough, plough wrought, drought, though, through, ſoul; load, broad, road, goat, groat, &c. And 2dly ſrom another author. Bowl, prowl, uncouth, unſound; bear, beard, ſwear, yea; bread, dead, dearth, earth, lead, realm, heard, ſearch; brood, coo, cook, food; blow, borough a corporation, borrow to take upon credit, brought, blow, ſought, ſnow. The above are palpable errours oſ judgment; not errours of the preſs; otherwiſe I would not on any account have mentioned them. All mankind are ſubject to the latter; but the ſormer in my opinion, deſerve reprehenſion, as they tend maniſeſtly to eſtabliſh a corruption in ſpeech, and to miſlead youth with reſpect to a proper pronunciation. To take off any odium that may be thrown on the author, ſrom the above remark, he begs leave to add, that he does not mean to ſay, that his own countrymen the Engliſh, are the only perſons who ſpeak with propriety. On the contrary, he has the honour oſ being acquainted with ſeveral gentlemen oſ this place, who are not only competent judges oſ the language, but who alſo ſpeak it with a degree of accuracy, that few of the Engliſh ever attain to. Notwitſtanding the many Spelling-Books which have been publiſhed ſince Dyche's, few, in my opinion equal his, many fall greatly ſhort of it; and though critics, and perſons acquainted with our language may find ſeveral errours; yet, compared with others oſ later production it will ever continue to meet with a diſtinguiſhing preference ſrom an impartial and diſcerning public. If any perſon oſ equal abilities with him in point of learning, and who had made the Engliſh language both in its oral and ocular ſtate, their peculiar ſtudy, (the ſormer oſ which ſince his time, as it has been more generally ſought aſter, muſt conſequently be greatly improv'd;) if any of our preſent literati, I ſay poſſeſſed theſe two neceſſary qualiſications had done the public ſo much ſervice as to condeſcend to write a Spelling-Book for the uſe oſ children, my feeble pen ſhould never have undertaken the taſk, beīng well convinced of its inſufficiency when put in competition with others. The following work is executed on the ſame plan as my Royal Standard Engliſh Dictionary, lately publiſhed which teaches the pronunciation oſ the Engliſh language according to the preſent practice oſ polite ſpeakers in the city of London. The advantage that will accrue to thoſe who make uſe oſ either Dictionary or Spelling-Book is ſo great, that I have no reaſon to doubt they will be generally introduced into ſchools and private ſamilies, as ſoon as their merit be known. For beſides that this Spelling-Book, as well as my Dictionary, conveys the true pronunciation of the words it contains, youth may be taught to read and ſpell by them in one third leſs time, and with more propriety, than by Dilworth's, Maſon's, Drummond's, or any other work oſ the kind executed after their manner. This declaration I have alſo made in my dictionary for the benefit oſ the public; and if the authors or proprietors of any oſ the foreſaid works, think themſelves injured by my aſſertion; or even ſhould the public doubt the probability oſ it; I am ready to deſcend to the character oſ an Abecedarian and prove the truth oſ my declaration by engaging to teach a claſs oſ youth to read and ſpell in one third leſs time than the authors themſelves, or any teacher in England or Scotland, ſhall do for them by their Spelling-Books. Should any one think that I have obtruded an uſeleſs performance on the public, out of oſtentation, or preſume that I have been ſporting with the literary abilities of individuals, or that I have ſtudied private advantage more than public utility, (the contrary oſ which I aver), it is juſt, I ſhould be cured oſ my vanity and inſolence. — But iſ the diſcerning and impartial public, to whom I appeal as to the juſtice and merit of the cauſe, ſhould, on a candid examination, find this work preferable to my contemporaries, then, and in this caſe only, I flatter myſelf of having their encouragement and protection; as the intereſt oſ both in the circumſtance alluded to will be found to be inſeparable. In my laſt publication I obſerved, that a rational diviſion only of the words into ſyllables, (without certain characters to denote the different ſounds of the vowels, and the hard or ſoft ſounds oſ the conſonants) is not ſufficient to convey the true pronunciation of our language, much leſs the Spelling-Books juſt mentioned, in which the words are very improperly divided. I have therefore annexed a Key to this work compriſing the various ſounds of both, denoted by typographical characters, and illuſtrated by examples which render it intelligible to the weakeſt capacity. It ſhould however be particularly remark'd, that there are many words which have no characters over the vowels ſuch as ăb'ba, ſa-lūte', ſe-clūde', ĭn'do-lĕnce, &c. — Theſe vowels have the ſame quality oſ ſound as ā, ē, ō, &c. but are uttered quicker; that is they are the long ſounds oſ ā, ē, ō, &c. contracted, and are in the ſame proporto each other as gòod is to fôod, or hòok to rôok, which have the ſame quality of ſound, but different in quantity or length of tīme. In my Dictíonary I took notice oſ the propriety oſ a plurality of accents on words; but the ſame motive which induced me to make uſe of one only in that work, (to which I refer the reader), has influenced me in the preſent. — All the words of pollyſyllables however, and many of the leſſons, are not only divided as pronounced, but alſo properly accented with the grave or acute accent, according as the accented ſyllables are flat or ſlow, quick or ſharp, the right underſtanding oſ which, is a circumſtance oſ the greateſt importance, though hitherto neglected; and which ſingular advantage is not to be met with in any other ſpelling book. To render this work as uſeful as poſſible, I have added a Comprehenſive Engliſh Grammar, compriſing whatever rules are neceſſary, for a perſect acquiſition of our mother tongue; with a varîety oſ examples oſ bad Engliſh, to be made înto good, ſor the exerciſe oſ the learner, whîch by experīence is ſound to be a moſt excellent method, oſ making youth acquainted with the rules oſ Grammar. — I have alſo given an explanation of the common Abbreviations uſed in buſineſs and writing, together with proper directions, for addreſſing perſons of every rank, and condition oſ life. Laſtly, With reſpect to the manner to be purſued in, teaching Children to read by this book, if my opinion were aſked, I could not recommend any thing more proper, than to follow the order in which the whole ſtands. — Every teacher however, is at liberty to follow that method, which his own private opinion may ſuggeſt. — But there is one thing which I particularly recommend, and that is, to make youth well acquainted with the different ſounds oſ the Vowels, Diphthongs, and Conſonants; and to be very particular in conveying to them the proper ſound oſ all the words oſ Monoſyllables, as by obſervation, I find, that people in general, oſtner give a wrong pronunciation to theſe, than to words oſ Pollyſyllables. The Only SURE GUIDE to the ENGLISH TONGUE. PART ONE. The ALPHABET. Old Engliſh. Roman. Italic. The Names of the Letters. A a A a A a ay B b B b B B b bee C c C c C c cee, or * ek D d D d D d dee E e E e E e e (ee) F f F f F f eff G g G g G g jee, or * eg H h H h H h hee, or aitch I i I i I i i (eye) j J j J j jay K k K k K k kay L l L l L l ell M m M m M em N n N n N n en O o O o O o o P p P p P p pee Q q Q q Q q coo R r R r R r ar S ſ s S ſ s S ſ s eſs T t T t T t tee U u U u U u ou (oo) V v V v V v vee W w W w W w ou X x X x X x ex Y y Y y Y y wi Z z Z z Z z zee, zed DOUBLE LETTERS ct ff ffi fi fl ſh ſk ſi ſl ſſ ſs ſſi ſt, &c. * Note, When c and g ſound hard they may be called ek and eg. Key to the only Sure Guide to the Engliſh Tongue. Different Sounds of the Vowels. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ā ă â à á ‖ a ſounds i ſhort, Liar cribbage, &c hate, hat hall † waſh part 1 2 ;3 4 5 ē ĕ ê é ‖ e has the ſound oſ i ſhort in yet, &c. & oſ à in Clerk and Serge only mete met there her 1 2 3 4 ī ĭ î í pint pin field ſhirt 1 2 3 4 5 ō ŏ ô ò ó note not ‡ loſt prove book done 1 2 2 1 2 ū ŭ û w̄ ŵ duke buck buſh new now 1 2 3 ȳ y̆ y̕ by beauty martyr † Note, The a in waſh, ſounds o, as in not; and when this ſound of a occurs words of lables, ſuch ſyllab iſ accented, will quire the acute, not the grave accent ‡ The o in loft the ſound oſ á hall, and grave accent Tab. IV. Page 15. VOWELS not ſounded will be printed in Italics, as, Lā'boŭr, prēach, beār, hĕad, dêign Indiſtinct Sounds oſ VOWELS in Italics. ā'ble, a-dŭlt'e-rĕſs, pàr'ſon, făt'ten. Flat and ſlowly accented ſyllables will have the grave accent Bŏr'dér, warn'ing, cêil'ĭng, cē'ruſe, ī'cĭ-cle. Sharp and quickly accented ſyllables will Bŏr'rōw, waſh'ĭng, hĕif'ér, bĕt'tér, ĭd'ĭ-óm. ‖Theſe ſounds of a and e occur ſo ſeldom, that I have fixed the pronunciation oſ the words in which the ſound is peculiar, by varying orthography. See my Royal Standard Engliſh Dictionary. Note, a e and o, without any oſ the above characters, either alone, before or aſter a Conſonant, have a ſhort, quick ſound, the ſame as, nearly like thoſe oſ, ă ĕ and ŏ ſhort, See the Preface. Key to the only Sure Guide to the Engliſh Tongue. Different ſounds oſ the Conſonants. ch c,h ch cheeſe, charm c,haracters chaiſe, chevalier ſ, hiſſing ſound ſ, hard like z us, cuſtom, leſs, aſcenſion as, refuſ,e, muſ,e, occaſ,ion x, ſharp like ks x, flat like gz expence, extort, extract ex,ample, ex,amine, ex,ile g, ſoft g, hard g,elid, g,im, apolog,y, g,ybe g,eld, g,imp, bogg,y, g,yration Note, g always ſounds hard before a and u. gh, ph like f gh ſilent làugh, cŏugh, phlĕgm althōugh, bŏûgh, dōugh h mute h aſpirate honour, hour, rheum hail, hear, annihilate Conſonants not ſounded will be printed in Italics Borrow, condemn, dumb, handſome, when, whole th hard t,h ſoft thin, thick, thought t,hine, t,hee, t,hoſe Directions for the combined ſound oſ certain ſyllables. fi-tion found fĭſh-ſhŭn pi-ti-ate pĭſh-ſhāte fi-tion zĭſh-ſhŭn ſial zhăl fi-cíal fĭſh-ăl ſia, cīa zhā, ſhā fi-cient fĭſh-ſhĕnt ĭon yŭn bî-tîous bĭſh-ſhŭs feous ſnŭs gra-cīous grā-ſhŭs geous jŭs ti-tious tĭſh-ſhŭs ciate ſhāte ti-ſian tĭſh-ſhăn ſient ſhĕnt CHAP. I. Oſ SYLLABLES.. TABLE I. ab eb jb ob ub ac ec ic oc uc ad ed id od ud af ef if of uf ag eg ig og ug ak ek ik ok uk al el il ol ul am em im om um an en in on un ap ep ip op up ar er ir or ur as es is os us at et it ot ut av ev iv ov uv ax ex ix ox ux az ez iz oz uz ya ye yi yo yu TABLE II. ba be bi bo bu by ca ça çi co cu cy da de di do du dy fa fe fi fo fu fy ga ge gi go gu gy ha he hi ho hu hy ja je ji jo ju jy ka ke ki ko ku ky la le li lo lu ly ma me mi mo mu my na ne ni no nu ny pa pe pi po pu py ra re ri ro ru ry ſa ſe ſi ſo ſu ſy ta te ti to tu ty va ve vi vo vu vy za ze zi zo zu zy TABLE III. bla ble bli blo blu bra bre bri bro bru cha che chi cho chu cla cle cli clo clu cra cre cri cro cru dra dre dri dro dru dwa dwe dwi fla fle fli flo flu fra fre fri fro fru gla gle gli glo glu gna gne gni gno gnu gra gre gri gro gru kna kne kni kno pha phe phi pho pla ple pli plo pra pre pri pro rha rhe rhi rho ſca ſce ſci ſco ſha ſhe ſhi ſho ſka ſke ſki ſko ſla ſle ſli ſlo ſma ſme ſmi ſmo ſna ſne ſni ſno ſpa ſpe ſpi ſpo ſqua ſque ſqui ſta ſte ſti ſto ſtu ſwa ſwe ſwi ſwo ſwu tha the thi tho thu tra tre tri tro tru twa twe twi two wha whe whi who wra wre wri wro wru phra phre phi pho ſcra ſcre ſcri ſcro ſcru ſhra ſhre ſhri ſhro ſhru ſpla ſple ſpli ſplo ſplu ſpra ſpre ſpri ſpro ſpru ſtra ſtre ſtri ſtro ſtru thra thre thri thro thru thwa CHAP. II TABLES of all the Words of one Syllable in the Engliſh Language formed by ſingle Vowels, claſſed together in Rhyme according to the Order oſ the Alphabet; each Vowel in a ſeparate Table, and each Table compriſing the various Sounds oſ that Vowel. TABLE I. Oſ the Vowel a. THE Vowel a has no leſs than ſix different Sounds, four of which are ſound in Monoſyllables, and the other two in Pollyſyllables. See the Key to this Work, Page 3. Firſt of ā, as in hate. Ache bake brake cake drake fake flake jakes lake make rake ſake ſhake ſlake ſnake ſpake ſtake take wake — Age cage gage mage page rage ſage ſtage wage. — Change grange mange range ſtrange — Ale bale dale gale hale male pale ſale ſcale ſhale ſtale vale wale whale — Ape cape chape crape drape gape grape nape rape ſcape ſcrape ſhape tape trape trapes — Babe — Bane cane crane fane lane mane pane plane ſane thane vane — Bare care dare fare flare glare hare knare mare nare pare phare rare ſcare ſnare ſpare ſtare ſware tare ware yare — baſe baſs brace caſe dace face grace lace mace pace place race ſpace trace vaſe — Rat, he lat, he ſwat, he — Bate date fate gate grate hate mate pate plate prate rate ſate ſcate ſkate ſlate ſtate — Blade cade fade glade jade lade made ſhade ſpade trade vade wade — Blame came dame ſame ſlame ſrame game lame name ſame ſhame tame — Brave cave clave crave gave glave grave knave lave nave pave rave ſave ſhave ſlave ſtave thrave wave — Blaze braze craze daze gaze glaze haze maze phraſ,e raſ,e raze — Chaſe ſafe — haſte paſte taſte waſte — Plague vague — Scarce. Secondly, oſ ă, as in hat. Act fact fract pact ſtacte tract — Add bade brade — Chad clad dad gad glad lad mad pad ſad ſcad ſhad — Adze — Am clamm cram dam damn drachm dram flam jamb kam lamb lamm mam pam ram ſham ſlam an ban can bran clan fan man pan plan ran ſans ſcan tan t,han van (*wan) — And band bland brand grand hand land rand ſand ſtand ſtrand — Ant cant plant rant ſcant — as, bas ſans, — aſh caſh daſh flaſh gaſh gnaſh haſh laſh maſh paſh plaſh raſh ſlaſh ſplaſh ſwaſh thraſh traſh — At ate bat brat cat chat flat gat gnat hat mat pat plat rat ſat ſcrat ſpat ſprat t,hat vat yacht — axe flax lax tax wax — Back black clack crack hack jack knack lack mac pack rack ſack ſlack ſmack ſnack ſtack tack thwack track wrack — Badge — Bag brag cag crag drag fag flag gag hag jagg knag lag nag ſag ſcrag ſhag ſlag ſnag ſtag tag wag — Bang clang gang hang pang rang ſang ſlang ſprang ſtang tang Bank blank brank clank crank dank drank flank frank lank plank prank rank ſank ſhank ſhrank ſlank ſtank thank twank — Batch catch cratch hatch latch match patch ratch ſcratch ſlatch ſmatch ſnatch ſwatch thatch — Brab crab dab drab knab nab ſcab ſhab ſlab ſtab Camp champ clamp damp lamp ramp ſtamp ſwamp Cap chap chaps clap flap gap hap knap lap map rap ſap ſcrap ſlap ſnap ſtrap tap trap wrap — Note, Such words as have an aſteriſk (*) before them, are variouſly pronounced; as, *wan &c. which is alſo claſſed under the third ſound phaſm plaſm ſpaſm — Claſs laſs maſs — Have — Lapſe — Mall — Manſe — Naff — Rapt hath rath — Sal — Scalp — Shall ſhalm ſhalt valve — *Waſt. Thîrdly, oſ â, as in hall. All ball call ſall gall hall mall pall ſmall ſtall tall thrall wall — Bald ſcald — Balk (calk) cbalk ſtalk talk walk — *Balm ſwarm warm — Halt malt ſalt ſmalt — Sward — Ward — War — Warn — Warp — Wart thwart — Wharf dwarf — *Wrath. EXCEPTIONS. A, in the following words, ſounds like o in not, which is the ſhort ſound oſ â; Swan ſwap wad *wan wand want 'twas was waſh *waſt watch what. Note. When any oſ theſe words become ſyllables or parts oſ other words, as, want'ĭng, watcb'fŭl-neſs, &c. the accented ſyllable will require the acute, not the grave accent. See my Royal Standard Engliſh Dictionary. Fourthly, à as in part. Aft craft graft haft raft ſhaft waft — Arc ark bark cark chark (clerk ſounded clàrk) dark hark lark mark park ſark ſhark ſpark ſtark — Arm barm charm farm harm — Art cart chart dart fart hart mart part ſmart ſtart tart — Aſk baſk caſk flaſk maſk taſk — Waſp aſp claſp gaſp graſp haſp raſp — *Balm calm palm (pſalm.) — *Bar *barr car far jar mar par ſcar ſpar ſtar tar — Barb garb Bard card hard lard nard pard ſhard yard — Barge (ſerge pronounced ſarge) — Barn darn ſarn yarn — Bath lath path ſwath *wrath — Blanch branch hanch lanch ſcranch ſtanch — Blaſt caſt faſt gaſt laſt maſt paſt ſnaſt vaſt — Braſs glaſs graſs laſs paſs — Calf chaff draff graff ſtaff — Calve halve ſalve — Carve ſtarve — Carle marl parle ſnarle — Carp harp ſcarp — Chance dance glance lance prance trance tranſe — Chant grant ſlant — Charge large marge targe — Farce parſe — Czar — March parch ſtarch — Scarf. Six EASY LESSONS of Words not excceeding three letters. LESSON I. MY Son in the Way oſ bad Men do not go. I cry to God all the Day. The Law oſ God is no ill Law. In God is all my Joy, O let me not ſin. LESSON II. The Way oſ God is not a bad Way. The Law oſ God is not to be put off. The Law oſ God is Joy to Men. Men can not do as God can do. LESSON III. Bad Men can not go to God. My Son, do ill to no Man, ſor you are not out of the Eye oſ God. All the Day God is by us. Let thy Eye be on me, O God. LESSON IV. Men who do Ill do not ſee God. Do as Men bid; but iſ you are bid, do no ill No Man can ſay he has no Sin. Let me not go to the Pit by ſin. LESSON V. Out oſ the Way oſ thy Law do not let me Try me, O God; but if I am ill, do not cut me oſt The Way oſ Man is ill, but not the Way oſ God Aid me, O God, and do not let me ſin. LESSON VI. Go not far out of my Way, O God. My Son, you are not to go out of the Way of God, You can not go to God iſ you do Ill. A bad Man is a ſoe to God. TABLE II Of the Vowel e. The vowel e has five diſſerent ſounds. See the Key. ſîrſt, oſ ē; as in mete. BE he me ſhe t,he we ye — Cere here mere ſere ſphere — Eke — Eve reve — Eves, t,heſe — Glebe — Glede rede — Mete — Phleme ſc,heme theme — Scene — Terce. Secondly, oſ ĕ, as in met. Beck check deck ſleck geck keck kecks neck peck reck ſpeck wreck — Bed bred fed fled led ped red ſhed ſhred ſled ſped ted wed zed — Beg dreggs egg keg leg peg ſkeg — Belch — Bench blench clench drench French ſtench tench trench wench wrench — Bell belle cell dell dwell ell fell hell kell knell pells ſell ſhell ſmell ſpell ſwell tell well yell — Belt ſelt gelt melt pelt ſmelt ſpelt ſwelt welt — Bend blend fend hend lend mend rend ſend ſhend ſpend tend trend vend wend — Bent cent lent pent rent ſcent ſent ſplent ſprent tent vent went — Bet bret debt fret jet let met net pet ſet ſpet tret wet whet *yet — Bleb ebb neb ſneb web — Bleſs,ceſs cheſs dreſs leſs meſs preſs ſeſs ſtreſs — Cenſe denſe fence hence lens pence ſence tence t,hence whence — Cheſt creſt dreſt heſt jeſt leſt neſt peſt preſt reſt teſt veſt weſt wreſt zeſt — Clef nef — Cleſt eft heft left reft theft weft — Crept kept ſept ſlept ſwept wept — delf delph elf pelf ſelf ſhelf twelfth — Delve helve ſelves twelve — Den fen hen ken men pen ten t,hen tren wen when Deſk — Dredge edge hedge fledge ledge pledge ſledge wedge — Eld geld held weld — Elk welk Elm helm wbelm — Elſe — *Err ſerr—Etch ketcb lech retch ſketch ſtretch vetch wretch — ſleſh ſreſh meſh neſh pleſh — G,em hem phlegm ſtem t,hem wem — Help kelp whelp yelp — Hemp (tempt) — Length ſtrength — Nep ſkep ſtep — Next text — Sect — Sex vex — Tenth — Venge. Thirdly, oſ ê, (which is lîke ā in hate), as in there. See the Key. Ere ne'er *were where — They — Stele — *Wert. Fourthly, of é, (which is like ŭ in buck) as in her. Chert pert vert *wert — *Err her *were — Erſt — ſern kern — Herb verb — Herd ſherd ſwerd — Hers — Herſe ſperſe terſe verſe — Jerk perk ſmerk yerk — Nerve ſerve ſwerve — Perch Sperm term — Stern yern — Verge. Fifthly, of e, ſounds ĭ, as in pin. * Yes — Yeſt *yet. Six EASY LESSONS of Words not exceeding four letters. LESSON I. THE Lord our God is a good God. Fear the Lord all ye Sons oſ Men. O Lord keep me in thy Way, and let me not go down to the Pit. Who but God can tell us who we are. LESSON II. The Way oſ the Lord is a good Way; in it will I keep all the Days of my Liſe. Ye Sons oſ Men mind the Will oſ God. Help me to mark the Man that doth well, that I may do ſo too. To the Lord will I go for Help, for he can tell what is beſt for me. LESSON III. Do to all Men as you would have them do to you. To come to God, you muſt mind his Word. The Word came ſrom God for the good of Men. God is my Rock, I will not let him go out of my Mind. LESSON IV. God is kind to all who cry up to him for Help. The Man who cries to the Lord will find Aid. Do no ill, but mind the Law oſ God. The Lord will love them that fear him. LESSON V. All Men are gone out of thy Way, O Lord. The Lord is on High, and doth look down on the Sons oſ Men. He doth mind all we ſay and do. O Lord, to thee will I liſt up my Soul. LESSON VI. Keep me out oſ the Way oſ ill Men, O Lord. O Lord, my God, thou art my Aid. The Lord doth love all good Men. Keep me in thy Way, O Lord, ſo that at the laſt I may come to Thee. TABLE III. Oſ the Vowel i. The vowel i has four different ſounds; See the Key. Firſt; of ī, as in wine. BICE dice grice ice lice mîce nice price rice ſlice ſpice ſplice trice thrice twice tice vice — Bide bride chide glide hide ides nide pride ride ſhide ſide ſlide ſtride tide tride wide — Bile file ile isle mile pile ſmile ſtile tile vile while wile — Bind blind find grind * hind hind kind mind rind *wind — Bite blight bright cite dight fight flight fright hight kite knight light might mite night plight rite ſight ſite ſlight ſmite ſnite ſpite ſpright ſprite tight trite white wight wright write — Blit,he hit,the li,the ſit,he ti,the writ,he — Bribe g,ibe kibe ſcribe tribe — Brine chine dine fine kine line mine nine pine ſcrine ſhine ſhrine ſign ſine ſpine t,hine tine trine twine vine whine wine — Child mild wild — Chime climb clime crime grime lime mime prime rime ſlime thime time — Chives, fives, lives, vives, wīves, — C,hriſt — Dike like pike ſpike ſtrike tike — Dire fire bire mire ſire ſpire tire wire — Dive drîve five hive live rive ſhive ſhrive ſlive ſtive ſtrive thrive wive — Gripe gripes pipe ripe ſnipe ſtripe tripe wipe — High nigh ſigh thigh — Kniſe life rife ſtriſe wife — Ninth — Pint — Prize riſe ſice ſiſ,e ſize wiſ,e — Whilſt. Secondly, oſ ĭ, as in pin. Bib crib ſib glīb nib rib ſnib — Bid did hid kid lid mid rid ſlid thrid tid — Big dig ſig g,ig grig jig lig pig prig rig ſprig ſwig twig whig wig — Bilge — Bilk milk ſilk — Bill chill drill fill g,ill g,ill grill hill ill kill kiln mill nill pill prill rill ſhrill ſill ſkill ſpill ſtill ſwill thill thrill till trill vill will — Bin chin din ſfn g,in grin hin in inn kin pin ſhin ſin ſkin ſpin thin tin whin win — Biſk briſk diſk friſk riſk whiſk — Bit brit chit cit ſit ſlit ſrit grit hit it kit knit lit nit pit ſhit ſit ſmit ſlit ſpit ſplit ſprit tit whit wit writ — Bitch ditch fitch ſlitch hitch itch niche pitch rich ſtitch ſwitch twitch which witch — Blink brînk chink cinque clink drink ink link pink prink ſcink ſhrink ſink ſhink ſlink ſtink ſwink think tink twink wink — Bliſs hiſs kiſs miſs piſs ſpiſs t,his — Brick chick click crick kick klick lick nick pick prick rick ſick ſnick ſpick ſtick ſtrick thick tick trick wick — Bridge fidge mîdge rîdge — Brim dim g,im,grim him limb limn nim prim rim ſkim ſlim ſwim rim whim — Bring cling ding ſling king ling ring ſing ſling ſpring ſting ſtring ſwing thing wing wring — Chints rinſe — Chip clip dip drip flipp hip lip nip pip rîp ſcrip ſhip ſip ſkip ſlip ſnip ſtrip tip trip whip — C,hriſm priſm ſchiſm — Cliff if ſniff tiff whiff — Clinch flinch pinch winch — Grimp g,imp imp limp pimp ſhrimp — Cringe fringe hinge ſinge ſpringe ſwinge twinge tinge — Criſp liſp wiſp — Dint flint hint lint mint print ſplint ſtint tint — Diſh fiſh piſh fliſh wiſh — Drift giſt liſt rift ſhift ſhriſt ſift ſwift thrift — Fiſth ſixth — Filch — Film — Filth ſpilth tilth — Fiſt griſt twiſt whiſt (whiſt a game at cards), wiſt — Fix ſlix mix pix ſix — Frith pith ſmith with — G,ild fill'd, &c. — G,ilt hilt jilt milt ſtilt tilt — Give live — His, is, phiz 'tis, viz whiz — Hiſt liſt miſt wriſt — Midſt — Milch — Mince prince ſince wince — Minx ſphinx — Mixt twixt — pict ſtrict — Plinth — Tinct Tind *wind — Width. Thirdly oſ î (like ee in meet) as in field. Pique — Piſte — Shire tire — Slick. Fourthly, oſ í, (lîke ŭ in buck) as in her. Birch ſmirch — Bird gird third — Birt dirt flirt ſhirt ſkirt ſpirt — Chirp ſtirp — Fir ſir ſkirr ſtir — Dirge virge — Firk kirk ſmirk — Firm — ſirſt thirſt — Girth — Thirl twirl whirl. More EASY LESSONS oſ Words not exceeding ſour Letters LESSON I. THE Law of God is good, in it will I walk all the Days oſ my Liſe. I will bow down my Head to the Duſt, and will hear the Word oſ God, for it is for my Good. Give Ear, O Sons of Men, and mark the Word oſ God Lord, make my Days long and good, that at the End I may come up to Thee. LESSON II. Sin not, O Man, and then the Way oſ the Lord will be good to thee. Bow down thy Head to the Duſt, O Son oſ Man, and mark what the Lord God doth ſay. Keep out oſ the Way oſ bad Men, for they are all foes to God. In God will I put all my Hope. LESSON III. My Son, pray to God and be will help thee. 0 Lord my God, I am full oſ no good Work. I will cry to the Lord all the Day long. My Son, take care you do no Ill, ſor God doth ſee all you ſay and do. LESSON IV. My Son, pray to God and he wîll love thee; ſear him, and no Ill wíll come near thee. Go out oſ tbe Way oſ bad Men, and ſhun them that, would do thee hurt. All that we ſay and do īs ſeen by God. Pray ſor them that hate thee, and love them that do not love thee. LESSON V. The Word oſ the Lord hatb gone ſrom hîs Lips, and it will come to paſs. Look back to tby Ways, my Son, and îſ thou haſt done Ill let that put tbee în mînd to mend. O Lord, we are all oſ us ſull oſ Sin. Time and Tide ſtay ſor no Man. LESSON VI. Lord, lead me in the Way that I may come to thee. My Son, live well, and God will make thee dîe well. Duſt we are and to Duſt we muſt all go back. Do Good, hate Ill, and ſear the Lord thy God. TABLE IV. Oſ the Vowel o. The vowel o has ſive diſſerent ſounds. See the Key. ſirſt, oſ ō, as în note. BLO RE bore core ſore gore lore more ore pore prore ſcore ſhore ſnore ſore ſtore tore *wbore wore yore — Blote dote ſlote mote note rote ſhote ſmote vote wrote —Bo ſro go lo no oh pro ſo t,ho *to wo— Bode code mode node ode rode trode— Bold cold ſold *gold bold old ſcold, ſold old— Bole dole hole jole mole pole ſole ſtole tole vole whole— Boll droll joll poll roll ſcroll toll troll— Bolt colt dolt jolt— Bone cone drone hone lone prone ſtone throne tone zone— Borne ſhorn torn worn— Botb ſloth— Brogue rogue vogue— Choke coke joke (mokes) poke ſmoke ſpoke ſtoke ſtroke yoke— Choſ,e eloſ,e doſ,e doze gloze hoſ,e hoſ,e poze poſ,e proſ,e roſ,e t,hoſ,e toze— Clot,he cloth,es,— Clove cove drove grove hove rove ſtove ſtrove throve wove— Cope grope bope mope nope ope pope rope ſcope ſlope ſope trope— Comb dome bome mome tome— Corſe ſorce ſcorce — Doge ſolk yolk— ſord horde— ſorge— ſort port ſport— ſorth— Ghoſt boſt moſt poſt— Globe lobe probe robe— Holme— Porch— Pork— Won't. Secondly, oſ ò, as in not. Block brock cloek cock crock doek ſlock ſrock ſrock knock lock mock nock pock rock ſhock ſlock ſmock ſock ſtock ſtocks— Blot elot cot dot got grot bot jot knot lot not nott plot pot rot ſcot ſhot ſtot ſnot ſot ſpot trot wot bots— Blotch botch loch-notch potch ſcotch —Bob gob ſob knob lob mob rob ſob throb— Bog clog cog dog ſlog ſog ſrog hog log prog ſhog cogs— Bond ſond pond ſtrond yond— Boſs droſs ſoſse gloſs moſs ſoſs toſs— Box ſox hox ox pox— Bronze— Cbop crop drop ſlop ſop hop knop lop mop pop prop ſhop ſlop ſop ſtop top—Clod cod god hod nod odd (odds) plod pod rod ſhod ſod tod trod — Copſe— Dodge hodge lodge podge—Doll knoll loll noll —Don gone *none on (one pronounced won or wŭn) yon — Dorr *nor *or— ſont— ſrom ſcomm— Long prong ſong ſtrong thong throng tong wrong— Moſque— Nonce ſconce—Oſ ſcoſſ ſoph— *Pomp *romp— Prompt— Propt— Sord— To— *Tort— Toſt— Volt. EXCEPTIONS. The ſollowing words and their derivations ſound like â in hall, and words oſ polyſyllables compounded oſ them require the grave accent. Born corn horn lorn morn ſcorn thorn— C,hord cord lord—Cloth ſroth moth troth— Corb orb (ſorbs)—Cork ſork ſtork— Corps corpſe— Coſt ſroſt loſt—Croſt loſt oſt ſoſt— Croſs loſs— Doſſ oſſ— ſorm ſtorm— Gorge— Horſe morſe— *Nor *or— Nort,h— *Pomp *romp— Scorch torch— Short ſnort ſort *tort— Solve. Thîrdly, oſô, as in prove. Do who— Loſe whoſe— Move prove— Tomb whom womb *Whore. ſourthly, oſ ò, as in wolſ. Note, Thîs is tbe only word in wbíeh (o) has this ſound but there are many words wîth (oo) wbich have tbe ſame. See the Table oſ the Diphthongs and Triphthongs, Chap. 3. ſîſtbly, oſ ó, as īn done. Bomb come rhomb ſome— Coz— Done *none ſhone ſon ton won— Dove glove love ſhove— ſront ront wont— Monk ſponk— Month— Once pronounced wŭnce— *One pronounced wŏn or— Work— World— Worm— Worſe— Worſt— Wort— Worth. More Easy LESSONS oſ Words not exceeding ſour Letters. LESSON I. POUR out thine Ire on them that know thee not, O Lord. God is my God, and I wîll ſay to hîm he īs my Stay, and I will mind his Law. The Lord did look down on tbe Sons oſ Men, to ſee iſ they did look up to him ſor Help; but they were all gone out oſ hís Way. LESSON II. All the Sons oſ Men have gone out oſ thy Way, O Lord, and love it not. By the Word oſ the Lord was all made that is made God is kind to all them that look up to him ſor Help; but he doth hate all them that do not mind his Law. LESSON III. Thou, O Lord, art what I long for. The Word was with God, and the Word was God. In him was Liſe, and the Life is the Joy oſ Men. This is he who did ſhew Men the Way oſ Liſe. LESSON IV. Let us cry to the Lord, and be glad in him, with a Song for he hath ſaid, All them that love and keep my Law I will ſave. That Man is bleſt who hath kept the Law oſ God, and who doth not mind his own Will, but the Will oſ the Lord. LESSON V. Hurt me not, O Lord, in thine Ire, for I am too weak to keep thy Law. We have all err'd ſrom the Way oſ the Lord, and gone as our own Minds lead us. We muſt all mind what we do with our Time, ſor the Eye oſ the Lord is on us all the Day long. LESSON VI. The Lord is my Rock, how then can I want? He will take my Feet out oſ the Net. Be not far from me, O Lord, for Pain is near; for I have none to help me. Save, Lord, let the King bear us when we call. Thou, Lord, art he who took me out oſ the Womb. TABLE V. Oſ the Vowel u. The vowel u has three dīſſerent ſounds. See the Key. Firſt, oſ ū, as in duke. BRUTE ſlute lute mute — Crude rude — Cube tube — Cure dure lure pure ſure pronounced ſhure — Duke luke puke ſtuke — Dupe ſtupe — Fume grume plume ſpume — Fuſ,e muſ,e ruſ,e ſcruſ,e uſ,e — Gules, — Huge — June lune prune tune — Luce pruce ſpruce truce — Mule pule rule yule — Ruth truth. Secondly, oſ ŭ as in buck. Bluff buff chuff cuff gruff huff luff muff puff ruff ſcruff ſnuff ſtuff — Blunt brunt burnt grunt hunt lunt runt ſprunt ſtunt — Blur bur burgh burr cur fur knur pur ſlur ſpur whurr — Blurt burt hurt ſpurt whurt — Bluſh bruſh cruſh fluſh guſh huſh luſh pluſh ruſh thruſh tuſh — Bub chub club cub drub dub fub grub rub ſcrub ſhrub ſnub ſtub (trubs) tub — Buck chuck cluck duck luck muck pluck puck ſtruck ſtuck ſuck truck tuck yuck — Bud cud mud rud ſcud ſpud ſtud (ſuds) — Bug drug dug hug jug lug mug plug pug rug ſhrug ſlug ſmug ſnug ſug trug tug — Bulb — Bulge — Bum chum crum crumb drum dumb glum grum (gums,) hum mum mumm numb plum plumb rum ſcum ſtum ſum ſwum thrum thumb — Bump chump clump crump (dumps) hump jump lump mump (mumps) plump pump rump ſtump thump trump tump — Bunch hunch lunch munch punch — Bung clung dung flung hung (lungs) rung ſlung ſprung ſtrung ſtung ſung ſwung wrung — Bun dun fun gun nun pun run ſhun ſpun ſtun ſun tun — Burn churn ſpurn turn — Burſe curſe nurſe purſe — Burſt curſt durſt hurſt — Buſk duſk huſk muſk ruſk tuſk — Buſs fuſs muſs puſs t,hus truſs us — Buſt cruſt duſt guſt juſt luſt muſt ruſt thruſt truſt — But butt cut glut gut hut jut nut *put rut ſcut ſhut ſlut ſmut ſtrut — Buzz furze tuz— Church lurch — Churl curl furl hurl purl — Clutch crutch grutch hutch much ſmutch — Cull dull gull hull lull mull null ſcull ſkull ſull trull — — Cup pup ſup tup up — Curb — Curd (hurds) furd turd — Curve — Drudge grudge judge ſludge ſnudge trudge — Drunk funk (hunks) junk punk ſhrunk ſhrunk ſpunk ſunk ſtunk trunk — Duct — Dunce — Flux lux luxe yux — Fund mund — Gulch — Gulf — Gulp — ſculp — Gurge purge ſpurge ſurge urge — Hulk ſculk ſkulk — Lurk murk ſturk — Mulct — Mulſe pulſe — Plunge ſpunge Scurf turf — Tuft — Turm. Thirdly, of û, as in buſh. Bull ſull pull — Buſh puſh — Pugh Puſs— *Put. TABLE VI. Of the Vowel y. The Vowel y has three ſounds. Firſt, of y,̄ as in by. BY bye cry dry fly fry fy hye *my ply pry rye ſhy ſky ſly ſpy ſty *t,hy try tye why wry — C,hyle ſtyle G,yre lyre tyre — G,yve — Rhyme thyme — Tyke— Type. Secondly, oſ y̆, as in beauty, &c. Cyſt — Hym hymn — Hyp — Lymph nymph — Lynx — Pyx — Syb. Thirdly, y ſounds in ŭ hyrſt myrrh, &c. Note, This ſound of y ſo ſeldom occurs, that the true pronunciation oſ theſe and other like words, are fixed, by varying the orthography. See my Royal Standard Engliſh Dictionary. *** My and thy have the ſound oſ y long only when they are emphatical, except in very ſolemn diſcourſes. Six EASY LESSONS of Words of Monoſyllables. LESSON I. GOD doth know and ſee all that we do, and though the Place where he dwells be far on high, yet doth he look down on us here, in this low World, and ſee all the Ways oſ the frail Sons oſ Men; Him will I fear and love all the Days oſ my Life. LESSON II. The firſt Thing that a Child ſhould learn, is to know and fear the Lord; and that when young: ſor the Mind oſ a Child, like young Plants, will bend which way you pleaſe: To know God, is to love, keep, and mind his Law, and his Word. God will love and bleſs all thoſe who fear him. LESSON III. Youth ſhould be taught to hate Vice, and love that which is good; and they muſt not play with a Child who will lie, ſwear, or do ill Things. As a Child is like ſoft Wax, which will take the leaſt Stamp you put on it, ſo let it be your Care, who teach, to make the Stamp good, that the Wax may not be ſpoil'd. LESSON IV. God's Eye is on all his Works; ſo that when we go out, or when we come in, he ſees all that we do, and what we aim at; he knows our Thoughts, and what we look for; in ſhort, he ſees, hears, and knows all Things, both in this World, and in the World to come. He is our Rock we muſt look to him for Help. LESSON V. Ye Sons of Men, how long will you love what is and hate what is good? know, that you have one deal with, who made you, and who will judge you a right Way. God made us, and not we ourſelves; we are his and he doth guide us; in his Law we ſhould go Day and Night. LESSON VI. The Ox knows who owns him; the Aſs knows his Crib; but the Son oſ Man hath not where to lay his Head, That Man is bleſt who lives on Earth, as if in thy Sight, O Lord; him wit thou keep. God ſaid, Let there be Light, and there was Light, God ſaw that that Light was good. CHAP. III TABLE I. Oſ the various ſounds of the diphthongs and triphthongs, which are to be found in all words of one ſyllable. Of the Diphthong ai. The diphthong ai has three diſſerent ſounds: 1ſt, ā (like a in hate); 2dly, ă (like a în hat), as in plaid only; 3dly, ĕ (like e in met,) as in ſaid only. Firſt, of ai, like ā in hate. Air chair fair glaire hair lair pair ſtair — Ail aisle bail (brails,) fail flail frail ſnail hail jail mail nail pail rail ſail ſnail tail trail vail wail — Aim claim maim — Aid braid maid paid ſtaid — Bait blait gait plait ſtraight ſtrait trait wait — Baize chaiſ,e maize praiſ,e raiſ, — Brain. chain drain fain gain grain (grains) main pain plain rain ſlain ſprain ſtain ſtrain ſwain train twain vain wain — Laird — aint paint plaint ſaint (ſpraints) taint — Plaice — Traipſe — Waif — Waiſt. TABLE II. Of ao. Ao ſounds ā in this word only g,aol pronounced jail. TABLE III Of au. Au has three different ſounds: 1 ſt, â (like a in hall); 2dly, à (like a īn part); and, 3dly, ā (like a in hate.) Firſt of au like â in hall. Auf cauf — Aught caught haught naught taught — Cauſ,e clauſ,e gauze pauſ,e — Daub — *Daunt gaunt *haunt taunt vaunt — Fault vault — Fraud laud — Haul maul — Haum — *Haunch maunch *paunch — Maund — Sauce. Secondly, of au, like à in part. Aunt *daunt flaunt jaunt — Craunch *haunch ſcraunch *paunch — Draught — Laugh. Thirdly, of au, like ā in hate. Gauge — Alſo in many words oſ polyſyllables. TABLE IV. Oſ aw. Aw has but one uniform ſound, viz. â as in hall. Awe chaw claw craw draw flaw gnaw haw jaw kaw law maw paw pſhaw raw ſaw ſcraw ſhaw ſpaw ſtraw taw thaw — Awl bawl brawl crawl ſcrawl ſpawl wawl yawl — Bawd — Brawn dawn drawn fawn lawn pawn prawn ſpawn yawn — Hawk. TABLE V. Of ay. Ay has but one uniform ſound, viz. ā as in hate; except in ay or aye which is pronounced ày̆. Bay bray clay day dray fay fray gay gray hay jay lay may nay pay play pay ray ſay ſlay ſpay ſpray ſtay (ſtays) ſtray ſway tray way. — Mayor prayer. TABLE VI. Of ea. Ea has five different ſounds; viz, ā à ē ĕ and ŭ. Firſt, of ea like ā in hate. Bear pear ſwear tear wear — Great — Steak. Secondly, like à in part. Heart — Hearth — and in words oſ polyſyllables Thirdly, like ē in mete. Beach breach each peach pleach preach reach teach — Bead glead knead lead mead plead read — Beak bleak break or (breāk) creak leak meak peak ſcreak ſneak ſpeak ſtreak tweak weak wreak — Beal deal heal meal neal peal ſeal ſheal ſteal teal veal weal wheal zeal — Beam bream cream dream fleam gleam ream ſcream ſeam ſteam ſtream team — Bean clean glean lean mean ſean wean yean — Beard (or beárd) ſheard — Beaſt eaſt feaſt leaſt — Beat bleat cheat eat feat heat meat neat peat reat ſeat treat wheat — Breat,be meat,he ſheat,he ſmeat,h wreat,h — Ceaſe creaſe greaſe leaſe peace — Cheap heap leap neap reap ſneap — Blear clear dear drear ear fear gear hear near rear ſear ſhear (ſhears) ſmear ſpear (tear water which flows from the eyes) year — Cleave heave leave reave weave — Greaves, leaves, — Eaſ,e greaſ,e meaſ,e peaſ,e pleaſ,e teaſ,e — Flea lea pea plea ſea tea yea — Heath ſheath — League teague tweague — Leaf neaf ſheaf — Leaſh — Searce. Fourthly, like ĕ in met. Bread dead dread head lead read ſtead ſpread thread. tread — Breadth — Breaſt — Breath death — Cleanſ,e — Deaf — Health ſtealth wealth — Meant — Preaſe — Realm — Sweat threat. Fifthly, like ŭ in buck. Dearth earth — Earl pearl — Earn learn yearn — Heard — Hearſe — Search. Note, ea ſound ĭ in Teat only. TABLE VII. Of ee. Ee has but one uniſorm ſound like ē in mete. Bee fee flee free glee knee lee ree ſee t,hee three tree wee — Beech breech leech ſcreech ſpeech — Beef — Been gleen green keen preen ſc,reen ſkreen ſeen ſheen ſpleen ſteen teen (teens,) ween — Beer cheer deer ſleer jeer leer meer peer pheer ſneer ſheer (ſheers,) ſteer er — Beet feet fleet gleet greet leet meet ſheet ſleet ſtreet ſweet — Bleed breed creed deed feed heed meed need (needs,) reed ſeed ſpeed ſteed weed — Breeſ,e breeze cheeſ,e freeze greeze neeſ,e pheeſ,e ſneeze — Check creek eek gleek leek meek reek ſeek ſleek week — Creep deep keep peep ſheep ſleep ſteep ſweep weep — Deem ſeem teem — Eel feel heel kneel peel reel ſeel ſteet weel wheel — Fleece g,eeſe Greece — Reeve ſleeve — Smeeth. TABLE VIII. Of ei. Ei has five different ſounds, viz. ā ē ĕ ī and ĭ. Firſt, of ei, like ā in hate. Deign feign reign rein (reins) ſkein vein — Eigh neigh weigh — Eight freight weight — Feint — Heir t,heir — Veil Secondly, like ē in mete. Bleit reit — Ceil — Meine ſeine — Neif — Seize. Thirdly, ĕ as in heifer, pronounced hĕſér. Fourthly, ī long, as in pint. Height fleight. Fiſthly, ĭ ſhort, as in pin. Teit — Teint. TABLE IX Of eo. Eo has but two different ſounds, viz. ē and ĕ Firſt, of eo, like ē in mete (as in peo'ple pronounced pēe'ple). Secondly, of eo, lîke ĕ in met, (as feof). TABLE X. Of eu. Eu has only one ſound, viz. ū as in duke. Deuce — Feud — Rheum. TABLE XI. Of ey. Ey has four different ſounds, viz, ā ē ī and ĭ. Firſt, of ey, līke ā in hate. Hey prey ſley trey whey. Secondly, like ē in mete, as in key. Thirdly, like ī in pint. Eyre — Eye. Fourthly, like *ĭ. * It has this ſound in the laſt ſyllables oſ words, as in par-ley, &c. TABLE XII. Of ew. Ew has two different ſounds, viz. ū and ō. Firſt, ū, as in auke. Blew brew chew clew crew dew few flew grew hew knew mew new (news,) pew ſcrew ſhrew ſlew ſnew ſpew ſtew ſtrew yew — Lewd ſhrewd — Mewl — Newt. Secondly, ō, as in note. Sew ſhew. Obſervation 1ſt, Ew (in diſſyllables) and ewe occur only in theſe three words, ewer pronounced yū'ér; ewry pronounced yū'ry; and ewe pronounced yō or yū. Obſervation 2d, Eau ſounds ō in beau. TABLE XIII. Of ie. Ie has four diſſerent ſounds, ē ĕ ī and ĭ. Fīrſt, of ie like ē în mete. Bier pier tier — Brief chief fief grief lief theif — field ſhield wield yield — Fiend — Fierce pierce tierce — Frieze — Gleik ſhriek — Grieve thieve — Lie (any thing impregnated with ſome other body, as ſoap or ſalt). Secondly, like ĕ in met, as friend. Thirdly, like ī in pint. Die ſie hie lie pie rie tie vie. Fourthly, like ĭ in pin, as ſieve. Note, ieu and iew ſound ū, as in adieu, lieu, view TABLE XIV. Of oa. Oa has but two different ſounds, viz. â and ō Firſt, oſ â, as in hall. Broad — Groat — Groats. Secondly, of ō, as in note. Bloat boat coat ſloat gloat goat moat ſcoat ſtoat throat troat — Boar gloar hoar oar roar ſoar — Board hoard — Boaſt coaſt roaſt toaſt — Broach coach poach roach — Cloak croak oak ſoak — Coal foal goal ſhoal — Coarſe hoarſe — Coax — Foam loam roam — Goad load road toad — Groan loan moan roan — Loaf oaf — Loathe oath — Loat,he — Loaves — Soap. TABLE XV. Of oe Oe has three different ſounds, viz. ō ô and ā. Fīrſt, of oe like ō in note. Doe foe hoe roe ſloe ſoe throe o'er. Secondly, of oe like ô in prove, as ſhoe. Thirdly, of oe like ā in hate, as *oeliad, a glance. *Note, oe in the beginning of words derived ſrom the Greek, ſound e long. As the combination of theſe two letters do not properly belong to our language, it is better to write economy, &c. than œconomy, &c. TABLE XVI. Of oi. Oi is a perſect diphthong, being compounded oſ â and ĭ. — It has but one uniform ſound, as in coin, except the word doit, which is pronounced as if written dīte. Boil broil coil foil moil oil ſoil ſpoil toil — Choice voice — C,hoir — Coif — Coin ſoin groin join loin proin — Coit — ſoiſt hoiſt joiſt moiſt roiſt — Joint oint point— Noiſ,e poize — Void TABLE XVII. Of oo. Oo has four different ſounds, viz. ō ô ò and ó. See the. Key. Firſt, of ō, as in note. *Door — *ſloor. Secondly, of ô, as in prove. Bloom boom broom coom coomb doom gloom loom room ſpoom — Boon loon moon noon ſoon ſwoon — Boor *door *floor moor poor — Booſ,e nooſ,e ooze — Mooſe nooſe looſe — Boot coot hoot moot root ſhoot — Brood ſood mood rood — Coo loo too — Cool ſool pool ſc,hool ſpool ſtool tool — Coop hoop (to ſhout) loop poop.ſcoop ſloop ſtoop ſwoop whoop — Flook nook rook — *Gold — Gooſe looſe Groove — Hoof loof proof roof — Smoot,h ſoot,h — Sooth tootb. Thirdly, ò, as in book, wolf. Book brook cook crook hook look ſhook took — Good (goods) hood ſtood wood — (Hoop a bandage veſſel Fourthly, ó, as in done. Blood flood — Soot. TABLE XVIII. Of oy. Oy, a perſect diphthong, has the ſame ſound as oi Coin, &c. Boy cloy coy hoy joy poy toy troy — Moyle TABLE XIX. Of ou. Ou has no leſs than eight different ſounds; 1ſt, â, hall; 2dly, the compound ſound oſ â and û, as in t,hone; 3dly, ō, as in note; 4thly, ŏ, as in not; 5thly ô, as in prove; 6thly, ò, as in book; 7thly, ū, as in duke; and 8thly, ŭ, as in buck. Firſt, of ou, like â in hall. Bought fought nought ſought thought wrought — Lough. Secondly; the combined ſound of â and û, as in thou. Bough chough plough ſlough ſough t,hou — Bounce flounce frounce ounce pounce trounce — Bound found ground hound mound pound round ſound ſtound *wound — Bout clout drought flout glout gout grout lout out pout rout route ſcout ſhout ſnout ſpout ſprout ſtout trout — Chouſe douſe grouſe houſe louſe mouſe *ſous ſouſe — Cloud loud proud ſhroud — Couch pouch ſlouch vouch — Count fount mount — Foul — Gouge — Hour our ſcour ſour — Houſe louſe — Houſ,e louſ,e rouſ,e ſpouſ,e touſ,e trouſ,e — Jouſt — Lounge — Mounch — Mouth ſouth — Mout,he — Noun. Thīrdly, of ō, as in note. Dough hough t,hough — Four — Fourth — Mould — Moult poult — Mourn mourne — Soul troul. Fourthly, oſ ŏ, as in not, which is the ſhort ſound of â in hall. Clough cough hough ſhough trough. Fiſthly, oſ ô, as in prove. Bouſ,e — Courſe ſcourſe ſource — *Court — Croup group ſoup — Fourbe — Gourd — Gout *ſous through — Ouſt — Ouch — Ouphe — Pour tour — Rouge — *Wound. Sixthly, of ò, as in book. Could ſhould would — *Court. Seventhly, oſ ū, as in you, your, youth, &c. Eightly oſ ŭ as in buck. Rough tough — Scourge — Touch — Young. TABLE XX. Of ow. Ow has two ſounds, 1ſt, ō, as in note; and 2dly, pound ſound of â and û, as in t,hou. Firſt, of ow lîke ō īn note. Blow bow crow ſlow grow know low (mow to cut down) owe row (*row to drive ſorward by oars) ſhow ſlow ſnow ſow ſtow ſtrow throw tow trow — Blowth growth — Blowze browze — Bowl (*bowl to play at bow s) prowl ſtrowl thowl — Flown grown own ſhown ſown — Owre. Secondly, the compound ſound oſ â and û, as in t,hou. Bow brow cow glow how low (mow a loſt for hay or corn) now prow (*row to drive ſorward by oars) (*ſow a female pig) vow — (*bowl to play at bowls) cowl fowl growl howl owl ſcowl ſowl — Brown clown crown down (downs) drown frown gown lown town — Crowd— Dowſe ſowce— Drowſ,e — Flowk — Lowt. TABLE XXI. This table contains all the different ſounds oſ the diphthongs and triphthongs ua ue ui uo uy; uea uee uei uoy SECTION I. Of ua. Firſt, oſ ua, the combined ſound oſ û and ă Quake — Square Secondly, of ua, the combined ſound oſ û and ă Quab ſquab — Quack — Quaff — Quaſh — Squat Thirdly, oſ ua, the combined ſound oſ û and â Quart — Squall Fourthly, oſ ua, the combīned ſound oſ û and à. Qualm. ſîſthly, oſ ua, like, à īn part. Guard. SECTION II. Of ue. Firſt, of ue, the combined ſound oſ û and ē. Queme. Secondly, of ue, the combined ſound oſ û and ĕ. Quell — Quench — Queſt — Squelch. Thirdly, oſ ue, like ū in duke. Blue cue due flue glue hue mue rue ſkue ſue true. Fourthly, of ue, the combined ſound oſ û and é. Quern. Fifthly, oſ ue, lîke ĕ in met. Gueſs — Gueſt. SECTION III. Oſ ui and uy. ſîrſt, oſ ui and uy, like ī in pint. Secondly, ui, like ĭ in pin. Buīld guîld — — Built guilt. Thirdly, ui, lîke ū in due. Bruiſ,e cruiſ,e — Bruit fruit ſuit — (Cruiſe a ſmall cup) juice ſluice (cruiſ,e a voyage in ſearch of plunder). Fourthly, oſ ui compounded oſ û and ī. Quire ſquire. Fiſthly, oſ ui compounded oſ û and ĭ. Quib ſquib — Quick — Quill ſquill — Quilt — Quince Quinch — Quint ſquint — Quip — Quit (quits). Sixthly, oſ ui compounded oſ û and ŭ Quirk — Squirt. SECTION IV. Of uo Uo ſounds ō in quote quoth. SECTION V. Of uea. Uea has but one ſound, viz, compounded oſ û Quean — Squeak — Squeal. SECTION VI. Of uee Uee has the compound ſound of û and ē. Queen — Queer — Queeſt — Squeeze. SECTION VII. Of uoi and uoy. Uoi and uoy have the compound ſound of â Buoy — Quoif — Quoil — Quoit. Six EASY LESSONS oſ Words not exceeding one Syllable LESSON I. MY Son, iſ you would come to God, you muſt mind the Rules which he gave to you and all the Sons oſ Men. You muſt not caſt an ill Eye on Goods which are not your own; nor muſt you go in the Ways oſ bad Men. You muſt love all Men as you love yourſelf. You muſt not love the World, nor what is in the World. LESSON II. To love, fear, and ſerve God, ſhould be thy ſole Aim, Day and Night. Keep one Day oſ the Week for God, and let that be for his Uſe, for ſix Days ſhalt thou work, and do all that thou had to do, but on that Day God hath ſaid, Thou ſhalt not work. Thou muſt not take the Name oſ the Lord in vain. LESSON III. Let it be your ſole Aim to love and pleaſe thoſe who have the Care of you, ſor you may be ſure they will not bid you do what is ill. Shun all thoſe who would do you Hurt, and do Hurt to none, then will you be lov'd by all who ſee you. You muſt not take the Things which are not yours, for that is a bad Deed. LESSON IV. The firſt Thing that you ſhould do when you go to Bed, is to pray to God, and when you get up do the ſame. My good Child, iſ you have done a fault, take care to do ſo no more, ſor it is a bad Thing to be chid twice for the ſame Crime. Let your Life be good, that your Death may be ſo too. LESSON V. When you come to School be ſure to mind your Book, and ſit ſtill in your Place, and make no Noiſe. Let not the Time you are in School be ſpent in Play and Talk, but mind what is ſaid to you; and when you come out, do not go with Boys that will curſe, ſwear, tell Lies, and do all bad Things. LESSON VI. The Lord made the Ear oſ Man, he needs muſt hear what is right and what is wrong. He made the Eye, all Things muſt be plain and clear in his Sîght. That Man, O Lord, is ſafe and in the right Way, whom thou doſt keep in Awe, and thou doſt guide him in the Way oſ thy Law, to make his Life pure. CHAP. IV. Oſ Diſſyllables and Polyſyllables. TABLE I. Diſſyllables accented on the firſt Syllable Note, The grave accent is put on flat and ſlowly accented ſyllables, and the acute on quick and ſharp. See the Key ĂB'BA ăb'bér ăb'bĕſs ăb'bey ăb'bŏt ăc'cĕnt ăc'ĭd ā'cŏrn ăc'tion ā'dĭt àf'tér ăg'ăte ăl'ley àl'mónd àm'ple àrm'ĕd àrt'ſûl băb'lér băd'nĕſs băf'flér Băg'pīpe băl'ănce bâld'ly băl'lăd bâl'ſám băn'ĭſh bàr'ley bĕnch'ér bī'ăs blīnd'ly bŏg'g,y brăn'dy brū'tăl brūt`ĭſh bŭf'fĕt buĭld'ĭng bûl'lĕt bŭmp'ér cā'dĕnce cā'pon căp'tĭve chàm'bér chírp'ér cĭt'y clăm'oŭr clăp'pér clŏûd'lĕſs cóm'ſórt cŏm'ma cŏm'mĕnt cŏm'mérce cŏm'món cóm'păſs cŏn'cért cŏn'tĕſt cŏn'trăct cŏn'vĕnt cŏn'vért con'vict cóv'ért crū'ĕl cŭn'nĭng cū'pĭd cŭr'rănt cŭſ'tóm dămp'nĕſs dăn'dle dĭf'fér dĭm'nĕſs dô'ér dŏc'tór drā'pér drēam'ér dū'ĕl dwĕl'lĭng dŭ'ty ēa'gér ĕd'dér ĕld'ĕſt ĕm'blĕm ĕm'pīre ĕm'prĕſs ĕnd'lĕſs ĕn'trănce ē'qûăl ĕr'roŭr ĕv'ér ĕx'tr'ăct fā'ble fâl'ſe'ly făm'ĭſh fēe'ble fĕl'lōw fĭſ'ty floŭr'ĭſh flū'ĕnt fŏrk'ĕd fŏrm'ér fū'ry fū'tĭle fū'tŭre gā'ble găI'ley găm'món g,ĕn'dér g,ĭ'ănt g,ĭb'lĕts glăd'nĕſs glār'ĭng glĭb'nĕſs glō'ry glŏſ'ſy gŏb'lĕt gòod'nĕſs grā`cīous grēen'nĕſs grĭf'fĭn grīnd'ér grĭn'nér grō'cér grŏt'tō grŭnt'ér hăb'ĭt hĕl'lĭſh hē'rō hĭn'dér hòb'by hōld'en hōld'ér hōme'ly hŏn'oŭr hŏp'pér hŏrn'pīpe hŏ'rĭd hūge'ly hŭm'ble hŭn'tér hŭr'ry hȳ'm̀ĕn hȳ'phĕn hy̆ſ'ſŏp jăb'bér jā'cĕnt ī'cy lĕpér lĕſ'ſon lē'vér lē'vīte lĕv'y lī'ár līk'en līke'nĕſs lĭm'bō lĭm'ĭt lŏb'by lŏ'căl lŏng'íng lŭ'pīne măd'ăm mā'jór măl'ĭce mān'g,ér măn'nérs, măn'ór măn'tle măn'y mĕd'ăl mēt'ér mīld'nĕſs mī'nór mŏd'érn mō'dŭs mō'mĕnt môon'lĕſs môor'ĭſh mŏr'ăl mŏr'bĭd mŏſ'ſy mōſt'ly mót,h'ér mō'tion mŏt'tō mū'eŭs mŭd'dy mŭndāne mŭr'dér my̆ſ'tic ǹā'kĕd nāme'lĕſs năp'kĭn nē'grō nĕv'ér new̄'ly nīne'ty nĭp'ple nĭt'ty nō'ble nŏd'dér noŭr'ĭſh nū'bĭle nŭm'bér nŭt'mĕg ō'doŭr ŏſ'ſĭce ōgle ŏn'ſet ō'pen ŏp'tĭc ō'răl ŏrb'ĕd ŏr'dér ŏt'tér óv'en ō'vér ŏût'wórk ōwn'ér păck'ĕt păd'lŏck pā'găn pĕd'ănt pē'năl pĕn'ănce phăn'tóm phī'ăl phĭl'tér pĭg'my pīke'măn pĭn'né pī'oŭs plī'ănt plŏt'tér plū'răl pō'lár pŏl'ĭſh pōp'ĭſh pŏp'lár prŏv'érb prū'dĕnce pŭb'lĭc pŭl'pĭt qûănt'ŭm qûâr'ry qûâr'tér qûâ'vér qûē`ry qûī'ĕt răb'bĭt răb'ble rāk'ĭſh rē'bŭs rĕd'nĕſs rē'g,ĕnt rĭng'lĕt rī'ót rŏb'bér rŏûnd'ĭſh rŏȳ'ăl rŭb'bĭſh rū'by rŭd'dy rūde'ly rŭg'g,ĕd rū'ĭn rū'lér rŭm'măge rŭm'mér rū'moŭr rŭp'tŭre rū'răl ſăb'băth ſā'ble ſād'nĕſs ſāint'līke ſăl'ăd ſăl'lōw ſăl'ly ſâlt'ĭſh ſăl'món ſā'tăn ſăt'ĭn ſcăb'bĕd ſcāl'ĕd ſcăm'ble ſcănt'neſs ſcàr'lĕt ſcăt'tér ſcŏl'lóp ſcŏrn'ér ſcrăg'g,y ſcrā'pér ſcrŭb'by ſcrū'ple ſeŭl'lér' ſĕc'ónd ſē'cret ſēem'ĭng ſĕl'dóm ſĕl'văge ſĕn'tĕnce ſĕ'qûĕl ſĕr'ăph ſhăd'ōw ſhā'dy ſhāpe'lĕſs ſīde'lŏng ſĭg'nĕt ſĭlĕnce ſĭlk'en ſĭI'ver ſĭx'pĕnce ſĭm'mér ſĭn'nér ſkĭr'mĭſh ſkĭt'tĭſh ſlăb'bér ſlăck'nĕſs ſlàn'dér ſlăv'ér ſlĕnd'ér ſlīd'ér ſlĭp'pér ſlōpe'wīſ,e ſlōp'py ſlŭg'gárd ſmàrt'nĕſs ſmăt'tér ſmōk'ér ſŏl'ăce ſŏft'ly ſŏl'ĭd ſpā'cious ſpēak'ér ſpī'dér ſpĭn'dle ſpĭn'nĕt ſtā'ble ſtăm'mér ſtăn'za ſtār'ér ſtĭg'ma ſtī'pĕnd ſtō'ĭc ſtŏp'ple ſtrĭng'ĕd ſtrīv'ér ſtū'dĕnt ſtŭd'y ſuf'fér ſŭl'phér ſŭm'mér ſŭm'mĭt ſū'pine ſŭp'pér tăb'by tā'ble tâl'nĕſs tăl'lōw tĕt'tér tăn'nér tĕm'ple tĕmpt'ér tĕn'ór tĕn'ſion tĕr'roŭr thănk'fûl t,hêre'fōre thĭck'ĕt thrĭf'ty thrīv'ér thŭrſ'dāy tīd'ĭngs tĭm'ĭd tĭm'bér tī'tle tĭt'tér tō'ken tŏp'mōſt tō'pér tŏr'rĕnt tō'ry trād'ér trăp'pĭngs trĕm'ble trĕnch'ér trĕſ'păſs trī'ăl trĭb'ūte trĭc'kle tŭm'ble tū'mĭd tū'mŭlt tū'nĭc vā'cănt văn'ĭſh vā'poŭr vĕl'vĕt wór't,hy wrĭn'kle wrīt'ĭng yēar'ly yĕl'lōw yŏn'dér yoŭng'ĭſh yoūth'fûl SIX LESSONS, in which the Words are not only divided into Syllables, but alſo properly accented with the Geave or Acute Accent. LESSON I. THERE was a Day, when the Sons oſ God came to pre-ſent' them-ſelves' beſore' the Lord, and Sa'tan came al'ſo a-mong' them, to pre-ſent him'ſelf beſore' the Lord. And the Lord ſaid to Sa'tan, from whence com-eſt thou? And Sa'tan ſaid, ſrom go'ing to and fro in the Earth, and walk'ing up and down in it. LESSON II. And the Lord ſaid to Sa'tan, Haſt thou ob-ſerv'd' my Ser'vant Job, that there is none líke him in the Earth, a perſect and an up'right Man, one who fear‘eth God, and ſhun'neth E'vil, and ſtill hold'eth faſt his Pure-neſs al though' thou mov'edſt me a-gainſt' him, to de-ſtroy him with-out' a Cauſe. And Sa`tan ſaid unto the Lord, Skin ſor Skin, yea all that a Man hath, will he give ſor his Life. LESSON III. But put forth thine Hand now, and touch his Bone and his Fleſh, and be will curſe thee to thy face. And the Lord ſaid unto Sa'tan, Be-hold', he is in thine Hand, but ſave his Life. So Sa`tan went forth from the Preſ'ence oſ the Lord, and ſmote Job with ſore Boils, ſrom the Sole of his foot to the Crown of his Head. LESSON IV. And Job took a Piece oſ an earth'en Pot to ſcrape hîmſelf, and ſat down among the Aſh'es. Then ſaid his Wife, doſt thou ſtill re-tain' thy Pure'neſs, curſe God, and die. But he ſaid to her, Thou ſpeak'eſt like a fool'iſh Wom'an; what? ſhall we re-ceive' Good at the Hand oſ God, and ſhall we not re-ceive' E`vīl? In all this did not Job ſin with his Lips. LESSON V. Now when Job's three friends heard of all this E'vil which was come up-on' him, they came each from his own Place; for they had all a-gre'ed to come to mourn with him and, to comfort him. And when they ſaw him afar` off, they knew him not; and they lift'ed up their Voiç'es and wept, and they rent their Man'tles, and ſprink'led Duſt up-on' their Heads to-ward' Heav'en. LESSON VI. So they ſat down with him up-on' the Ground ſev'en Days, and ſev'en Nights, and none ſpake a Word to him: for they ſaw that his Grieſ was ver'y great. Aſter this Job o'pen-ed his Mouth, and curſ'ed his Day. Let the Day per'iſh where-in' I was born, and the Night, in which it was ſaid, there is a Man-child brought forth. Lo, let that Night be ſin'gle, let no joy'ful Voice come there-in'. TABLE II. More Words oſ two Syllables, accented on the firſt Syllable. ĂB'jĕct ā'crĭd ăd'vérb ā'g,ĕnt ăm'bér bā`by bāne'fûl bănk'rŭpt bāre'fòot bēard'lĕſs beaū'ty bîeſt'ĭngs bĭg'nĕſs bīnd'ér bIāme'lĕſs blīt,h'ſóme bŏûn'ty brā'zen brīght'en brîeſ'neſs brīn'ĭſh bŭg'beār bū'gle bûſh'y buȳ'ér căb'ĭn cāble cām'brĭc câu'tīon cĕm'ĕnt cē`răte châlk'y chàrm'ĭng chāſt'ly chēap'nĕſs chîeſ'nĕſs cĭv'ĕt clāim'ănt clăm'oŭr clēan'ly cŏb'lér cō'cōa cŏm'ĭc cŏm'mĕnt cóm'răde cŏn'cért cŏn'ſcience cŏn'teſt cŏn'vĕx cŏn'jŭre cŏr'nér cŏrn'y cŏſt'ly cóv'ey crēa'tŭre crūde'ly cŭp'bōard cūr'taĭn cȳ'prŭs dāin'ty dăm'ăge dān'g,ér dēar'ly dĕbt'ór dē'cĕnt dĭc'tāte dĭſ'tănce dĭph'thŏng dīre'neſs dĭt'ty dŏr'mănt doŭb'le drĕad'ful drēam'leſs dū'căl dūke'dóm dūr'ănce ēar'lĕſs éar'ly ēaſt'ern ĕd'dy ē'grĕſs ēl'dérs, ĕm'mĕt ĕnd'lŏng ĕn'vy ĕp'ĭc ē'ra ĕr'rănd ĕſ'ſĕnce ew'ér făc'tíous fāil'ĭng fâl'tér fāme'lĕſs fàr't,hĭng făſh'ión fēar'lĕſs fĕat,h'ér fĕſ'tér few̄'ĕr fē'brīle fĭc'tion fîeld'pîece fīght'ĭng fī'nīte fĭn'lĕſs fīr'ĭng flăg'ón flā'ky flā'tŭs flĭp'pănt flō'răl flŏr'ĭd flū'ĭd fŏl'ly fōrd'ĕd fŏr'ĕſt fŏrm'ăl frī'ár frĭb'ble friĕnd'leſs frŏl'ĭc frūgăl frūit'ſûl fŭr'lōugh fŭſ'ty gāin'fûI g,ĕld'ĭng g,ĕn'tle g,eŏr'g,ĭc g,ér'măn g,hōſtly g,īb'bĕt g,īb'ér g,írd'ér glàſs`măn glēan'ĭng glĭt'tér glóv'ér glŭt'ton glū'y gŏdlīke gōld'en gōr`g,eoŭs grā‘cĕd grăn'ăte grēat'nĕſs grîev'oŭs grĭm'ly grŏg'răm grŏûnd'lĕſs grū'ĕl guàrdleſs guīdeleſs guīlt'y guĭn'ea hăck'ney hāirlĕſs hăm'lĕt hănd'fûl hĕad'āc,he hĕad'lŏng hĕal'ĭng hĕav'en hĭn'drănce hīre'lĭng hĭt,h'ér hōard'ér hŏn'ĕſt hōpe`fûl hŏr'rocr hōſt'ĕſs hŏt'hŏûſe hūge'neſs hŭn'g,ér jàun'dĭce ī'dy̆l ĭm'ăge ĭnk'hŏrn jōlt'hĕad kēen'nĕſs kĭd'ney kĭm'bo kĭnſ,'măn knav`ĭſh knŭc'kle lăck'ey lăn'guór lĕv'ĕl lăn'térn lĕad'en lēad'ér léarn'ĕd lī'bĕl lĭm'nér lĭm'nér lĭm'ĭt lĭq'ûĭd lō'cŭſt lūke'wârm lŭmp'ĭſh măd'ăm măg,'ĭc măl'ĭce māin`màſt mâlt'ſtér mēan'nĕſs mĕd'dle mē'grĭm mēm'bér mĕn'ăce mĕn'tion mĭd'dle mĭl'lér mĭm'ĭc mīnd'fûl mĭn'ĭm mĭn'nōw mírth'fûl mĭſ'chîeſ mŏd'ĕl mŏûn'taĭn mōurn'ſûl mŭm'my mŭr'dér mŭſ'c,le nāil'ér năp'lĕſs nā'ſ,ăl neū'tér nīgh'nĕſs nŏn'ſūit nŭrſ'ér nŭr'tŭre ōak'ŭm ŏrb'ĭt păd'dér pāin'fûl păn'ĭc pēa'cŏck peār'trēe pēer'ĕſs pēo`ple pĕn'ſion pér'jŭre phăl'ănx phy̆ſ,'ĭc pī'ca pĭc'tŭre pĭ,'grĭm pĭn'fōld pī`răte plāin'nĕſs plănt'ĕd plēad'ĭng plūm'ăge plŭmp'nĕſs pō'ĕt pŏl'lárd pŏp'gŭn pōſt'ăge prēach'ér prĕf'ăce prŏc,ĕſs pûd'dĭng pŭn'ĭſh pū'ny pŭr'ple qûâd'rănt qûâint'nĕſs qûâr'tō quō'rŭm răd'ĭſh răn'coŭr rā'ven rēad'ĭng rĕad'y rĕc'tor rē'g`ăl rĭd'dănce rīpe'nĕſs rīv'ăl rŏt'ten rūe'fûl rŭm'mér ſā'crĕd ſăd'dlér ſāfe'ty ſălrn'ón ſâu'cy ſcrâwl'ér ſcrĭp'tŭre ſcŭr'vy ſēa'pōrt ſĕc'tion ſēem'ĭng ſĕg'mĕnt ſĕn'ăte ſē'qûĕnce ſér'món ſhāme'fûl ſhār'ér ſhĕp'hérd ſhŏp'măn ſhŏrt'nĕſs ſhōr'y ſĭg'năl ſīgn'pōſt ſĭng'ér ſī'nŭs ſlāt'ér ſlâught'ér ſlēep`ĭng ſlīght`nĕſs ſlōth`fûl ſmâl'nĕſs ſmàrt'ly ſmăt'tér ſnēak'ĭng ſtăg'g,érs, ſtāin'lĕſs ſtâlk'y ſūit'ór ſŭl'phŭr tā'boŭr tăd'pole tāk'ĭng tāme'nĕſs tēach'ér tĕll'tāle tĕmple tĕn'dón tĕr'răce thîev`ĭſh thĭnk'ĭng thírd'ly thŭn'dér tīl'ĭng tīme'lĕſs tĭn'măn tŏr'mĕnt tō'tăl tŏy̆'ſhŏp trăm'ple trăn'ſĭt trĕb'le trĭ'ple trī`ŭmph tū`moŭr tūn'ér tū'tór vī'ănd vīle`nĕſs vīn`oŭs ŭp'ſtàrt ŭſh'ér wāil'ĭng wâlk`ér wân'nĕſs wâr'līke wârn'ĭng wĕalth'y wĕap'on weār`ĭng wēep'ér whârf'ăge whēel'er whêre'fōre whĕr'rĕt whĕt'ſtōne wĭl'lĭng wĭnd'gŭn wĭnd'lăſs wĭn'nér wō'fûl wòlf'ĭſh wòod'cŏck wòol'păck wórld'lĭng wór'ry wrăp'pér wrĭſt'bănd wrŏng'fûl yâwn'ĭng yeō'măn yîeld'ĭng zā'ny zĕal'ót zē`nĭth zeūg'ma. TABLE III. Diſſyllables accented on the laſt Syllable. Ăb-àſe' a-băſh' ăb-dūce' a-bĕt' a-bĕt' a-bōde ăc-cĕnt' ăc-cŏrd' ăc-qûāint a-cūte' ăd-drĕſs' ăd-hēre' ăd-mĭt' ăd-vànce' ăd-vēne' ăffĕct' ăffírm' ăffrónt' a-lért' a-līve' ăl-lŏt' ăl-t,hōugh' a-măſs' a-mĕn' a-mérce' a-mĭſs' a-mŏûnt` ăn-nēal' ăn-nĕx' ăn-nŭl' a-pîece' ăp-pâl' ăp-pēal' ăp-plâud' a-rŏûſe' ăr-rēar' ăſ-ſért' ăſ-ſīgn' âu-gŭſt' a-wârd` a-wāre' a-wāy' a-wōke' be-cāme' be-chànce' be-dĕck' beſâl' befĭt' be-frĭnge' be-g,ĕt' be-gŏne be-hōld' be-guīle' be-hĕad' bĕn-gâl` be-rēave' bér-lĭn' be-ſîege` be-ſpēak` be-tīmes,' brū-nĕtt' ca-băl' ca-jōle` căm-pāign` ce-mĕnt' *cóm-bīne' cóm-mànd' cóm-mĕnce' cóm-mĭt' cóm-pĕl cóm-pīle' cóm-plāint` cóm-prĕſs' cón-cēal' cón-cēive` cón-clūde' cón-cŭr' cón-dĕmn' cón-dīgn` cón-dōle' cónfér' cónfīde' cónfŏrm` cón-jūre' cón-ſĕnt' cónſīgn` cón-ſpīre' Cón-tāin' cón-tĕmn' cón-tĕſt' de-bāſe' de-bāte de-cāy de-cănt' de-cēaſe` de-chárm' de-clāim' de-crēe' de-crȳ' de-fāce' de-fāme' de-fâult` de-fēat' de-fīle' de-fīne' de-flŏûr' de-frâud' de-frāy' de-fŭnct' de-grēe' de-jĕct' de-lāy' de-lūde' de-rīde' dĭf-fūſ,e' *Note, Reſpecting the pronunciation oſ com and con, in theſe and all other words, See my Royal Standard Engliſh Diactionary. dĭ-gĕſt' dĭ-lūte' dĭſ-àrm' dĭſ-brànch' dĭſ-cérn' dĭſ-chàrge` dĭſ-clōſ,e' dĭſ-cŏûnt' dĭſ-crēet` dĭſ-cŭſs dĭſ-dāin` dĭſ-grāce` dĭſ-gŭſt dĭſ-màſk` dĭſ-mĭſs' dĭſ-pănd' dĭſ-pĕnſe' do-māin drăg-ôon' dū-ĕt' e-clĭpſe' ĕffāce' ĕffĕcts' e-lăpſe' e-lāte' ĕm-bàrk` ĕm-brāce' ĕm-pāle' ĕm-plēad' ĕn-cāge' ĕn-cămp' ĕn-clōſ,e' ĕn-dēar' ĕn-dŏŵ' ĕn-dūe' ĕn-fĕoff' ĕn-hànce' ĕn-rōbe' e-rĕct' e-vĭnce' ĕx'-cĕſs' ĕx-chānge' ĕx-clūde' ĕx-hāle' ĕx-pĕl' ĕx-pĕnſe' fa-tîgue' fér-mĕnt' fĕſ-tôon' fō-mĕnt' fōre-bōde' fōre-gō' găl-lănt' gĕn-tēel' grăn-dēe' hàr-pôon' hēre-ăt' hēre-ŏſ' hēre-ŏn' hēre-wĭth' hĭm-ſĕlf' ja-păn' ĭm-bībe' ĭm-bŭrſe' ĭm-mérge' ĭm-pàrt` ĭm-peach' ĭm-pēde' ĭm-plōre' ĭn-cāge' ĭn-càrn` ĭn-cĕnſe ĭn-cl'īne' ĭn-cŏg' ĭn-cŭr' ĭn-dĕnt' ĭn-dīct' ĭn-dŭlge' ĭn-ért' ĭn-fĕct' ĭn-flāme' ĭn-fōrce' ĭn-gŭlf' ĭn-hāle' ĭn-hēre' ĭn-jĕct' ĭn-qûīre' ĭn-ſcrībe' ĭn-ſnāre ĭn-ſŭlt' ĭn-tĕnd' ĭn-tĕnt' ĭn-tĕr' ĭn-thrâl.' lăm-pôon' la-mĕnt' main-tāin' ma-līgn' măn-ūre' mĭſ-câl' mĭſ-dēem' mĭſ-dŏûbt' mĭſ-give' miſ-līke' mĭſ-nāme' mĭſ-plāce' rē-bāte' rē-bĕl' rē-bŏûnd' rē-bŭff' rē-buĭld' rē-câl' rē-cēde' rē-chàrge' rē-clāim rē-clūde' rē-cŏĭn' rē-cŏrd' rē-crūit rē-dūce' rē-fér rē-flĕct' rē-flōat' rē-gāle' rē-gàrd rē-grànt' rē-grĕt' rē-lăpſe' rē-lîef' rē-mĭſs' rē-mŏûnt' rē-pàſt rē-pēat rē-plāce' rē-pōrt' rē-prîeve` ro-tŭnd' rū pēe' ſa-lūte' ſe-clūde' ſe-cūre' ſe-dāte' ſo-joŭrn' ſŭb-dūe' ſŭb-līme' ſŭb-mĭſs' ſŭb-ſcrībe' ſŭb-ſĭſt' ſŭb-tĕnd' ſŭc-cĕſs' ſŭp-plȳ' ſŭp-port' ſŭr-mŏûnt' ſŭr-vēne ſŭſ-pĕnd' ſŭr-rŏûnd' ſŭr-vêy' ſŭſ-tāin' t,hĕm-ſĕlves,' t,hĕnce-fōrth' t,hêre-bȳ' trănſ-fūſ,e' trănſ-fŏrm' trănſ-greſs' trănſ-lāte' trănſ-mĭt' trănſ-plănt' trănſ-pōrt' trŭſ-tēe' ŭn-àrm' ŭn-bĕnt' ŭn-bŏught' ŭn-bŏûnd' ŭn-brāce' ŭn-buĭld' ŭn-chāin' ŭn-clēan' ŭn-clŏg' ŭn-cŭrl ŭn-cŏrd' ŭn-côuth' ŭn-dô' ŭn-dóne' ŭn-drâwn' ŭn-dūe' ŭn-fāir' ŭn-fĕd' ŭn-glūe' ŭn-hŭrt' ū-nīte' ŭn-jŭſt' ŭn-lāde' ŭn-lătch' ŭn-léarn' ŭn-māke' ŭn-mĕant' ŭn-môor' ŭn-mōuld' ŭn-păck' ŭn-pāy' ŭn-pĭn' ŭn-rīpe' ŭn-rĭg' ŭn-ſēal' ŭn-ſhĭp' ŭn-ſhōrn' ŭn-wīſ,e' whêre-ăt' whêre-ĭn' whêre-ŏf' whêre-tò' whêre-wĭth' wĭth-âl' wĭth-drâw' wĭth-hōld' wĭth-ŏût' wĭth-ſtănd'. SIX LESSONS, in which the Words are divided, and properly accented. LESSON I. BOW down your Heads to the Duſt, O ye Chil'dren oſ Men! be ſi'lent, and re-ceive' with Rev'e-rence' In'ſtruc-tion from on high. God ſit'teth on his Throne in the Cen'tre, and the Breath oſ his Mouth giv'eth Liſe to the World. He touch'eth the Stars with his ſîn'ger, and they run their Courſe re-joic'ing. LESSON II. The Shad'ow oſ Knowl'edge paſ'ſeth o'ver the Mind oſ Man as a Dream: He ſe'eth as in the Dark; he rea`ſon-eth and is de-ceiv'ed. But the Wiſdom oſ God is as the Light oſ Heav'en he rea`ſon-eth not; his Mind is the ſoun'tain oſ Truth Who is like to the Lord in Glo`ry? Who in Pow'er ſhall con-tend' with the Al-might'y? Hath hean'y e'qual in Wiſdom? Can an'y in 'Good'neſs be com-par'ed to him? LESSON III. It is God, O Man! who hath cre-at`ed thee; thy Sta`tion on Earth is fix`ed by his Ap-point'ment. The Powers oſ thy Mind are the Giſts oſ his Good'neſs, the Won'ders oſ thy Frame are the Work oſ his Hand. Hear then his Voice, ſor it is gra'cious; and he that o-bey'eth ſhall eſ-tab'liſh his Soul in Peace. LESSON IV. Com-mune' with thyſelf, O Man! and con-ſider' where'fore thou wert made. Con-tem'plate thy Pow`ers, con-tem'plate thy Wants and thy Con-nec'tíons; ſo ſhalt thou diſ-cov'er thy Du`ties oſ Liſe, and be di-rect'ed in all thy Ways. The thoughtleſs Man bri'dleth not his Tongue; he ſpeak'eth at ran'dom, and is en-tang'led in the fool'iſhneſs oſ his own Words. LESSON V. The firſt Step to-wards' be'ing wiſe, is to know that thou art ig'no-rant; and iſ thou wouldſt not be eſ-teem'ed fooliſh in the Judg'ment oſ oth'ers, caſt off the fol'ly of be'ing wiſe in thine own Con-ceit'. As the Cam'el bear'eth La'bour, and Heat, and Hun'ger, and Thirſt, through Deſ'erts oſ Sand, and faint'eth not; ſo the For`ti-tude of a Man ſhall ſuſ-tain` him through all Per'ils. LESSON VI. Iſ thy Soul thirſt'eth ſor Hon'our, if thy Ear hath any Pleaſ'ure in the Voice oſ Praiſe, raiſe thyſelf from the Duſt where-of' thou art made, and ex-alt' thy Aim to ſomething that is praiſe-wor'thy. The Oak that now ſpread'eth its Branch'es to-wards' the Heav'ens, was once but an A`corn in the Bow'els of the Earth. TABLE III. Words oſ three Syllables, having the Accent on the firſt. ĂB'dĭ-cāte ăb'ne-gāte ăc'cū-rate ăccĭ-dĕnce àſ'tér-bírth ăg'gre-găte ăg'o-ny âl`dér-măn ăn'ĕc-dōte àr'gu-mĕnt ăr'ro-gănt bāne`fûl-nĕſs beaū`te-oŭs bĭt'tér-nĕſs blēar'ĕd-nĕſs brĭg'ăn-tīne bòok-ſĕl-lér brót,h'ér-hòod bŭlk'ĭ-nĕſs bŭr'dĕn-ſome bŭx'óm'nĕſs căb'ăl-ĭſt căl'cū-lāte căn'cér-oŭs căn'dĭ-dāte căn'nĭ-băl căn'ĭſ-tér cā`pa-ble cārelěſs-ly càr'pěn-ter căt-e-c,hĭſm cěn'tū-ry chānge'a-bl chàrge'a-ble chàrm'ĭng-něſs chēar'fŭl-ly chīld'ĭſh-nèſ cĭn'na-mó ncír'cū-la rcír'cŭm-ſtănce clēan'lĭ-něſs clěm'ěn-cy clŏûd'i-něſs cŏm'món-něſs cŏm'pe-těnt cŏn'fi'-děnce cŏnrja-găl cŏn'ſe-crāte cŏn'ſe-qûěnt cŏn'ſo-nănt cŏn'tĭ-něnt côop`ér-'ăge cō'pĭ-oŭs cŏp'ū-lāte cŏr'dĭ-Măl cŏr'ne-oŭs cŏr'o-nér cŏr'po-rate cŏr'rū-gāte cŏſt'lĭ-něſs cóv'e-nănt cóv'ér-tūre cŏŭn'te-nănce coŭn'try-man coŭrt'eoŭſ-ly crăg'gĭ-něſs crū'ěl-něſs dai'ry-māid dān'g,ér-oŭs děd'ĭ-cāte děf'ér-ěnce děp'ū-ty děſ'tĭn-ate dĭf'fér-ěnce dŏûbt`fûl-něſs drěad'fûl-ly dū'ra-ble dū`plĭ-cāte ēa`g,ér-něſs ěb'o-ny ěg-lăn-tine ěl'e-vāte ěn'e-my ěn'tér-ĭng eū`c,hăr-ĭſt ē'ven-ĭng ē`vil-něſs ěx'cěl-lěnce ěx'cre-měnt ex'e-cūte ěx'ér-ciſ,e ěx'pĭ-āte făc'tiouſ-ly făc'ŭl-ty fà't,hér-lěſs făt,h'óm-lěſs fēar'fûl-ly fěc'ū-lěnce fě1'ŏ-ny fĭg'ŭr-ăl fī'năl-ly fír'ma-měnt flăm'me-oŭs flŏr'ĭd-něſs floŭr''ĭſh-ér flŭc'tū-ate fŏr'ti-fy fŏr'tĭ-tūde frâud`ū-lěnce frēe'hōld-ér frěn'ět-ĭc frē`qûěn-cy frī'a-ble frĭv'o-loŭs frŏl'ĭc-ſóme frŭſ'tra-tĭve fū`g,ĭ-tĭve fŭl'gěn-cy fū`rĭ-oŭs găt,h'ér-ĭng gâu`dĭ-něſs gāy'e-ty g,ěn'ér-ăl g,ěn'tle-măn g,ěn,ū-ĭne g,ĭd'dĭ-něſs glănd'ū-loŭs glŏb'ū-lár glŏſ'ſĭ-nĕſs gŏd'fâ-t,hér gŏd'lĭ-nĕſs gŏv'ér-noŭr gràſ'hŏp-pér grāte'fûl-nĕſs grăv'ĭ-tāte gŭm'mĭ-nĕſs gŭt'tŭr'ăl hăp'pĭ-nĕſs hàrd'wāre-măn hàrm'lĕſ-nĕſs hàr'mo-ny hâugh'tĭ-nĕſs heàrt`ĭ-nĕſs hĕav'ĭ-ly hĕr'e-tĭc hér'mĭ-tăge hĕxa-gŏn hĭn'dér-ănce hŏg'g,ĭſh-nĕſs hōme'lĭ-nĕſs hŏm'ĭ-cīde hŏm'ĭ-l y hōp'ĭng-ly hŏſ'pĭ-tăl hŏûſe`hōld-er hŭm'ble-nĕſs hŭrt'fûl-nĕſs hŭſ,'bănd-măn hy̆'a-cĭnth ĭg'nŏ-rănce ĭm'mĭ-nĕnt ĭm'pĭ-oŭs ĭm'ple-mĕnt ĭm'po-tĕnce ĭn'dĭ-cāte ĭn'do-lĕnce ĭn'fa-moŭs ĭn'flū-ĕnce ĭn'no-cĕnce ĭn'no-vāte ĭn'ſtĭ-gāte ĭn'ſtrū-mĕnt ĭn'te-g,ér ĭn'tér-ĕſt jăg'g,ĕd-nĕſs jàunt`ĭ-nĕſs jĕop'ár-dy jŏ'c'ū-làr jō'vĭ-ăl joŭr'năl-ĭſt jū'bĭ-lănt jū'nĭ-ór jū'nĭ-pér kĭnſ'wòm'án lăp'ĭ-dĭſt lăt'ér-ăl lăv'ĕn-dér lâud'a-ble lâw'fūl-nĕſs lĕc'tŭr-ér lē'găl-ly lē`nĭ-ĕnt lī`ón-ĕſs lĭt'a-ny lĭt'ŭr-g,y lō'căl-ly lōne'lĭ-nĕſs lŏrd`lĭ-nĕſs lóve'lĕt-tér lóv'ĭng-ly lŏûſ'ĭ-nĕſs lŭck'ĭ-nĕſs lū'cra-tĭve lū'mĭn-oŭs lŭx'u-ry măg'nĭ-tŭde māin'tĕn-ănce măn'ĭfĕſt măn'lĭ-nĕſs măn'ū-ſcript măr'ĭn'ér màr'vĕl-loŭs mĕl'o-dy mē'nĭ-ăl mĕſ'ſĕn-g,ér mĭd'ſhĭp'măn mĭm'ĭc-ry mĭt'ĭ-gāte mŏck'e-ry mōd`ĭſh-nĕſs mŏl'lĭ-ĕnt mŏn'ſtroŭſ-ly mŏn'ū-mĕnt mŏr'ăl'ĭſt mót,h'ér- lĕſs môve'a-ble mŭl'bĕr'ry mŭl'tĭ-tūde nā'kĕd-nĕſs năr'ra-tĭve năt'ŭr-ăl năv'ĭ-gāte něg'a-tĭve nĭp'pĭng-ly nō'ble-măn nŏm'ĭn-ăl nŏt'a-ble nō'tion-ăl noŭr'ĭſh-měnt nŭm'ber-lěſs nū-me-răl nŭr'ſe-ry nū'trĭ-měnt ŏb'e-Iĭſk ŏb'ſta-cle ŏb'vĭ-oŭs oc'ta-gón ō'pen-ĭng ŏp'tĭc-ăl ŏr'a-tór ŏr'na-měnt pā'pa-cy pàrt'ĭ-ble pàrt'nér-ſhĭp păſ'ſěn-g,ér pěd'ĭ-gree pěn'ăl-ty pěn'ē-trate pē`rĭ-ód pér'ma-něnce pĭl'lo-ry pĭt'ĭ-fûl pli'an-cy plěn'tĭ-fûl plū'ră;-ĭſt pŏck'ĭ-něſs pŏl'ĭ-tĭcs pŏn'dér-oŭs pōp`ĭfh-ly pōr'ĭ-něſs prěſ'ěnt-ly prī'ma-ry pū'bér-ty pŭb'lĭc-an pŭn'iſh-ér qûăn'tĭ-ty qûâr`rěl-ſóme qûĭek'ſĭl'vér qûĭd'dĭ-ty qûī'ět-něſs rā'dĭ-ănce rā'dĭ-ŭs rāp'ĭd-něſs rěck'on-ĭng rěc're-měnt rěc'tĭ-tūde rē`g,ěn-cy rěg'ū-làr rŏt'ten-něſs rŭd'dĭ-něſs rū'dĭ-měnt rū'ĭn-oŭs rŭſt'ĭ-něſs ſăc'ra-měnt ſănc'tĭ-fy ſăt'ĭſ-fy ſcăb'bĭ-něſs ſcăn'dăl-oŭs ſēa'fār-ĭng ſē'crět-něſs ſěc'ū-lár ſěd'ĭ-měnt ſig'năl-ly ſkil'fûl-něſs ſlóv'ěn-ly ſŭb'ſe-qûěnt tăc'tĭc-ăl těm'pér-ăte těmpt'a-ble těſ'ti-něſs tĭm'ór-oŭs trěm'ū-loŭs trĭp'lĭ-cāte trū'ănt-ſhĭp tū'nĭ-cle tŭr'bū-lěncē vā'căn-cy văc'ū-ŭm văl'ěn-tīne vē'hē-měnce věn'ĭ-ſon vĭg'ór-oŭs vĭr'ū-lěnt vĭv'ĭd-něſs vŏl'a-tīle vŏl'ŭ-ble vŏm'ĭ-tĭve vō'ta-rĭſt ŭl'tĭ-māte ŭn'dér-hănd ŭn'dū-lāte ū'nĭ-fŏrm ū`nĭ-vérſe ŭr'gĕn-cy ū'rĭn-ăl ūſe'fûl-ly wăg'g,ĭſh-nĕſs wând'ér-ĭng wĕl'cóme-nĕſs whĭm'ſĭ-căl whĭt'ſŭn-tīde wĭl'dér-reſs wĭn'tér-ly wĭt'tng-ly. TABLE IV. Words oſ three Syllables, having the Accent on the ſecond. A-Bănd'ŏn a-băſh'ment a-bĕt'tór ăb'dŭc'tion ăb-hŏr'rĕnt ăc-cŏm'plĭſh ăc-cŏrd'ănce ăc-cŏrd'ĭng ăd-dĭ'tion ăd-hĭb'ĭt ăg-grĕſ'ſor ăl-lŏŵ'ănce a-m'ăſs'mĕnt a-pàrt'mĕnt àr-mā'da ăſ-cĕnd'ănt ăſ-ſāy'ér be-dăg'le be-hāv'ĭoŭr ca-nā'ry căr-nā'tion c,hī-mē'ra cóm-mànd'mĕnt cóm-mĕnce'mĕnt cóm-mĭn'gle cóm-mĭt'tēe cóm-pĕn'ſāte cón-dū`cĭve cónfīne'mĕnt cónfŏûnd'ĕd cón-tĭn'ūe dā-cā`pō dăm-nā'tîón de-cămp'mĕnt de-clīn'ér defāce'mĕnt de-pàrt'mĕnt dĭ-gĕſt'ĭón dĭ-grĕſ'ión dĭ-lĕm'ma dĭ-mĭn'ĭſh dĭſ-àſ'tér dĭſ-cŏrd'ănt dĭſ-fā'voŭr dĭſ-hŏn'ĕſt dĭſ-ŏr`dér dĭſ-mĕm'bér dĭſ-păr'ăge dĭſ-qûī'ĕt dĭſ-ſĕm'ble dĭſ-ſĕn'ſion ĕc-cĕn'trĭc e-clĭp'tĭc ĕffŭl'g,ĕnce e-l`ātion ĕm-bàr`gō ĕmbĕl'iſh ĕn-ā`ble ĕn-cămp'mĕnt ĕn-cŏûn'tér ĕn-dĕm'ĭc ĕn-răp'tŭre e-pĭſ'tle e-qûā`tór ĕr-rā'ta fa-cē'tious făl-lā'cious fa-nătĭc fŏr-gĕt'fûl hàr-mŏn'ĭc he-rō`ĭc ĭg-nō`ble ĭl-lā'tion ĭl-lē`găl ĭm-ăg'ĭne ĭm-bĭt'tér ĭm-mér'ſion ĭm-mŏd'ĕſt ĭm-mŏr'ăl ĭm-pēach'mĕnt ĭm-prŏpér ĭm-prôve-mĕnt ĭn-ăc'tion ĭn-cěſſănt ĭn-dē'cěnt ĭn-děn'tŭre ĭn-dĭg'nănt ĭn-fér'năl ĭn-jŭſtĭce ĭn-ſcrĭp'tion ĭn-ſŏI'věn trēat'y ĭn-věc'tĭve măg-nět'ĭc ma-jěſ'tĭc ma-lĭg'năn t-c,hăn'ĭc mĭſ-góv'ern mĭſ-măn'ăge mōre-ō'vér ŏb-ſ,érv'ér ŏc-cā'ſion ŏc-tō'bé rn'ſĭve o-me'ga ŏp-pō'něnt pa-cĭf'ĭc pér-ſûā`ſion pér-fŏrm'ănce pér-fūm'é rlěx'ěd plănt-ā'tion pŏſ,-ſ,ěſ'ſoûr prē-cē'děnce prē-cěp'tór prē-věnt'ér pro-clāim‘ér pro-hĭb'ĭt qûā-drăt'ic rē-būk`ér rē-cěp'tion rē-cŏrd'ér rē-cóv'er rē-cŭm'běnt rē-dēem`ér rē-děmp'tion rē-dŭn'dănce rē-flěc'tion rē-frěſh'měnt rō-bŭſt'něſs rō-măn'tic rō-rā`tion rō-tā`tion rō-tŭn'dō rū-bĭf'ĭc rē-dŭc'tion ſăl-vā`tion ſcŏr-bū'tĭc ſcrū-tā`tór ſe-cūre'měnt ſe-dūce'měnt ſĭg-nā'tion ſpe-cĭf'ĭc ſpěc-tā`tór ſtū-pěn'doŭs ſŭb-līme'ly ſŭb-ſcrīb'er ſŭr-vêy'ór ſŭr-vīv`ór tăx-ā'tion těr-rĭf'ĭc těſ-tā`trĭx thē-ăt'rĭc tŏr-měnt'ór trănſ-pā'rěnt va-cā`tion vīce-g,ē'rěnt ŭn-āid'ěd ŭn-àrm'ěd ŭn-bô`ſóm ŭn-brōk'en ŭn-cér'taĭn ŭn-chāng,'ĭng ŭn-clăſ'ſĭc ŭn-cŏm'món ŭn-cóv'ér ŭn-dàunt'ěd ŭn-ē'ven ŭn-fād'ĭng ŭn-fāith`fûl ŭn-g,ětle ŭn-gŏd'ly ŭn-lâw`fûl ŭn-plěaſ'ănt ŭn-plī'ănt ŭn-ſpĭr'ĭt ŭn-ſqûār'ěd ŭn-wěl'cóme ū-ſŭrp'ér. TABLE V. Words oſ three Syllables, having the Accent on the laſt. ĂC-qûĭ-ĕſce' ăm-bûſ-cāde' ăp-pér-tāin` ăp-prē-hĕnd' căn-nŏn-āde' cír-cŭm-cīſ,e` cō-ĕx,-ĭſt' cō-ĕx-tĕnd' dĕb-âu-chēe' dĭſ-a-būſ,e' dĭſ-a-grēe' dĭſ-ăn-nŭl' dĭſ-be-lîef' dĭſ-cón-cért' dĭſ-cón-tĕnt' dĭſ-ĕn-chànt' dĭſ-ĕn-thrōne' dĭſ-ĕſ-tēem' dĭſ-ĭn-clīne' dĭſ-ō-bêy' dĭſ-pŏſ,-ſ,ĕſs' dĭſ-re-'ſpĕct' dĭſ-ū-nīte' ĕn-fĭl-āde' ĕn-tér-tāin' ĕv-ér-grēen' ĕv-ér-mōre' găr-rĕt-ēer` hēre-a-bŏûts' ĭm-ma-tūre` ĭm-pór-tūne' ĭn-cóm-mōde' ĭn-cóm-păct' ĭn-cóm-plēte ĭn-cŏr-rĕct' ĭn-de-vŏût' ĭn-dĭſ-crēet` ĭn-dĭſ-tĭnct' ĭn-ĕx-pért' ĭn-ſe-cūre' ĭn-ſĭn-cēr ĭn-ter-cēde' ĭn-tér-cĕpt' ĭn-tér-lēave' ĭn-tér-līne' măg-a-zîne mĭſ-ă-ſ-crībe' mĭſ-be-cóme' ŏp-pŏr-tūne' ō-vér-ăct' ō-vér-bĭd' ō-vér-clŏûd' ō-vér-cóme' ō-vér-cŏûnt' ō-vér-dô' ō-vér-lòok' ō-vér-ſtrāin' rē-`ăd-mĭt' rē-ăn-nĕx' rē-băp-tīze' rē-cŏl-lĕct' rē-de-mànd' ſĕr-e-nāde' ſū-pér-fīne' ſū-pér-cēde' t,hêre-a-bŏût' vī-o-lĭn vŏl-ŭn-tēer' ŭn-a-wāre' ŭn-be-lîef' ŭn-cón-cérn'. ŭn-dér-mīne'. SIX LESSONS, in which the Words are divided, and properly accented. LESSON I. THERE is but one God, the Au`thor, the Cre-a`tor and the Gov'ern-or of the World. The Sun is not God, though his no'bleſt Im'age. He en-light'en-eth the World with his Bright'neſs, His Warmth giveth Liſe to the Prod'ucts oſ the Earth: Ad-mire' him as the Crea`ture, the In'ſtru-ment of God; but wor'ſhip him not. To the One who is ſu-preme, moſt wiſe and be-nefi'- cent, and to Him a-lone' be-long' Wor'ſhip, Adora`tion, Thankſ-giv'ing and Praiſe. LESSON II. The Providence oſ God is o'ver all his Works; rul'eth and di-rect'eth witb in'fi-nite Wiſ'dom. He hath in'ſti-tut-ed Laws for the Gov'ern-ment of the World; he hath won'derful-ly va`ri-ed them in all Be'ings; and each, by his Na`ture, conform'eth to His Will. The Crea`tures oſ his Hand de-clare' his Good'neſs, and all their En-joy'ments ſpeak his Praiſe; he cloth'eth them with Beau`ty, he ſup-port'eth them with food he preſerv'eth them with Pleaſ'ure from Gen-er-a'tion to Gen-er-a`tion. LESSON III. If we lift up our Eyes, to the Heav'ens, God's Glory ſhin'eth forth; if we caſt them down up-on' the Earth, it is full oſ his Goodneſs: the Hills and the Val'leys re-joice' and ſing; Fields, Riv'ers, and Woods re-ſound' his Praiſe. But thee, O Man! he hath diſ-tin`guiſh-ed with pe-cu'liar Fa`vour; and ex-alt'ed thy Sta`tion a-bove' all Creatures. Pay, there'fore, to bis Wiſ'dom all Hon'our and Ven-era'tion; and bow down thy-ſelf' in hum'ble and ſub-- miſ'ſive O-be'di-ence to his ſu-preme' Di-rec'tion. LESSON IV. The Lord is juſt and right`eous, and will judge the Earth with Eq'ui-ty and Truth. Hath he eſ-tab'liſh-ed Laws in Good'neſs and Mer'cy, and ſhall he not puniſh the Tranſ-greſ'ſors there-of'? O praiſe his Good'neſs with Songs oſ Thankſ-giving, and med'i-tate in Silence on the Won'ders oſ his Love: let thy Heart o-verflow' with Grat'i-tude and Ac-knowl'edg-ment, let the Lan'guage oſ thy Lips ſpeak Praiſe and Ad-o-ra'tion, let the Ac'tions oſ thy Liſe ſhew thy Love to his Law. LESSON V. O think not, bold Man! be-cauſe thy Pun'iſh-ment is de-lay'ed, that the Arm oſ the Lord is weak'en-ed nei`ther flat'ter thy-ſelf' with Hopes that he wink'eth at thy Do'ings. His Eye pierc'eth the Secrets oſ ev'e-ry Heart, and he re-mem'ber-eth them for ev'er; he re-ſpect'eth not the Per'ſons or the Sta`tions oſ Men. The High and the Low, the Rich and the Poor, the Wiſe and the Ig'no-rant, when the Soul hath ſhak`en off the cum'brous Shack'les oſ this mor`tal Liſe, ſhall e'qual-ly re-ceive ſrom the Sen'tence oſ God, a juſt and ev-er-- laſting Ret-ri-bu`tion ac-cording to his Works. LESSON VI. The Wick'ed ſhall trem'ble and be afraîd`; but the Heart oſ the Right'eous ſhall rejoice' in his Judg'- ments. O fear the Lord, there'fore, all the Days oſ thy Liſe, and walk in the Paths which he hath o'pen-ed beſore' thee! Let Pru'dence ad-mon'iſh thee, let Tem'per-ance re-ſtrain', let Juſ'tice guide thy Hand, Be-nev'o-lence warm thy Heart, and Grat'i-tude to Heav'en inſpire thee with De-vo'tion. Theſe ſhall give thee Hap'pi-neſs' in thy preſſ'ent State, and bring thee to the Man'ſions oſ e-ter'nal Fe-lic'i-ty in the Par'a-diſe of God. TABLE VII. Words oſ ſour Syllables, having the Accent on the ſecond. Ăb-brĕv'ĭ-ate ăb-ĕr'rănt-ly ăb'ſŭrd'ĭ-ty ăc-cĕpt'a-ble ăc-cŏm'plĭſh-mĕnt ăc-cĕſ'ſo-ry ăl'lūr'ĭng-ly ăm-phĭb'ĭ-oŭs ăr-tē-t`rĭ ăl àr-tĭc'ū-lāte àr-tĭſ'ĭ-cér àſ-păr'a-gŭs ăſ-pĕr'ĭ-ty ăſ-ſaſ'ſĭn-āte ăſ-ſĭd'ū-oŭs ăſ-ſĭm'ū-lāte ăſ-ſĭm'ĭ-lāte ăſ-trŏn'o-mér ăſ-tòn'ĭſh-mĕnt ăt-tāin'a-ble ăt-tĕn'ū-ănt băr-băr'ĭ-ty bĕl'lĭg'ér-oŭs ca-lăm'ĭ-toŭs ca-lŭm'nĭ-āte ca-nŏn'ĭc-ăl căp-tĭv'ĭ-ty ce-lĕr'ĭ-ty cĕn-tū`rĭ-ón cír-cŭm'ſe-rĕnce cō-ăg,'ū-lāte cŏg'nŏm'ĭn-ăl co-ĭn'cĭ-dĕnce cŏl-lăt'ér-ăl cŏm-mĕm'ŏ-rate cóm-mĕnd'ă-ble cŏm-mĭſ'e-rate cóm-mō'dĭ-oŭs cóm-mū`nĭ-c`ănt cŏn-cĕp'tĭ-ble cón-clū'dĕn-cy cónſăb'ū-lāte cón-nū'bĭ-tăl cŏn-ſpĭr'a-tór de-bĭl'ĭ-tāte de-căp'ĭ-tāte de-clār`a-ble de-g,ĕn'ér-ate de-mō'nĭ-ăc de-nŏm'ĭn-ate dĭ-ăg'o-năl dĭſ-cŏn'ſo-late dĭſ-cóv'ér-y dĭſ-coŭr'ăge-mĕnt dĭſ-păr'ăge-mĕnt dĭſ-trĭb'u-tĭve dĭ-vĭd'ū-ăl dĭſ-ū'nĭ-ón dī-vér'ſĭſȳ dī-vér'ſĭ-ty dī-ŭr'năl-ly dŏg-măt'ĭc-ăl e-cŏn'ŏ-my ĕſ'ſĕc'tū-ăl e-jăc'ū-lāte ĕl-lĭp'tĭc-ăl e-măſ'cū-lāte ĕn-cō'mĭ-ŭm ĕ-pĭt'p-mĭſt e-qûĕſ'trĭ-ăn e-qûĭv'o-cāte ĕr-rō'nē-ous e-tér-năl-ly ſăſ-tĭd'ĭ-ous ſe-cŭn'dĭ-ty ſĕl-ō`nĭ-ous ſe-rŏç'ĭ-ty ſér-tĭl'ĭ-ty ſĭ-dĕl'ĭty ſŏr-tū'ĭ-toŭs ſra-tér'nĭ-ty ge-nĕr'ĭ-căl gĕn-tĭl'ĭ-ty glăn-dĭſ'ér-oŭs grăm-măt'ĭc-ăl ha-bĭt'ū-ăl hăr-mŏn'ĭc-ăl hĭſ-tō`rĭ-án hy̆-pŏth'e-ſĭs ī-dŏl'a-tér ĭl-lâud'a-ble ĭl-lē'găl-ly ĭl-lĭbér-ăl ĭl-lĭt'e-rate ĭl-lū'mĭ-nate ĭm-măn'a-cle ĭm-mĕn'ſĭ-ty ĭm-mŏd'ĕſ-ty ĭm-mū'ta-ble ĭm-pā'tient-ly ĭm-pĕn'ĭ tĕnt ĭm-pe'rĭ-ăl ĭm-pū'rĭ-ty ĭn-ăn'ĭm-ate ĭn-cā'pa-ble ĭn-cĕſ'ſănt-ly ĭn-cŏm'pe-tĕnt ĭn-cŏn'ſtăn-cy ĭn-crĕd'ĭ-ble ĭn-cū'rā-ble ĭn-dĕſ'ĭ-nĭte la-bō-rĭ-oŭs lăſ-cĭv'ĭ-oŭs main-tāin`a-ble mĕm-brā'ne oŭs mī-crŏm'e-tér mĭl-lĕn'nĭ-ăl mŏr-tăl'ĭ-ty my̆ſ-tē'rĭ-oŭs nŏn-ſĕn'ſĭ-căl nū-mĕr'ĭ-căl ŏb-ſcū`rĭ-ty ŏb-ſ,érv'a-ble ŏb-ſtrĕp'e-roŭs ŏc-tăg'ón-ă1 ŏſſĕn'ſĭve-ly ŏm-nĭp'ō-tĕnt ŏp-prō'brĭ-oŭs ŏr-bĭc'ū-lár ŏr-găn'ĭ-căl o-rĭg,'ĭn-ăl pa-pĭſ'tĭc-ă1 păr-tĭc'ū-lár păr-tū'rĭ-ĕnt pĕn-ĭn'ſū-la pér-ăm'bū-lāte pérſĕc'tĭve-ly pér-plĕx'ĭ-ty pér-ſpĭc'ū-oŭs pér-vér'ſĭ-ty po-lĭt'ĭc-ăl pŏn-tĭſ'ĭc-ăl pôor-ſpĭr'ĭt-ĕd pŏſ-tē'r'ĭ-ór pre-cā`r'ĭ-oŭs ra-pā'ciouſ-nĕſs rĕ-ăl'ĭ-ty re-cĭp'ro-căl rē-eŏn,ſe-crāte rē-g,ĕn'e-rate re-màrk`a-ble rŭſ-tĭc,'ĭ-ty ſăb-băt'ĭ-căl ſa-lū`brĭ-ty ſe-cū'rĭ-ty ſe-dū'lĭ-ty ſo-brī`e-ty ſĕn-ſō'rĭ-ŭm ſĭg-nĭſ'ĭ-cănt ſĭm-plĭç'ĭ-ty ſū-pér'ſlū-oŭs ſū-pe`rĭ-oŭr tra-dū'cĭ-ble tra-gē'dĭ-ăn trăn-qûĭl'ĭ-ty tū-mŭl'tū-oŭs ty-răn'nĭ-eăl vāin-glō'rĭ-oŭs va-rī`e-ty ve-nē're-ăl vér-bŏſ'ĭ-ty vĭc-tō'rĭ-oŭs vĭ-tăl'ĭ-ty vo-lū'mĭ-noŭs ŭn-blĕm'ĭſh-ĕd ŭn-eóme'lĭ-nĕſs ŭn-ē'qûăl-lĕd ŭnſāithſŭl-nĕſs ŭnſŭr'nĭſh-ĕd ŭn-g,ĕn'ér-oŭs ŭn-lā'boŭr-ĕd ŭn-lâw'ſûl-ly ŭn-mér'cĭſûl ŭn-năt'ŭr-ă ŭn-pĭt'ĭ-ĕd ŭn-pŏp'ū-lár ŭn-ſĕv'ér-ĕd: TABLE VIII. Words oſ ſour Syllables, having the Accent on the third. ĂB-dĭ-cā`tion ăc-cū-ſā`tion ăd-a-măn'tĭne ăl-le-gŏr'ĭc bĕn-eſăc'tór căl-ĭ-măn'cō cĕl-e-brā`tion cír-cŭm-jā`cĕnt cō-ĕx,-ĭſt'ĕnce dĕt-rĭ-mĕnt'ăl dĭſ-ăd-vàn'tăge dĭſ-ăl-lŏŵ'ănce dĭſ-a-grēe'mĕnt dĭſ-cón-tĕnt'ĕd dĭſ-cón- tĭn'ūe dĭſ-pĕn-ſā'tion ĕſſĭ-cā'cious ſŭn-da-mĕnt'ăl ĭg-no-rò'mŭs ĭm-ma-tūre'ly ĭm-pérſĕc'tion ĭn-ca-pā'cious ĭn-cón-ſĭſt'ent ĭn-de-pĕnd'ĕnt ĭn-crŭſ-tā`tion ĭn-ĕſſĕc'tĭve ĭn-tĕl-lĕc'tĭve ĭn-tér-miſ'ſion lĕg,-ĭſ'lā-tĭve măl-vér-ſā'tion măn-ūſăe'tŭre mē-dĭ-ā`tór mĭſ-ăd-vĕn'tŭre ŏb-dūr-rā'tion ŏc-cĭ-dĕnt'ăl ŏſ-tĕn-tā`tious ō-vér-bŭr'dĕn rē-de-lĭv'ér ſā-cér-dō'tăl' ſăc-ra-mĕnt'ăl ſĕm-ĭ-cōlŏn ſĭb-ĭl-ā'tion ŭn-ăc-qûāint-ĕd ŭn-dér-ſtănd'īng ŭnſŏr-bĭd'den ŭn-ĭm-mŏr`tăl ŭn-ĭm-pŏr'tănt ŏn-ŏb-ſtrŭct'ĕd ŭn-pŏl-lūt'ĕd whôm-ſō-ĕv'ér whêre-ſō-ĕv'ér TABLE X. Words oſ ſour Syllables, having the Accent on the laſt Syllable. AN-ĭ-măd-vért lĕg,-ér-dē-māin' mĭſ-ăp'pre-hĕnd' mĭſ-ŭn-dér-ſtănd' mŭl-tĭ-plĭ-cănd' nĕv-ér-t,he-lĕſs' ſū-pér-a-bŏûnd' ſū-pér-ĭn-dūce' ſu-pér-ĭn-tĕnd' Six more LESSONS, in which the Words are divided, and properly accented, as beſore. LESSON I VAunt not oſ thy Bod'y, be-cauſe` it was ſirſt ſorm'ed; nor oſ thy Brain, be-cauſe` there-in' thy Soul reſid'eth. Is not the maſ`ter oſ the Houſe more hon'or-- a-ble than its Walls? As the breatb oſ Heav'en ſay'eth to the Wa`ter oſ the Deep, This Way ſhall thy Bil'lows roll, and no oth'er; thus high, and no high'er, ſhall they raiſe their ſu'ry: ſo let thy Spir'it, O Man, ac'tu-ate and di-rect' thy ſleſh; ſo let it re-preſs' its Wild'neſs. Thy Soul is the Mon'arch oſ tby ſſrame; ſuſ'ſer not its Sub'jects to re-bel' a-gainſt' it. LESSON II The Bleſſings, O Man! oſ tby ex-ter'nal Part, are Health Vigour, and Pro-por'tion. The great'eſt oſ theſe is Health. What Health is to tbe Bod'y, e'ven that is Hon'eſſ-ty to the Soul. Per-ceiv'eth not the Coek the Hour oſ Mid`night? alt'etb be not his Voice, to tell thee it is Morn'ing Know'etb not tbe Dog tbe ſooeſteps oſ his Maſ`ter and ſli'eth not the wound'ed Goat to the Herb that heal'eth him? Yet, when theſe die, their Spirit return'eth to the Duſt: tbîne a-lone ſur-viv'eth LESSON III 'As the Eye oſ Morn'ing to the Lark, as the Shade oſ E'ven-ing to the Owl, as Hon'ey to tbe Bee, or as the Car`eaſe to tbe Vul'ture; e'ven ſuch is Liſe to the Heart oſ Man. Say not that it were beſt not to have been born; or, iſ born, tbat it had been beſt to die early: nei`tber dare tbou to aſk oſ thy Cre-a'tor, Where had been the E‘vil had I not ex-iſt'ed? Good is thy Power; the Want oſ Good is E'vil; and iſ tby Queſt'ion be juſt, lo! it con-dem'neth thee. LESSON IV. In-con'ſtan-cy is power`ſul in the Heart oſ Man; in tem'pe-rance ſway'eth it whith'er it will; Deſ-pair' engroſſ'eth much oſ it and ſear pro-claim'eth, Be-hold; I ſit un-ri`val-led tbere-in': but Van'i-ty is be-yond' them all. Weep not there'ſore at the Ca-lam'i-ties oſ the hu'man State, rath'er laugh at its ſol'lies, In the Hands oſ the Man ad-dict'ed to Van'i-ty, Liſe is but the Shad'ow oſ a Dream. Do well while thou liv'eſt; but re-gard' not what is ſaid oſ it. Con-tent' thyſelſ' with deſerv'ing Praiſe, and thy Poſ-ter'i-ty ſhall re-joice' in hear`ing it. LESSON V. Vain and in-con'ſtant as thou art, O Child oſ Im-perſec'tion! how can'ſt thou be but weak? Is not in-eon'-- ſtaney con-nect'ed with ſraíl`ty? Can tbere be Van'i-ty wíth-out' Inſirm'i-ty? A-void' the Dan'ger oſ the one, and thou ſhalt eſ-cape the Miſ'chieſs oſ the oth'er. Where'ſore loſ'eth the Pleaſ'ure that is beſore' thee its Rel'iſh? and why ap-pear`eth that which is yet to come the ſweet`er? Be-cauſe' tbou art wea'ri-ed with the Good oſ this, be-eauſe' thou know`eſt not the E'vil oſ that wbich is not with thee. Know, that to be con-- tent' is to be bappy. LESSON VI. The Soul oſ the chearſul ſorc'eth a Smile upon the ſace oſ Aſſlic'tiōn; but the deſ-pond'ence oſ the ſad dead'en-eth e'ven the Brigbe'neſs oſ Joy. What is the Source oſ Sad'neſs, but a ſee'ble-neſs oſ the Soul? wbat giv'eth it Pow`er but the Want oſ Spir'it? Rouſe thy-ſelſ' to the Com'bat, and ſhe quit'teth the ſîeld beſore' thou ſtrik`eſt. She is an En'e-my to thy Race, tbere'ſore drive her ſrom thy Heart; ſhe poi`ſon-eth the Sweets oſ thy Liſe, there'ſore ſuſ'ſer her not to en'ter thy Dwel'ling. TABLE X. Words of five Syllables, having the Accent on the firſt. Ad'mĭ-ra-ble-nĕſs. ăp'plĭ-ca-to-ry ar'bĭ-trā-rĭ-ly crĕd'ĭt-a-ble-nĕſs cír'cū-la-to-ry cŭſ'tŏm-a-rĭ-ly dĕd'ĭ-cā-to-ry dĭl'a-to-rĭ-neſs ex-pĭ-ă-to-ry fĭg'ŭr-a-tĭve-ly jū'dĭ-ca-to-ry nĕç'ĕſ-ſa-rĭ-ly ŏb'lĭ-ga-to-ry òr'dĭ-na-rĭ-ly pĕr'ĭſh-a-ble-nĕſs pŏſ'tū-la-tŏ-ry ſĕc'ŏnd-a-rĭ-ly ſep'ăr-a-ble-nĕſs ſŭp'plĭ-ca-to-ry vŏl'ŭn-ta-rĭ-ly TABLE XI Words oſ five Syllables, having the Accent on the ſecond. ĂB-brē'vĭ-a-tūre a-bŏm'ĭn-a-bly ăb-ſtē'mĭ-ouſ-nĕſs ăc-cū'ſa-to-ry be-nĕv'ŏ-lĕnt-ly ca-nŏn'ĭ-căl-ly cŏm-mĕm'o-ra-tĭve cŏm-mĕnd'a-to-ry cŏm-pŭl'ſa-tĭve-ly cŏnfĕc'tion-a-ry de-clăm'a-tŏ-ry de-pŏſ'ĭ-tŏ-ry de-lĭb'ér-a-tĭve ex-pē'rĭ-ĕn-cĕd ĕx-plăn'a-to-ry ĕx-pŭr'ga-to-ry ĕx-tĕm'po-ra-ry făn-tăſ'tĭc-ăl-ly fŏr-tū'ĭ-toŭſ-ly grăm-măt'ĭc-ăl-ly gra-tū'ĭ-toŭſ-ly hàr-mō'nĭ-oŭſ-ly he-rō'ĭc-ăl-ly ĭl'lĭt'e-rate-nĕſs ĭm-mŏd'ér-ate-ly ĭm-pĕn'ĭ-tĕnt-ly ĭm-pĕt'ū-oŭſ-ly ĭn-cŏr'ri-g,ĭ-ble ĭn-cŏm'pa-ra-ble ĭn-dĕl'ĭ-ca-cy ĭn-ĕſ'tĭm-a-ble la-bō'rĭ-oŭſ-nĕſs lăſ-cĭv'ĭ-oŭſ-nĕſs le-g,ĭt'ĭm-ate-ly măg-nĭf'ĭ-cĕnt-ly me-lō'dĭ-oŭſ-ly ne-cĕſ-ſĭ-toŭſ-nĕſs no-tō'rĭ-oŭſ-ly nū-mér'ĭ-căl-ly ŏb-ſē'qûĭ-oŭſ-nĕſs ŏr-găn'ĭc-ăl-ly pa-thĕt'ĭc-ăl-ly pa-tĭb'ū-la-ry rē-cóv'ér-a-ble rhē-tŏr'ĭc-ăl-ly ſĭg-nĭf'ĭ-căn-cy ſpŏn-tā`ne-oŭſ-ly ſtér-nū'ta-to-ry tra-dĭ'tion-a-ry tū-mult'ū-a-ry ŭn-cóm'ſórt-a-ble ŭn-dĕd'ĭ-cat-ĕd ŭn-făt,h'ŏm-a-bly ŭn-ĭm'ĭ't-a-ble ŭn-mér-cĭfûl-ly ŭn-pĭt'ĭfûl-ly TABLE XII. Words oſ five Syllables, having the Accent on the third. AC-a-dĕm'ĭc-ăl ăc-cĭ-dĕnt'ăl-ly ăc-rĭ-mō'nĭ-oŭs ăc-ro-măt-ĭc-ăl ăd-vér-ſā-rĭ-a ăl-le-gŏr'ĭc-ăl ăn-a-tŏm'ĭc-ăl băc-c,ha-nā'lĭ-ăn bĕſ-tĭ-ăl'ĭ-ty căb-a-lĭſt'ĭc-ăl căt-e-gŏr'ĭc-ăl cĕr-e-mō'nĭ-ăl cír-cŭm-ăm'bū-late cŏm-ma-tē'rĭ-al cŏn-cō-ăg'ū-late cŏnfra-tér'nĭ-ty cŏn-ſĕn-tā'nē-oŭs cŏn-ſtĭ-tū'tion-ăl cŏn-tro-vért'ĭ-ble dī-a-mĕt'rĭ-căl dĭſ-a-bĭl'ĭ-ty dĭſ-cŏm-mō'dĭ-oŭs ĕl-e-mĕnt'a-ry ĕm-ble-măt'ĭc-ăl e-nĭg-măt'ĭc-ăl ĕx-tra-rĕg'ū-lár glăn-dū-lŏſ'ĭ-ty hō-mō-gē'nē-oŭs hŏr-ĭ-zŏn'tăl-ly hŏſ-pĭ-tăl'ĭ-ty hy̆p-o-crĭt'ĭc-ăl ĭg-nŏ-mĭn'ĭ-oŭs ĭm-ma-tē'rĭ-ăl ĭm-mo-răl'ĭ-ty ĭm-pér-cĕp'tĭ-ble ĭn-ăr-tĭc'ū-late ĭn-cóm-mō`dĭ-oŭs jŭſ-tĭſī`a-ble jū-ve-nĭl'ĭ-ty lĭb-e-răl'ĭ-ty māle-cón-tĕnt'ĕd-nĕſs mĭn-ĭſ-tē'rĭ-ăl mū-cĭ-lăg,'ĭn-oŭs mŭl-tŭ-tū'dĭ-noŭs mū-ta-bĭl'ĭ-ty nŏn-cónſŏrm'ĭ-ty nō-tion-ăl'ĭ-ty ŏp-pór-tū'nĭ-ty păr-a-bŏl'ĭc-ăl păr-a-dŏx'ĭc-ăl păr-ſĭ-mō'nĭ-oŭs pér-pĕn-dĭc'ū-lár plâu-ſ,ĭ-bĭl'ĭ-ty pŏſt-dĭ-lū'vĭ-ăn prĕſ-by̆-tē'rĭ-ăn prĭn-cĭ-pal'ĭ-ty prŏd-ĭ-gal'ĭ-ty pū-rĭ-tăn'ĭc-a1 pū-ſĭl-ăn-ĭm-oŭs rē-ca-pīt'ū-late rĕg-ū-lăr'ĭ-ty rĕp-re-hĕn'ſĭ-ble ſăl-va-bĭl'ĭ-ty ſănc-tĭ-mō'nĭ-oŭs ſăt'ĭſ-făc'to-ry ſcrū-pū-lŏſ'ĭ-ty ſĕm-ĭ-cír'cū-lár ſĕm-pĭ-tér'nĭ-ty ſĕn-a-tō-'rĭ-ăl ſĕn-ſĭ-bĭl'ĭ-ty ſĕx-a-gĕſ'ĭ-măl ſī-mŭl-tā'nē-oŭs ſtĕr-e-ŏm'e-try ſŭb-tér-rā`ne-oŭs ſŭmp-tū-ŏſ'ĭ-ty ſū-pér-ăn'nū-ate ſū-pér-cĭl'ĭ-oŭs ſū-pér-ĕm'ĭn-ĕnt ſū-pér-ĕr'o-gate ſū-pér-flū`ĭ-tănt ſū-pér-năt'ŭr-ăl ſy̆ſ-tĕm-ăt'ĭc-ăl tăç-ĭ-tŭr'nĭ-ty tĕſ-ta-mĕnt'a-ry tĕſ-tĭ-mō`nĭ-ăl the-o-crăt'ĭc-ăl trăg,-ĭ-cŏm'e-dy trĭg-o-nŏm'e-try vĕr-ĭ-ſĭm'ĭ-lár ŭn-ăc-cŏm'plĭſh-ed ŭn-ăt-tâin'a-ble ŭn-ă-vāil'a-ble ŭn-be-nĕv'o-lĕnt ŭn-ca-nŏn'ĭ-căl ŭn-cón-cēiv'a-ble ŭn-cón-cérĕn'd-nĕſs ŭn-defīn'a-ble ŭn-de-mŏl'ĭſh-ĕd ŭn-dér-lā'boŭr-ér ŭn-de-tér-mĭn-ate ŭn-dĭ-mĭn'ĭſh-ĕd ŭn-ĭnflăm'ma-ble vŏl-a-tĭl'ĭ-ty vŏl-ū-bĭl'ĭ-ty TABLE XIII. Words oſ ſive Syllables, having the, Accent on the ſourth Syllable. A-Bŏm-ĭ-nā'tion ăc-cŏm-mō-dā'tion ăc-cū-mū-lā'tion ăd-ŭlt-e-rā`tion ar-tĭc-ū-lā`tion căp-ĭt-ū-lā`tion cír-cŭmfe-rĕn'tór cír-cŭm-văl-lā`tion clăr-ĭf-ĭ-cā'tion cŏn-căt-e-nā`tion cŏnſăb-ū-lā`tion cŏn-tra-dĭſ-tĭn'gûĭſh cō-ŏp-e-rā-tór de-nŏm-ĭ-nā`tór dĭſ-ſĕm-ĭ-nā`tór ĕc-cle-ſĭ-ăſ'tĭc e-jăc-u-lā`tion ĕn-thū-ſĭ-ăſ'tĭc ĕp-ĭ-grăm-măt'ĭc ĕx-pĕr-ĭ-mĕnt'ăl g,ĕſ-tĭc-ū-lā`tion ĭn-tĕl-lĭ-gĕn'tial lū-brĭf-ĭ-cā'tion măth-e-ma-tĭ'cian mĭſ-ăp-pre-hĕn'ſion mŭl-tĭ-plĭ-cā'tór pér-ăm-bū-lā`tór prē-dĕſ-tĭ-nā`tór prē-tér-ĭm-pér'fĕct prŏg-nŏſ-tĭ-cā`tór răm-ĭf-ĭ-cā`tion rĕc-óm-mĕnd-ā`tion rē-dū-plĭ-cā`tion rē-ĭt-ér-ā'tion ſcăr-ĭſ-ĭ-cā`tion ſĭg-nĭf-ĭ-cā`tion ſō-lĭç-ĭ-tā`tion ſpĕç-ĭſ-ĭ-cā`tion ſŭb-ŏr-dĭ-nā`tion ſū-pér-a-bŭn'dănce ſū-pér-ĭn-tĕnd'ĕnt tĕm-pĕr-a-mĕnt'ăl vā-rĭ e-gā`tion vér-ſĭf-ĭ-cā`tion vī-o-lŏn-cĕl'lō vō-cĭſ-é-rā`tion FABLES. The TROUTS. Divided into Six LESSONS. LESSON I. ON the other Side of yonder Hill there runs a mighty clear River, and in that River, on a Time, there lived three Silver Trouts, the prettieſt little fiſhes that any one ever ſaw. Now God took a great Liking and Love to theſe pretty Silver Trouts, and he let them want for nothing that ſuch little Fiſhes could have Occaſion for. But two of them grew ſad and diſcontented; and the one wiſhed for this Thing, and the other wiſhed for that Thing, and neither of them could take Pleaſure in any Thing that they had, becauſe they were always longing for ſomething that they had. Now, you muſt know, that all this was very naughty in thoſe two little Trouts; for God had been exceedingly kind to them; he had given them every Thing that was fitteſt for them; and he never grudged them any Thing that was for their Good: but, inſtead of thanking him for all his Care and his Kindneſs, they blamed him in their own Minds for refuſing them any Thing that their ſilly Fancies were ſet upon. In ſhort, there was no End of their wiſhing, and longing, and quarrelling in their Hearts, for this Thing and the other. LESSON II. At laſt God was ſo provoked, that he reſolved to puniſh their Naughtineſs, by granting their Deſires, and to make the Folly of theſe two little ſtubborn Trouts an Example to all the fooliſh Fiſh in the whole World. For this Purpoſe he called out to the three little Silver Trouts, and told them, they ſhould have whatever they wiſhed for. Now, the eldeſt of theſe Trouts was a very proud little Fiſh, and wanted, forſooth, to be ſet up above all other little Fiſhes. May it pleaſe your Greatneſs, ſays he, I muſt be free to tell you, that I do not at all like the Way in which you have placed me. Here you have put me into a poor narrow and troubleſome River, where I am ſtraitened on the right Side, and ſtraitened on the leſt Side, and can neither get down into the Ground, nor up into the Air, nor go where, nor do any one Thing I have a-mind to. I am not ſo blind for all, but that I can ſee well enough how mighty kind and bountiful you can be to others. There are your favourite little Birds, who fly this Way and that Way, and mount up to the very Heavens, and do whatever they pleaſe, and have every Thing at Command, becauſe you have given them Wings. Give me ſuch Wings alſo as you have given to them, and then I ſhall have ſomething for which I ought to thank you. LESSON III. No ſooner aſk than have. He felt the Wings he wiſhed for growing from either Side, and in a Minute he ſpread them abroad, and roſe out of the Water. At firſt he felt a wonderſul Pleaſure in finding himſelf able to fly. He mounted high into the Air, above the very Clouds, and he looked down with Scorn on all the Fiſhes in the World. He now reſolved to travel, and to take his Diverſion far and wide. He flew over Rivers and Meadows, and Woods and Mountains, till growing faint with Hunger and Thirſt, his Wings began to fail him, and he thought it beſt to come down to get ſome Refreſhment. The little Fool did not conſider that he was now in a ſtrange Country, and many a Mile from the ſweet River where he was born and bred, and had received all his Nouriſhment. So, when he came down, he happened to light among dry Sands and Rocks, where there was not a Bit to eat, nor a Drop oſ Water to drink; and ſo there he lay faint and tired, and unable to riſe, gaſping and fluttering, and beating himſelf againſt the Stones, till at length he died in great Pain and Miſery. Now the ſecond Silver Trout, though he was not ſo high-minded as the firſt little proud Trout, yet he did not want for Conceit enough, and he was, moreover, a narrow-hearted and very ſelfiſh little Trout, and provided he himſelf was ſnug and ſafe, he did not care what became of all the Fiſhes in the World: So, ſays he to God: LESSON IV. May it pleaſe your Honour, I don't wiſh, not I, for Wings to fly out of the Water, and to ramble into ſtrange Places, where I don't know what may become of me, I lived contented and happy enough till the other Day when, as I got under a cool Bank from the Heat of the Sun, I ſaw a great Rope coming down into the Water, and it faſtened itſelf, I don't know how, about the Gills of a little Fiſh that was baſking beſide me, and he was lifted out oſ the Water, ſtruggling and working in great Pain, till he was carried, I know not where, quite out of my Sight: ſo I thought in my own Mind, that this Evil, ſome Time or other, might happen to myſelf, and my Heart trembled within me, and I have been very ſad and diſcontented ever ſince. Now, all I deſire of you is, that you would tell me the Meaning of this, and of all the other Dangers to which you have ſubjected, us poor little mortal Fiſhes; for then I ſhall have Senſe enough to take Care of my own Safety, and I am very well able to provide for my own Living, I warrant you. No ſooner ſaid than done God immediately opened his Underſtanding, and he knew the Nature and Meaning of Snares, Nets, Hooks, and Lines, and of all the Dangers to which ſuch little Trouts could be liable. At firſt he greatly rejoiced in this his Knowledge, and he ſaid to himſelf, Now ſurely I ſhall be the happieſt of all Fiſhes; for as I underſtand, and am forewarned of every Miſchief that can come near me, I am ſure I love myſelf too well not to keep out of Harm's Way. LESSON V. From this Time forward he took Care not to go into any deep Holes, for fear that a Pike, or ſome other huge Fiſh, might be there, who would make nothing oſ ſwallowing him him up at one Gulp. He alſo kept away from the ſhallow Places, eſpecially in hot Weather, left the Sun ſhould dry them up, and not leave him Water enough to ſwim in. When he ſaw the Shadow of a Cloud coming, and moving upon the River, Aha! ſaid he to himſelf, here are the Fiſhermen with their Nets, and immediately he got on one Side, and ſkulked under the Banks, where he kept trembling in his Skin till the Cloud was paſt. Again, when he ſaw a fly ſkimming on the Water, or a Worm coming down the Stream he did not dare to bite, however hungry he might be; No, no, ſaid he to them, my honeſt friends, I am not ſuch a Fool as that comes to neither; go your Ways and tempt thoſe who know no better, who are not aware that you may ſerve as Baits to ſome treacherous Hook, that lies hidden for the Deſtruction of thoſe ignorant and ſilly Trouts that are not on their Guard. Thus this over-careſul Trout kept himſelf in continual Frights and Alarms, and could neither eat, nor drink, nor ſleep in Peace, leſt ſome Miſchief ſhould be at Hand, or that he might be taken napping. He daily grew poorer and poorer, and ſadder and ſadder, for he pined away with Hunger, and ſighed himſelf to Skin and Bone; till waſted almoſt to nothing with Care and Melancholy, he he at laſt died for fear of dying, the moſt miſerable of all Deaths. LESSON VI. Now, when God came to the youngeſt Silver Trout, and aſked him what he wiſhed for; Alas! (ſaid this darling little Trout), you know, may it pleaſe your Worſhip, that I am but a very fooliſh and good-for-nothing little Fiſh, and I don't know, not I, what is good for me, nor what is bad for me, and I wonder how I came to be worth bringing into the World, or what you could ſee in me to take any Thought about me. But if I muſt wiſh for ſomething, it is, that you would do with me whatſoever you think beſt; and that I ſhould be pleaſed to live or die, even juſt as you would have me. Now, as ſoon as this precious Trout made this Prayer in his good and his humble little Heart, God took ſuch a Liking and a Love to him as the like was never known; and God found it in his own Heart, that he could not but take great Care of this ſweet little Trout, who had truſted himſelf ſo wholly to his Love and good Pleaſure, and God went whereſoever he went, and was always with him and about him, and was to him as a Father, and Friend, and Companion, and he put Contentment into his Mind, and Joy into his Heart; and ſo this little Trout ſlept always in Peace, and wakened in Gladneſs; and whether he was full or hungry, or whatever happened to him, he was ſtill pleaſed and thankful, and he was the happieſt of all Fiſhes that ever ſwam in any Water. The following Fables were tranſlated by Maſter John Marjoribanks, a Youth of fifteen Years of age, from "Fables Choiſies à l'uſage des Enfans par L. Chambaud;" after five Weeks ſtudy in the French Language under the tuition of Mr Perry, who thought he could not do the young Gentleman nor himſelf more honour, than by inſerting them verbatim as he wrote them. Mr Perry preſumes the Public will not only excuſe any little inaccuracies that may appear in the Diction, &c. but that the Juvenility of their Author will diſarm them of Criticiſm. FABLE I. The ANT and the FLY. THE Ant and the Fly were once contending together with great heat, each aſſerting that her condition was the moſt excellent and happy. Vile crawling Inſect, ſaid the Fly, haſt thou the aſſurance to compare thyſelf with me, who am an Animal of ſo noble a Nature, and who enjoy ſo many and ſo great privileges. I fly like the Birds; I live in the palaces of Kings; I enter at pleaſure into the Temples of the Gods; I am even at liberty to place myſelf upon their Altars; I partake of the moſt magnificent Banquets; I eat of the moſt exquiſite Diſhes; I drink of the moſt delicious Liquors; in a word, not only all the conveniencies, but all the pleaſures, all the elegancies of Life fall to my Share, without my taking the leaſt Trouble, or even Thought, to procure a livelihood. Go, poor Wretch, what haſt thou to boaſt of like theſe? The Ant replied to her thus: My great Madam, have you ſo ſoon forgotten your mean Origin? You fly, 'tis true, but there was a Time when you crept as well as I. Vain Fool, it becomes you well indeed to boaſt! That delicious Living which you prize ſo much, is only a lazy dependence upon others, and which is ſo little to be relied on, that the greateſt part oſ your Liſe you are ſtarving for Hunger. You have the aſſurance, I grant you, to intrude yourſelf every where: this you call a privilege; but it is a privilege that you are not ſuffered quietly to enjoy. You are always driven away; nay, your temerity is often puniſhed with Death. On the contrary, I am a burden to no Perſon. If I have a little Trouble at a certain Time, at leaſt I afterwards enjoy in tranquility the Fruits of my labour. Stay till Winter before you prefer yourſelf to me; we ſhall then ſee which of the Two has the beſt Reaſon to be content with their Condition. But what do I ſſay? you will before then periſh with Hunger, Cold, and Miſery. Adieu! Go and divert yourſelf, and for the future leave me to manage my own Affairs. FABLE II. The DOG, the SHEEP, and the WOLF. A DOG once demanded of a Sheep a Loaf, which he affirmed he had formerly lent her. She denying the Debt, and the Dog being obliged to prove the juſtice of his Claim, he ſuborned for a Witneſs a villainous Wolf, who made Oath that the Loaf was really due. The Sheep was condemned, upon this falſe Teſtimony, to pay what ſhe did not owe. Some time after, ſeeing ſome Dogs who were worrying the Wolf, ſhe comforted herſelf for the Injury that had been done her, by reflecting, that Villainy always meets with the Reward it merits. The innocent are never ſecure from the oppreſſion of falſe Witneſſes: but let the Wicked remember, that there is a juſt, and all-ſeeing God above, who always puniſhes Villainy and Crimes, however ſecretly committed; and that, though his Vengeance may for a while be delayed, yet ſooner or later it will ſurely overtake them. FABLE III The BAT and the WEAZEL. A BAT being caught by a Weazel, moſt humbly prayed him to ſpare her Life. No, no, ſays the Weazel, I never give Quarter to Mice; it is a Race very much an Enemy to ours. Well, be it ſo, replies the other; but I am no Mouſe; that is a curſed Breed: No, thanks to the Almighty Creator of the Univerſe, I am a Bird, behold my Wings; long live the Animals that fly The Weazel believed her, and gave her her liberty. It happened ſome time after, that this unlucky Wretch was made priſoner by another Weazel Seeing herſelf again in danger of her Life, ſhe made uſe of the moft earneſt intreaties to prevail upon her Enemy not to put her to death. No, no Mercy for Birds, replied the Weazel. Am I a Bird, ſaid the other? Indeed you uſe me very ill to ſay ſo. Take a better look of me. What is it that makes a Bird, I pray you? Is it not the feathers? I am a Mouſe; ſucceſs to the Mice; confuſion to the Cats. The Weazel let her go. So this ambiguous Animal by her duplicity twice ſaved her Life. It is lawful to prevaricate in certain Caſes to ſave our Lives. So ſhips hang out falſe Colours to elude the vigilance of the Enemy. FABLE IV. The FROGS. THE frogs enjoyed perfect freedom in their Moraſſes, but they grew diſcontent with their condition, and prayed to Jupiter to give them a King to rule over them. The God threw them a Log; which made ſo much Noiſe in falling into the Water, that the poor Frogs, who are naturally timorous, were very much terriſied, and hid themſelves among the Reeds, and in the Holes of their Marſh, not daring for a long Time to look upon their King. At laſt, one more hardy than the reſt, adventured to put his Head out of the Water, to ſee what the King was about. At firſt his gravity ſtruck him with awe he however, advanced to take a nearer view of the Monarch. Another followed him; then another; at length they all appeared before their Sovereign, to pay their Court to him. His Majeſty did not ſtir. What a droll King it is, cried they! What is he good for? They ſoon paſſed from reverence to contempt, from ſcorn to inſolence; and loſing all reſpect, jumped upon the good King, and abuſed him. They then intreated Jupiter to give them another King, but one who was briſk, and had Spirit: the other ſtirred. no more than a Poſt, and was to all appearance quite dull. Jupiter granted their requeſt, but at the ſame time inſlicted upon them a Puniſhment due to their Folly, by ſending them a Serpent, who began immediately to devour them. Great God! what a Tyrant, cried they; the Race of Frogs is going to be exterminated. What ſhall we do? O Jupiter! we beſeech thee, take pity upon thy Creatures; we moſt humbly pray thee to give us another King. But the God replied to them; You ſhould have kept your original form of Government. What need had you for a King? at leaſt you ought to have accommodated yourſelves to him whom I had given you. He was calm and mild. You would have another; be content with him, ſuch as he is, for fear that you meet with worſe. FABLE V. MERCURY and the WOODCUTTERS. A WOODCUTTER, one Day following his occupation upon the Side of a River, by accident let his Axe fall into the Water. Not knowing what method to take to recover it, and in deſpair at his loſs, he threw himſelf upon the Bank, and deplored his misfortunes. Mercury being informed of the ſubject of his Grief, had compaſſion upon him. He firſt ſhewed him a golden Axe, and aſked him if that was not his. The Woodcutter anſwered honeſtly that it was not. Is that it then, ſaid Mercury, ſhewing him a ſilver one. No, my Lord, replied the Woodcutter with the ſame ſincerity as beſore, that is not it neither. At laſt Mercury ſhewed him his own: That is mine, cried he, in raptures at ſeeing it again; that is the one which I loſt. The God to reward the honeſty oſ this poor Man, gave him all the Three. The Woodcutter went his way overjoyed at this lucky Adventure; and immediately related it to others who were working thereabouts. One of them, envying his good fortune in order to try if the like ſhould not happen to him, threw his Axe into the Water, and immediately began to weep moſt bitterly Mercury coming as before, pulled out of the Water a golden Axe. Good Man, ſays he, is this the Axe which you have loſt? The other, full of Joy, replied, that it was; and that he knew it very well. Mercury enraged at the audacity of this Villain, neither gave him the golden Axe nor his own, which he had with that view thrown into the Water. This is but a Fiction; for there can be no other God, but the only true God, the Creator and Governour of the Univerſe; but this Fable teaches us that his Providence always aſſiſts the Good and Virtuous; and, that, on the contrary, it generally diſconcerts the Deſigns of thoſe who make uſe of criminal means to become rich. Nothing is truer than this Maxim, Honeſty is the beſt Policy. FABLE VI. The PEACOCK complaining to JUNO. THE Peacock complained to Juno that he had a moſt diſagreeable Voice; whereas the Nightingale, that little Bird, which is not much bigger than a Nut, had ſo melodious a one, that her Singing charmed all that heard her. Thou envious Bird, ſaid Juno in a Paſſion, doſt thou not ſurpaſs all other Birds in the beauty of thy feathers? Is there any other under Heaven that gives ſo much delight to the Beholders as thou? Does not thy finely variegated Neck preſent to the view all the Beauties of the Rainbow? Thy ſumptuous tail ſeems to be ſtudded with Diamonds; and thou art not content with thy condition! The Gods have beſtowed upon every animal ſome qualification peculiar to itſelf. Thee they have made to excel all others in beauty and ſhape to the Nightingale they have given a fine Voice; ſtrength to the Eagle; ſwiftneſs to the Fawn; the Raven has the Talent of foreſhowing lucky Events; the Crow that oſ preſaging Misfortunes. Every one ought to be content with his condition, and patiently to ſubmit to the Will of the Gods. Men would be happy, if they would only be content with their Condition; inſtead of which they are continually tormenting themſelves, by comparing the Inconveniencies of their Situation, with the Happineſs which they imagine others enjoy in theirs. FABLE VII. The Fox and the LEOPARD. A VERY beautiful Leopard was one day in Company with ſome Animals of different Species; he looked upon them with an air of Contempt, and boaſted very much of the Variety and fine Colours of the Spots upon his Skin. A Fox, an Animal which does not want Senſe, coming up to him, whiſpers in his Ear, Boaſt as much of your Skin as you pleaſe; we all agree that it is finer than ours; but are you on that account the wiſer or better. Little Minds avail themſelves of the Advantages of Fortune; but let them learn, that nothing is equal to the beauty of the Mind. FABLE VIII. The ANIMALS called before JUPITER. ESOP tells us, that Jupiter one Day ſummoned all the Animals before him, with a Deſign to remedy what every one of them ſhould find defective or diſagreeable in his Figure When they were all aſſembled, he began with the Ape, and aſked him if he was content with his. Without doubt, Great God, anſwered he: Who can find any Fault with my Shape? have I not the fineſt Face in the World? It ſeems that Nature has been more favourable to me than any other Animal: but my Brother the Bear is very clumſy; he is nothing but a ſhapeleſs Lump. The Bear came ſorward; it was thought he was going to make a complaint; ſo far from that, he was very well pleaſed with his Shape. It is the Elephant, ſaid he, that is a droll Figure; his Tail is too ſhort, and his Ears too long. The Elephant was of opinion that the Whale was too big. The Ant thought the Hand-- worm too little. In ſhort, every one of them was very well content with himſelf, but none of them with others. We ſee plainly the Faults of our Neighbours, but are entirely blind to our own. It may alſo be obſerved, that there is no Perſon ſo ugly or deformed, but that he is very well pleaſed with himſelf. FABLE IX. The Power of FABLE. THE great Demoſthenes, one Day, when the Liberty of his Country was in danger, mounted the Roſtrum, and made a very pathetic ſpeech upon the danger of the State, in order to incite his Countrymen to take up arms againſt Philip King of Macedon. But ſeeing that he was not attended to, but that on the contrary, the People were looking elſewhere, and wholly taken up with the Sports of the Children; he changed his Tone, and went on thus: Ceres had undertaken a Journey in company with a Swallow and an Eel, but meeting with a River in their Way, the Eel ſwam acroſs, the Swallow ſlew over it - The Orator ſtoping at theſe Words, the whole Aſſembly cried out, And what did Ceres do? What did ſhe do, anſwered Demoſthenes; Ceres, full of Indignation at ſeeing her People attend to idle Stories, and entirely regardleſs of the Danger that threatens them, has reſolved henceſorth to withdraw from them her Protection. Why did you not rather enquire by what means you might prevent yourſelves from becoming the Slaves of Philip? The Aſſembly, aſhamed at this Reprooſ, during the remainder of the Harangue attended to nothing but the Orator. J. M PART II. A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE. GRAMMAR is the art oſ ſpeaking and writing any language with propriety. An art is a rational method, a ſyſtem of rules, digeſted into convenient order, for the teaching and learning of ſomething; and the methodical collection of obſervations made upon the particular cuſtom of a nation, in the inſtitution, order, and uſe of words, by which they are uſed to expreſs their thoughts, is what is meant by Grammar. GRAMMAR is divided into four parts; Orthography, Etymology, Proſody, and Syntax. Orthography teaches the right combination of letters into ſyllables, and ſyllables into Words; the true pronunciation of which is called Orthoepy. Etymology teaches the deduction of one word from another, their endings, change, and likeneſs to one another. Proſody compriſes Orthoepy, or the right pronouncing of words, according to their long or ſhort ſyllables; and Orthometry, or the art of making verſes. Syntax is the due conſtruction or connection of the words of a language into ſentences or phraſes. Of Orthography, or True Spelling. A LETTER is a mark or character, denoting a diſtinct or inarticulate ſound, which cannot be divided into other ſimple ſounds; and, the complete ſet oſ letters in a language is called the Alphabet, which, in the Engliſh tongue, contains twenty-ſix. Of Vowels. A vowel is a letter which makes a full and perfect ſound by itſelf. There are ſeven vowels, viz. a, e, i, o,u†, y|| and w|| for the different ſounds of which, ſee the key to this work. Of Double Vowels. A diphthong or double vowel, is the junction oſ two vowels, pronounced by a ſingle impulſe of the voice. Diphthongs are divided into proper and improper. A proper Diphthong, is one ſound, partaking oſ two different qualities, making a diſtinct articulation. An improper Diphthong, is the meeting of two vowels making but one ſyllable, one of which is only heard. There are twenty-five diphthongs, viz. ai, ao, au, aw ay; ea, ee, ei, eo, en, ey, ew; ie, oa, oe, oi, oo, ou, ow, oy ua, ue, ui, uo, and uy. Of Triphthongs. A triphthong, is the aſſemblage of three vowels in the ſame ſyllable, forming one diſtinct articulate ſound. † u has the nature of a diphthong, when the ſound is protracted, as in due, rue, &c. otherwiſe it is a vowel, as in truth. || y and w are conſonants when they begin a word. of which there are nine, viz. eau, eye, ieu, iew, uai, uea, and stay. The ſingle and double vowels are again diſtinguiſhed by ſhort and long; ſor which reaſon, ſharp and quickly accented ſyllables require the acute, and flat and ſlowly accented the grave accent. [For the different ſounds of the Diphthongs and Triphthongs, ſee pages 22,. 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34.] Of the Conſonants. A Conſonant is a letter which cannot be ſounded, or but imperfectly, without the coalition of a vowel; as m, whoſe ſound is em, by prefixing the vowel e; and p ſounds pe, by placing the ſame vowel after it. The conſonants are divided into mute, aſpirate, ſibilant, and liquids, or half-vowels. The mutes are b, c, d, g, k, t, and q; the aſpirate, h; the ſibilant, c, s, z; and the liquids, l, m, n, r. Theſe are again ſubdivided, into labial, dental, palatine, and naſal. Of the different ſounds of the Conſonants. B has one unvaried ſound, is uſed before all the vowels, and before the conſonants l and r; it is the ſoft ſound of p, being pronounced with leſs force. In the following words it is mute; as debt, debtor, ſubtle, doubt, lamb, limb, dumb, thumb, climb, comb, womb, &c. C ſounds hard like k, before a, o, u, l, and r; but before e, i, y, or an apoſtrophe, it is ſounded ſoft; as in cement, city, cypher, plac'd, &c. Ch have three different ſounds: 1ſt, like tſh, as in church, crutch. 2dly, Like ſh in the French derivatives, chaiſe, machine. And, 3dly, Like k in words derived from the learned languages; as. chord, chymiſt, archangel. D, which is the ſoft ſound of t, as b is to p, uſed before all the vowels, and the conſonants r and w, has but one uniform ſound; as draw, dwell. F, which is the hard ſound of v, requiring only a quicker and ſtronger aſpiration, has but one uniform ſound. G is always ſounded hard before a, o, u, l, r, and at the end of words, unleſs it be ſoftened by d or e. It has a ſound leſs ſharp, but more guttural, than c, k, or q; and is ſometimes hard and ſometimes ſoft, before e, and y. G beſore n, is alſo ſilent, but lengthens the ſyllable; as ſign, condign, &c.* Gh at the end of words ſometimes ſound like ff; as in cough, laugh, tough, rough, trough; in moſt other words, gh are ſilent, ſerving only to lengthen the ſyllable; as although, through, high, nigh, thigh. Ph are always ſounded like f, except in phthiſic, phthiſical, where they are ſilent. Th have two ſounds; hard, as in t,hin; and ſoft, as in t,hine. H is a note of aſpiration, and ſhews, that the vowel following it, muſt be ſounded with a ſtrong emiſſion of breath; as in hoſe, horſe; ſometimes it has no ſound at the beginning, middle, and end of words; as, an honeſt man, an hour, rhetoric, Meſſiah. It is undoubtedly a conſonant, as it gives form to a ſucceeding vowel. J is ſounded like a ſoſt g. K has the ſound of c hard. This letter is never doubled, but has c often beſore it, to ſhorten the preceding vowel. L is doubled at the end of monoſyllables; as in kill, fall; but in compound words, one of the l's is ſuppreſſed; as in ſkilſul. It is mute in ſome words; as in calf, half, could, would, ſhould, walk, talk, ſalmon. M has one invariable ſound. * Some orators pronounce g at the era of words; as, loving; and others ſay it ſhould be ſilent, as ſpeaking. N has always the ſame ſound; and after an m at the end of a word it is mute; as damn, hymn, condemn, &c. P always retains the ſame ſound; it is mute in tempt, and its derivatives. See B. Q is always followed by u. In French derivatives, it ſounds like k; as in conquer, liquor, lacquer, riſque, chequer. Re, at the end of words derived from the Greek or French, are pronounced like er; as in theatre, metre, ſepulchre. S has naturally a ſharp hiſſing ſound; as in ſiſter: when it ends a word, it is ſounded like z; as ſees, bees, &c. except in this, thus, us, yes, where ſ retains the hiſſing ſound. S has the ſound of z before ion, if a vowel go before it; as in confuſion: but that oſ ſ ſharp, if it follows a conſonant; as in diverſion. Before e mute, it ſounds like z; as in deviſe; and before y at the end of words; as in daiſy. But note, That ſs almoſt always retain the hiſſing ſound. V is the ſoft ſound of f; as in vain. W is either a vowel or a conſonant. See the preface of my Royal Standard Engliſh Dictionary, page 10. X has two ſounds, ſharp and flat: ſharp, like ks; as in extreme; and flat like gz, as in ex,ile. Z has nearly the ſound of ds. Of Syllables. A ſyllable conſiſts of one or more vowels, joined to one or more conſonants, ſo as to make a complete ſound in One breath; as, a, pen, pen-kniſe, deſk, &c. but, without a vowel, no ſyllable can be formed; for pn, dſk, are not ſyllables of themſelves; whereas, by the aſſiſtance of the vowel e, they make two diſtinct words: as, pen, deſk. From this we may obſerve, that reading is only a quick ſpelling; and ſpelling is the art of reading by naming the letters ſingly, and dividing words correctly into their ſyllables. Syllables in ſpeaking, are ſounds, of which words are compoſed and formed; and in writing, they are parts of the ſame words, compoſed of characters, which repreſent thoſe ſounds; as, an-ni-hi-late, which has four parts four ſounds, and four ſyllables. A general Rule for the Diviſion of Syllables. 1. A conſonant between two vowels, muſt be joined to the former, to make the firſt ſyllable; as, bal-ance ev-i-dent, ac-cip-i-ent. 2. A double conſonant muſt be divided; as in ſup-per, din-ner, &c. 3. When two vowels come together, both diſtinctly ſounded, they muſt be ſeparated in ſpelling; as, co-e-qual, mu-tu-al. 4. Grammatical terminations, or endings, muſt be ſeparated in ſpelling; as, lov-ed, mov-ing, per-for-mance, ſe-ver-ance. 5. Conſonants not proper to begin a word, muſt be divided; as log-man, lob-ſter, lock-ram. 6. Conſonants which may begin a word, are to be divided, whenever their ſeparation conveys the ſound each ſyllable of the word the neareſt to true orthoepy as, rep-ro-bate, ret-ro-grade, un-der-ſec-re-ta-ry. 7. *All compounds and derivatives muſt be divided into their ſingle or primitive words; as mor-al, mor-al-- i-ty, guilt, guilt-i-neſs, guilt-y. 8. The endings, cial, tial, cious, tious, ſion, tion, cheon ſounded ſhal, ſhus, ſhun, chin, are never to be ſeparated as they ſorm but one ſyllable. *This rule is liable to exception; for example, if morality, (from moral) be divided mo-ral-i-ty, inſtead of mo-ral-i-ty, it agrees beſt with the ſtandard- pronunciation; ſo that in this work, as well as in My Royal Standard Engliſh Dictionary, I have ſometimes deviated from this general good rule, for the above reaſon. Of ETYMOLOGY. ETYMOLOGY explains the derivation of words, in order to arrive at their firſt and primary ſignification; and teaches the various modifications by which the ſenſe of the ſame word is diverſified: as, I write, I wrote, man, men. A primitive word, is that which.comes from no other, either in the ſame, or any other language. A derivative word, is that which comes from ſome other word in the ſame language, or from another language. A ſimple word is that which is not mixed or compounded. A compound word, is that which is made up of two or more words. There are five ſorts of derivations among words purely Engliſh. 1. Adjectives from ſubſtantives as, night, nightly; weight, weighty. 2. Subſtantives from adjectives: as, nice, niceneſs; delicate, delicateneſs; muddy, mud, &c. 3. Adverbs from adjectives: as, mortal, mortally; ſinful, ſinfully, &c. 4. Verbs from adjectives: as, ſtraight, ſtraighten; ſoft, ſoften, &c. 5. Participles from verbs: as, place, placing, placed. Of Words. Words, divided into claſſes, are called parts of ſpeech of which there are nine different kinds, viz, article, noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, conjunction, prepoſition, interjection. 1. The article is a word prefixed to ſubſtantives when they are common names of things, to point out the extent of their ſignification. 2. A noun, or ſubſtantive, is the name of any perſon, place, or thing. 3. An adjective is a word which expreſſes ſome quality, or other accident belonging to the ſubſtantive. 4. A pronoun is put inſtead of a noun, to point out ſome perſon or thing. 5. A verb expreſſes action, or being in ſome ſituation or condition. 6. An adverb is joined to a verb, adjective, or another adverb, to qualify and reſtrain the latitude of their ſigniſication. 7 A conjunction joins words and ſentences together. 8. A prepoſition, which is put before nouns and pronouns, expreſſes the relation or connection between different words. 9. An interjection is uſed to expreſs ſome ſudden emotion of the mind. Of the Article. The article is prefixed to ſubſtantives, to extend or limit their ſignification. There are two articles, a and the; a becomes an before a vowel; and before a ſilent h preceding a vowel. A, * the indefinite article, uſed before ſubſtantives of the ſingular number only, leaves the ſenſe of the word to which it is prefixed in a large, that is, undetermined ſenſe: as, a houſe, i. e. any houſe, or one houſe. The,† the definite article, uſed both in the ſingular and plural number, points out and determines the ſenſe of the word before which it is placed, to ſome particular; * The indefinite article a, is joined to the adjective, few, many; the latter with great before it; and alſo to the words, dozen, ſcore, groſs, &c. as a few men, a great many men; I have ſeen many a tall man; a ſcore of sheep, &c. † The definite article the, is ſometimes applied to adverbs, and to adjectives of the comparative and ſuperlative degrees, to render them the more nervous and preciſe; as, the more difficult a thing is, the more honourable; this is the leaſt of all. as, The rule I gave you is invariable, i. e. that particular rule. A ſubſtantive without an article to limit it, is taken in its wideſt ſenſe: as, man is mortal, i.e. all mankind. Of the Noun or Subſtantive. A noun, or ſubſtantive, is the name of any perſon, place, or thing: as, Thomas, Edinburgh, a table, education. There are two ſorts of ſubſtantives, ‡ common and proper names. Common, or appellative names, are ſuch. as expreſs whole kind; as, man, animal, bird, fiſh. Proper names, are thoſe which expreſs a particular perſon, place, or thing, &c. ſo as to diſtinguiſh them from all others of that kind; as, William, Edinburgh. Of Number. Number is the diſtinction of one from many. A noun has two numbers, the ſingular and the plural. The ſingular number expreſſes one perſon or thing as, a boy, a book, a houſe; or a number of them conſidered as united together; as, an army. The plural expreſſes more than one, and is generally formed from the ſingular, by adding s, or, when the pronunciation requires it, es; as, boys, books, houſes, armies. Nouns ending in ch, ſh, ſs, x form the plural, by adding es; as, church, churches; bluſh, bluſhes; kiſs, kiſses; box, boxes. Thoſe in f, † or fe are changed into ves; as, calf, half, knife, leaf, loaf ſheaf, ſhell, ſelf, thief, wife, wolf, make ‡ All nouns to which one cannot add the word thing, with propriety, are ſubſtantives; and thoſe to which thing may be added are adjectives. † Except hoof, reef, grief, dwarf, chief, handkerchief, relief, ſcarf, wharf, reproof, ſtrife, ſcoff, ſtuff, and others ending in ff, which are. made plural by the addition of s. calves, halves, knives, leaves, loaves, ſheaves, ſhelves, ſelves, thieves, wives wolves. Nouns ending in y, make their plural in ies; as, glory, glories; &c. except when y is preceded by a vowel; as, joy, day, delay, make joys, days, delays, &c. The following Words form their Plural irregularly. Sing. Plur. Brother brethren or brothers child children die dice foot feet gooſe geeſe Sing. Plur. louſe lice mouſe mice man men penny pence tooth teeth woman women Some nouns are uſed only in the ſingular number; as, barley, wheat, learning, pride, gold, ſilver. Others are the ſame in the ſingular and plural; as, deer, fern, wine, ſheep. Some in the plural only; as, annals, Alps, arms, aſhes, bellows, bowels, breeches, trees, creſſes, dregs, goods, entrails, ides, lungs, ſciſſors ſhears, ſnuffers, thanks, wages, news. The names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains; the names of virtues and vices; the names of herbs, (excepting nettle, popy, lily, colewort, cabbage, &c.) bread, wine, beer, ale, honey, oil, milk, butter, want the plural; but when ſome of theſe ſtand for individuals, or ſeveral ſorts, they then admit of a plural; as, wines, oils. Of Gender. Gender is a diviſion of nouns, or names, to diſtinguiſh the two ſexes. There are three genders, the maſculine, feminine, and neuter. Words which relate to males, are of the maſculine gender; as, man, boy, bull, prince. Thoſe which ſignify females; are feminine; as, woman, girl, cow, princ-eſs. Thoſe which expreſs things without life, are neuter, that is, of neither maſculine nor feminine gender; as, pen, ink, paper, deſk. Of Caſes. Cafes imply the different inflexions or terminations of nouns, ſerving to expreſs the different relations they bear to each other, and to the things they repreſent. Engliſh ſubſtantives have properly but two caſes; but I ſhall ſuppoſe three, the nominative, poſſeſive, and objective. The nominative, which is put before verbs, expreſſes ſlimply the name of a perſon, place, or thing; as, man, Edinburgh, deſk. The poſſeſive denotes property, or belonging to; as, man's glory. The objective follows verbs, ſhewing, that the action of the perſon, or nominative placed before the verb, paſſes to or falls upon the noun or word after the verb as its object; as, I love Thomas. * Examples of Nouns declined according to Gender, Number, Cafe, and Article. Singular. Plural. Nom. man, a man, or the man men, men, the men Poſſ.man's, † a man's, or the man's men's, † men's, the men's Obj. man, a man, or the man men, men, men. Nom. a queen, the queen queens, the queens Poſſ. a queen's, † the queen's queens', † the queens' Obj. a queen, the queen the queens, the queens Singular. Plural. Nom. liberty liberties, or the liberties Poſſ. liberty's of liberties , or of the liberties. Obj. liberty liberties, or the liberties. *The objective caſe may be allowed with ſome degree of propriety, if we do but attend to the above ſentence; for, inſtead of the noun Thomas, let us ſupply its place with the perſonal pronoun, and then the ſentence will be I love him; where him is in the objective caſe. See the decleſion of the perſonal pronouns. †††† Or, by a circumlocution, with the prepoſition of; as, of a man, of men, or, of the men, of a queen; of queens, or of the queens 1ſt, The ſex is diſtinguiſhed by different words. Male. Female. Batchelor maid, virgin boar ſow boy girl bridegroom bride brother ſiſter buck doe huſband wife king queen lad laſs landgrave landgravine lord lady man woman bull cow cock hen dog bitch drake duck drone bee earl counteſs Male. Female. father mother friar nun gander. gooſe grandfather grandmother hero heroine horſe. mare maſter dame nephew niece ram ewe ſinger ſongſtreſs ſon. daughter ſultan ſultana ſtag hind ſteer heifer uncle aunt widower widow whoremonger whore, or ſrumpet 2dly, Some nouns diſtinguiſh their feminine, by ending in eſſs. Male. Female. abbot abbeſs actor actreſs adulterer adultereſs ambaſſidour ambaſſadreſs baron baroneſs caterer catereſs chanter chantreſs count counteſs deacon deaconeſs doctor doctreſs elector electreſs Male. Female. emperour empreſs governour governeſs heir heireſs hunter huntreſs Jew Jeweſs lion lioneſs marquis marchioneſs maſter miſtreſs mayor mayoreſs patron patroneſs prieſt prieſteſs Male. Female. prince princeſs prior prioreſs procurer procureſs poet poeteſs Male. Female. prophet propheteſs ſhepherd ſhepherdeſs. tiger tigreſs viſcount viſcounteſs Others are known, by adding another word, by way of epithet or adjective, when there are not two different words to expreſs both ſexes. Male. Female. cock-ſparrow hen ſparrow a country man a country woman, or girl. Male. Female. a godſon a god daughter man-ſervant maid-ſervant male-child female child. And, laſtly, in ix; as, adminiſtrator, adminiſtratrix; executor, executrix; teſtator, teſtatrix, &c. Of the Adjective.* An adjective is a word which expreſſes ſome quality or accident belonging to the ſubſtantive; as, a good pen, a handſome houſe. Adjectives are never varied on account of gender, number, or caſe; the only variation they admit of, is that of degrees of compariſon. Of the Compariſon of Adjectives. Compariſon., in a general ſenſe, is the conſideration of the relation between two perſons or things, when oppoſed or ſet againſt each other, by which we judge of their agreement or difference, and find out wherein the one has the advantage of The other: but by grammatical compariſon, we mean the comparing of two or more * In order to diſtinguiſh whether a word be an adjective or a ſubſtantive, add thing to it: if it make good ſenſe, it is an adjective; if the contrary; it is a ſubſtantive. qualities, whereby we are able to affirm, that the one more or leſs, or poſſeſſed of any quality in the higheſt degree; ſo, of three ſoft things, we, by comparing them together, find three degrees of ſoftneſs, the ſecond being ſofter than the firſt, and the third the ſofteſt of the three. Hence we have Three Degrees of Compariſon; the Poſitive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. The poſitive expreſſes the quality of a thing ſimply without comparing it with any other of that kind; as this paper is white. The comparative enlarges or decreaſes the quality of the thing, a degree from the poſitive: as, that paper is whiter than this. The ſuperlative heightens the ſenſe of the poſitive the higheſt, or diminiſhes it to the loweſt degree poſſible: as, this paper is the whiteſt of all; that deſk is the leaſt. The comparative is formed from the poſitive, when the word has but one ſyllable, by adding er, if it end with a conſonant, and r only, if it end in e; as, long, longer wiſe, wiſer. Sometimes, though rarely, it is diſtinguiſhed by prefixing the adverb more, before the poſitive; wiſe, more wiſe; long, more long. The ſuperlative is formed of the poſitive, by ſt, adding or eſt; as, wiſeſt, longeſt. It is alſo diſtinguiſhed by prefixing moſt, very, or exceeding. Words of two ſyllables, having the accent upon the laſt, and a few others, admit of er and eſt, in forming their compariſons; as, polite, politer, politeſt; noble, nobler, nobleſt, &c. Words of more than two ſyllables, and thoſe of two which end in l, form their comparative and ſuperlative degrees, by placing more and moſt before the poſitive; excellent, more excellent, moſt excellent; frugal, more ſrugal, moſt frugal, &c. Some few words form their ſuperlative, by adding the adverb moſt to the end of them; as, foremoſt, nethermoſt, uttermoſt or utmoſt, undermoſt, uppermoſt. The following form their degrees irregularly: Poſſ: Comp. Sup. good better beſt bad, evil, ill worſe worſt Poſſ. Comp. Sup. little leſs leaſt much or many more moſt Note, Double comparatives and ſuperlatives are improper, and muſt not be uſed; ſuch are, more braver, moſt worſt, worſer, leſſer, &c. Of the Pronoun. A pronoun is a part of ſpeech, which is put inſtead of a noun, to prevent the repetition thereof. Pronouns have perſons, numbers, genders, and caſes. There are ſix kinds oſ pronouns, viz. Perſonal, Relative, Demonſtrative, Interrogative, Indeſinite, and Adjective. There are five perſonal pronouns; I, thou, he, ſhe, it †. When a perſon ſpeaks of himſelf, he uſes,the word I, which is the firſt perſon. If he ſpeak to another, he uſes the word thou*, which is the ſecond perſon. When an abſent perſon or thing is ſpoken of, we make uſe of he, ſhe, or it, which are all of the third perſon. But as the ſpeakers, the perſons ſpoken to, and the others ſpoken of, may be many, ſo each of theſe pronouns has the plural number, we, ye, they. There are four pronouns relative, who, which, what, that. † The perſonal pronouns, I, thou, he, ſhe, it, are by ſome grammarians called ſubſtantive, by others, demonſtrative pronouns. * You is uſed inſtead of thou, in common converſation. The uſe of relative pronouns, is to connect ſentences together; and they always relate to ſome preceding ſubſtantive, called the antecedent. Bleſſed is the man who walketh uprightly. Who is uſed in ſpeaking of perſons, and is either maſculine or feminine; which, when we ſpeak of things, and is therefore neuter. What is likewiſe applied to things only, and includes both the relative snd the antecedent: This is what I wanted; that is the thing which I wanted. That is applied, by many writers, equally to perſons and things, and has no variation: The man that he beat. The book that I loſt. There are two demonſtrative pronouns; this that †. This is made uſe of in ſpeaking of a thing which is near us. This book is mine; its plural is theſe. Theſe pens are mine. That, refers to a thing at a diſſtance from us. That is your book; its plural is thoſe. Thoſe pens are yours. There are three interrogative pronouns; who, which, what. Their name imports their uſe; which is to aſk a queſtion. Indefinite pronouns expreſs nothing diſtinct or determined; ſuch are the eight following, ſome, any, whoever, one*, other*, who †, which †, what †. Thy‡,. my‡, his, her, its, our, your, their, are pronominal adjectives, expreſſing poſſeſſion, being always followed by a noun ſubſtantive. † See the firſt note on page 95. ** The poſſeſſive of one, is one's; of other, other's. The nominative plural of which, is others, and poſſeſſive, others. ††† The reader may eaſily diſtinguiſh the above from relative pronouns, as there will be no antecedent in the ſentence, to which theſe can refer; nor are they indefinite pronouns, if a queſtion be aſked. ‡ My and thy, become mine and thine, when the noun following begins with a vowel or an h mute; as, mine honour, thine honour, mine ears, &c. Own and ſelf, in the plural ſelves, are joined to the above pronominal adjectives, to mark their meaning more ſtrongly; as, I did it, my own ſelf. § The Engliſh language with ſingular beauty and propriety, admits, in an elevated or poetical ſtyle,.any inanimate thing to aſſume perſon or ſex; which perſonification is therefore marked by the maſculine or feminine pronouns, he or ſhe, his or her. "Soon as the light of dawning ſcience ſpread "Her orient ray, and wak'd the muſes' ſong,"&c. Thomſon's Seaſons. "Low walks the ſun, and broadens by degrees, "Juſt o'er the verge of day. The ſhifting clouds "Aſſembled gay, a richly gorgeous train, "In all their pomp attend his ſetting throne." Ibid. Perſonal pronouns have three caſes, a nominative, poſſeſſive, and objective. The nominative is placed before the verb; as, I write. The poſſeſſive ſignifies poſſeſſion, or belonging to; as, whoſe book is this? 'Tis mine. The objective caſe follows verbs and propoſitions; as, I ſaw him; I ran before him. Declenſions of Pronouns. Of the perſonal I, thou, he, ſhe, it. Firſt Perſon Sec. Perſon Third Perſ. Singular. Singular. Singular. Maſc. Fem. Neut. Nom. I thou he ſhe it Poſſ. mine thine his hers its Obj. me thee him her it Plural. Plural. Nom. we ye or you Plural. they they they Poſſ. ours yours theirs theirs theirs Obj. us you them them them § Ourſelf, not ourſelves, is peculiar to the regal ſtyle; as, "Why, 'tis a loving and a fair reply: be as ourſelf in Denmark." Shakeſpeare's Hamlet. firſt, ſecond, and third perſons of the relative, who. Singular Plural. Nom. who who Poſſ. whoſe whoſe Obj. whom whom All nouns and pronouns whatever, in grammatical conſtruction, are of the third perſon, and conſequently govern the verbs to which they are agents or nominative caſes, in the third perſon ſingular or plural, according to the number of the noun; except, 1ſt, Thoſe pronouns which have the firſt and ſecond: and, 2dly, When an addreſs is made to any one; for then the noun is of the ſecond perſon. Of the Verb. A verb expreſſes action or event; as, I write. I am very cold. I endure hardſhips. I was much fatigued. There are four kinds of verbs; ſubſtantive, paſſive, active and neuter. A verb ſubſtantive, expreſſes the being or exiſtence of a thing: as, I am, thou art. A verb active, or tranſitive, expreſſes an action, which neceſſarily implies an agent, and an object acted upon as, I love Edward. In this ſentence, the pronoun I the agent, love the verb, and Edward the object acted upon. When the verb is active, the agent takes the in the ſentence. A verb paſſive, expreſſes a paſſion or ſuſſering, or the receiving of an action; and implies an agent and an object, like the verb active; but with this diſſerence; thus the object oſ a verb paſſive takes the lead, and is followed by the agent: as, Thomas is loved by me. Here the pronoun me is the agent, and Thomas the object. A verb neuter, is that which ſignifies an action that has no particular object whereon to fall, but which of itſelf takes up the whole idea of the action: as, I ſleep, he ſnores, you run, they ſtand, I am come, you are ſallen. Verbs have tenſes or times, numbers, perſons, modes, and participles. There are three* principal diſtinctions of time, the preſent paſt, and future, called indefinite or undetermined time. But, to expreſs an action with ſome particular limitation and diſtinction, ſix other times are uſed, by the aſſiſtance of The auxiliaries, am, be, can, let, do, may, muſt, ought, could, would, ſhould, might, did, ſhall, and will. Of Number. There are two numbers, the ſingular and the plural. Of Perſon. There are three perſons in each mode. Of Mode. There are four modes; the indicative, imperative, conjunctive, and infinitive. The indicative mode affirms, or elſe aſks a queſtion: as, I teach; Do you know him? The imperative bids or commands; as, Do that immediately: Come hither. The conjunctive or ſubjunctive is expreſſed under a doubt, condition, &c. with a conjunction prefixed; as, I could do it, if he were willing. The infinitive expreſſes the action, without reſpect to number or perſon: as, To ſpeak and to write well is commendable. * Engliſh verbs of themſelves have only two times; the preſent and paſt: the future is made by the auxiliary verb ſhall or will, and the verb as, I ſhall write. Of the Participle. There are two participles, the preſent and paſt; the former is called the active, the latter the paſſive participle. Variations of the Subſtantive Verb, To be. Indicative Mode. Singular. Plural. Preſent time 1 I am we are 2 thou art ye or you are 3 he is they are. Or, 1 I be we be 2 thou beeſt ye be 3 he it they be Paſt time. 1 I was we were 2 thou waſt ye were 3 he was they were. Fut. time. 1 I ſhall or will be we ſhall or will be. 2 thou ſhalt or wilt be ye ſhall or will be 3 he ſhall or will be they ſhad or will be. Imperative Mode. Singular. Plural. 1 let me be 1 let us be 2 be thou, or do thou be 2 be ye, or do ye be 3 let him be 3 let them be. † The preſent participle is formed of the verb, by adding ng or ing; and the paſt by d or ed: as, love, loving, loved; preſent, preſenting preſented. Participles having no relation to time, become adjectives. Conjunctive Mode. Singular. Plural. Preſent time. 1 I be we be 2 thou be ye be 3 he be. they be. Paſt time. 1 I were we were 2 thou wert ye were 3 he were. they were. Infinitive Mode. Preſent time. To be Paſt. To have been. Participle. Preſent. being Perfect. been Paſt having been To HAVE Indicative Mode. Singular. Plural. Preſent time. 1 I have we have 2 thou haſt ye have 3 he bath or has they have Paſt time. 1 I had we had 2 thou hadſt ye had 3 he had. they had Fut time. 1 I ſhall or will have we ſhall or will have 2 thou ſhalt or wilt have ye ſhall or will have 3 he ſhall or will have they ſhall or will have. Imperative Mode. Singular. Plural. 1 let me have let us have [have 2 have, have thou or do thou have have, have ye, or do ye 3 let him have. let them have. Subjunctive Mode Singular. Plural. Preſent time. 1 I have we have 2 thou have ye have 3 he have they have. Infinitive Mode. Preſent time. to have. Paſt. to have had Participle. Preſent. having. Perfect. had. Paſt. having had. The following is an example of a regular active Verb, completely declined, with auxiliaries through all its variations. Verb, To Place. Indicative Mode. Singular. Plural. Preſ. indefinite. 1 I place we place 2 thou placeſt ye or you place 3 he placeth or places. they place. Preſ. imperfect. 1 I am placing we are placing 2 thou art placing ye are placing 3 he is placing. they are placing. Or, 1 I do place we do place 2 thou doſt place ye do place 3 he does place. they do place. Preſent perfect. 1 I have placed we have placed. 2 thou haſt placed ye have placed 3 he has placed. they have placed. Singular. Plural. Or, 1 I have been placing we have been placing 2 thou haſt been placing ye have been placing 3 he has been placing. they have been placing. Paſt indefinite. 1 I placed we placed 2 thou placedſt ye placed 3 he placed. they placed. Paſt imperfect 1 I was placing we were placing 2 thou waſt placing ye were placing 3 he was placing. they were placing. Or, 1 I did place we did place 2 thou didſt place ye did place 3 he did place. they did place. Paſt perfect. 1 I had placed we had placed 2 thou hadſt placed ye had placed 3 he had placed. they had placed. Or, 1 I had been placing we had been placing 2 thou hadſt been placing ye had been placing 3 he had been placing. they hadbeen placing. Fut. indefinite. 1 I ſhall or will place we ſhall or will place 2 thou ſhalt or wilt place ye ſhall or will place 3 he ſhall or will place. they ſhall or will place Fut. imperf. 1 I ſhall or will be placing we ſhall or will be placing. 2 thou ſhalt or wilt be placing ye ſhall or will be placing 3 he ſhall or will be placing. they ſhall or will be placing. Fut. perfect. 1 I ſhall have placed we ſhall have placed 2 thou ſhalt have placed ye ſhall have placed 3 he ſhall have placed they ſhall have placed Conjunctive Mode. Singular. Plural Preſ. indefinite. 1 I place we place 2 thou place ye place 3 he place. they place. Or I may or can place, thou mayeſt or caneſt place, he may, &c. Preſ. imperfect 1 I may be placing we may be placing 2 thou mayeſt be placing ye may be placing 3 he may be placing. they may be placing. Or, I can be placing, thou canſt be placing, &c. Preſent perfect. 1. I may have placed we may have placed 2 thou mayeſt have placed ye may have placed 3. he may have placed. they may have placed Or, I can have placed, thou canſt have placed, &c. Paſt indefinite. 1 I might place we might place 2 thou mighteſt place ye might place 3 he might place. they might place. Or, I could, would, or ſhould place; thou couldſt, &c. Paſt imperf. 1 I might have been placing we might have been placing 2 thou mighteſt have been placing ye might have been placing 3 he might have been placing. they might have been placing Or, I could, would, or ſhould, have been placing, &c. Paſt perfect. 1 I might have placed we might have placed 2 thou mighteſt have placed ye might have placed 3 he might have placed. they might have placed. Or, I could, would, or ſhould have placed; thou, &c. Imperative Mode. Singular. Plural. 1 let me place [place let us place [place 2 place, place thou, or do thou place, place ye, or do ye 3 let him place. let them place. Infinitive Mode. Preſent. to place. Paſt. to have placed. Participles. Preſent. placing. Paſt. placed. The Paſſive Voice of the preceding Verb. Indicative Mode. Singular. Plural. reſ. imperf. time. 1 I am placed we are placed 2 thou art placed ye are placed 3 he is placed. they are placed. Paſt indef. 1 I was placed we were placed 2 thou waſt placed ye were placed 3 he was placed. they were placed. Preſ. perf. 1 have been placed we have been placed 2. thou haſt been placed ye have been placed 3 he has been placed they have been placed. Paſt perf. 1 I had been placed we had been placed 2 thou hadſt been placed ye had been placed 3 he had been placed. they had been placed. Fut, imp. 1 ſhall or will have placed we ſhall or will have placed 2 thou ſhalt or wilt have placed ye ſhall or will have placed 3 he ſhall or will have, placed. they ſhall or will have placed, Conjunctive Mode. Singular. Plural 1 I may be placed we may be placed, 2 thou mayeſt be placed ye may be placed 3 he may he placed they may be placed. Or, I can be placed, thou canſt be placed, &c. Paſt indef. 1 I might be placed we might be placed 2 thou mighteſt be placed ye might be placed 3 he might be placed. they might be placed. Or, I could, would, or ſhould be placed, &c. Paſt per. 1 I might have been placed we might have been placed 2 thou mighteſt have been placed ye might have been placed 3 he might have been placed. they might have been placed. Fut. per. 1 I ſhall have been placed, we man have been placed 2 thou ſhalt have been placed ye ſhall have been placed 3 he ſhall have. been placed, they ſhall have been placed Imperative Mode. Singular. Plural. 1 let me be placed let us be placed. 2 be thou placed be ye placed 3 let him be placed. let them be placed. Infinitive Mode. Preſent. to be placed. Paſt. to have been placed. Participles. Preſent. being placed. Paſt. having been placed. Note, Neuter verbs are varied in the ſame manner as active; ſome of which, ſignifying motion, or change of place or condition, are varied like paſſive verbs; as, I am come. Of irregular Verbs. Irregular, or anomalous verbs, are ſuch as have ſomething ſingular in the terminations or ſormations of their tenſes. Thus verbs which do not form their paſt time active, and perfect participle, by the addition of ed to the verb, or d only, if the verb end in e, rare called irregular; yet we often contract even our regular verbs; as, moved, placed, which are pronounced mov'd, plac'd: and movedeſt, placedeſt, &c. become moveaſt, placeſt. Verbs ending in ch, ck, p, x, ll, ſs, change ed into t, in the paſt time active, and perfect participle; and alſo drop one oſ the double letters; as, ſnapt mixt, dwelt, paſt, for ſnapped, mixed, dwelled, paſſed. Likewiſe, thoſe which end in l, m, n, p, after a diphthong, ſhorten the diphthong, or change it into a ſingle ſhort vowel; as, deal, dealt dream, dreamt; mean, meant; feel, felt; ſleep, ſlept, &c. Ve are changed into f; as, leave, 1eft, &c. A complete Table of all the Irregular Verbs, alphabetically arranged. Thoſe marked thus, *are defective. Preſent. Paſt. Participle Abide am awake Bake beat bear begin bend bereave abode was awake baked beat bare, or bore began bent bereft, bereaved abode been awaked baken beat, or beaten borne begun bent bereft, bereaved Preſent. Paſt. Participle. beſeech beſought beſought bid bade bidden bind bound bound, or bounden bite bit bitten, bleed bled bled blow blew blown break brake, or broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought build built, builded built, builded buy bought bought burſt burſt burſt, or burſten Can * could (defective) catch caught caught caſt caſt caſt chide chid chidden chute, or chooſe choſe choſen cleave clave, or clove cloven climb clomb climbed cling clang, or clung clung come came come clothe clad, clothed clad, clothed creep crope, creeped crept coſt coſt coſt crow crew crowed Dare durſt dared deal dealt dealt dig dug, digged digged do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamed, dreamt dreamt drink drank drunk, or drunk drive drove driven dwell dwelt dwelt Eat ate eaten Fall fell fallen feed fed fed Preſent. Paſt. Participle. feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee, from an enemy fled fled fling flung flung fly, as a bird flew flown fold folded folden, folded forſake forſook forſaken freight fraught, freighted fraught, freighted freeze froze frozen Geld gelded, gelt gelded, gelt get gat, or got gotten gild gilded, gilt gilded, gilt gird girded, girt girded, girt give gave given go went gone grind ground ground grave graved graven, grated grow grew grown Hang hung, hanged hung, hanged have had had hear heard heard heave heaved, hove heaved, hoven help helped holpen, helped hew hewed hewen, hewn hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held holden hurt hurt hurt Keep kept kept knit knit knit know knew known Lay, to place laid layed, laid lade laded laden lead led led lend lent lent let let let Preſent. Paſt. Participle. lie, to lie down lay lien, or lain lift lifted lift, lifted light light, lighted, lit lighted, lit loſe loſt loſt load loaded loaden, loaded Make made made may* might (defective) mean meant meant meet met met melt melted molten mow mowed mown, mowed muſt (defective) (defective) Owe owed, ought owen, owed Put put put Quit quitted, quit quitted, quit quoth * quoth (defective) Read read read rend, to tear rent rent rent, to let or hire rented rent rid, rid rid ride rode, or rid ridden riſe roſe riſen ring rang, or rung rung rive rived riven run ran run Say ſaid ſaid ſaw ſawed ſawn, ſawed ſee, ſaw ſeen ſet ſet ſet ſeek ſought ſought ſeethe ſod ſodden ſend ſent ſent ſell ſold ſold : ſhall* ſhould ſhake ſhook ſhaken ſhave ſhaved ſhaven, ſhaved ſhear ſhore ſhorn Preſent. Paſt. Participle. ſtraw, ſtrew, ſtrow ſtrawed, &c. ſtrown,ſtrawed,&c ſtrike. ſtruck ſtricken, ſtrucken ſtring ſtrung ſtrung ſtrive ſtrove, ſtrived ſtriven, ſtrived ſtride ſtrode ſtridden ſwear ſwore ſworn ſweep ſwept ſwept ſwell ſwelled ſwollen ſwim ſwam ſwum Take took taken tear tore torn teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought thrive throve thriven throw .threw thrown thruſt thruſt thruſt tread trode trodden Waſh waſhed waſhen, waſhed wax waxed waxen weet, wit, or wot wot (deſective) wet wet wet weep wept wept will* would win won won wind wound wound wear wear, wore worn weave wove woven wis wiſt (defective) work worked wrought wring wrung wrung write wrote written writhe writhed writhen Of the Adverb. An adverb* is a word joined to a verb, adjective, or another adverb, and applied ſolely to the uſe of qualifying and reſtraining the latitude of their ſignification. The principal adverbs are thoſe of time, place, order, quantity, quality, manner, affirmation, negation, doubting, compariſon, demonſtration, and interrogation. They admit of no variation in.Engliſh, except ſome few, which have the degrees of compariſon: as, ſoon, ſooner, ſooneſt; oſten, oftener, ofteneſt; well, better, beſt. Of the Prepoſition. Prepoſitions, ſo called, becauſe they are commonly put before the words to which they are applied, expreſs the relation or connection between them. There are two ſorts of prepoſitions, ſeparable and inſeparable. The ſeparable are above, about, after, againſt, among, amongſt, at, before, behind, beneath, below, between, betwixt, beyond beſide, by, concerning, for, from, in, into, out of, on, over, till, to, through, until, unto, upon, under, with, within, without . The inſeparable or prepoſitions in compound, are, a, ab, abs, ad, ana, ante, anti, amphi, be, circum, co, con, contra, counter, de, diſ, e, ex, en, enter, extra, in, inter, intro, miſ, meta, over, out, for, fore, op, per, poſt, pre, pro, preter, peri re, retro, ſe, ſub, ſubter, ſuper, ſyn, tranſ, un, up, and with. The prepoſitions often change their laſt conſonant, into the conſonant with which the word begins as, commaterial for conmaterial; &c. *Moſt of the adverbs may be diſtinguiſhed from adjectives, by this rule: If you put a ſubſtantive after them, they will make nonſenſe whereas, being joined to an adjective, or a verb, they will make good ſenſe. A great number of them are formed from adjectives by adding ly: as like, likely; wiſe, wiſely; ſincere, ſincerly; &c. Prepoſitions†, in Engliſh, always govern the objective caſe. Of the Conjunction. A Conjunction* is an indeclinable word, which ſerves to join words and ſentences together, and thereby ſhews their relation and dependence one upon another. Conjunctions are of ſeveral kinds. 1ſt, Adverſative; ſuch as are reſtrictive, or expreſſive of contrarities: as, but, notwithſtanding, although. Cauſal; ſuch as expreſs the reaſon of ſomething advanced: as, for, becauſe inaſmuch as, ſeeing that. Concluſive; ſuch as ſhew that a conſequence is drawn: as, for which reaſon, but then, ſo that, &c. Conditional; thoſe which denote a condition: as, on condition that, if, if not, in caſe of, provided that. Copulative; ſuch as ſhew, a compariſon, or expreſs a relation of union between two things: as, and as much as, in the ſame manner as, inaſmuch as, but alſo, neither more nor leſs. Disjunctive; ſuch as import a relation of ſeparation or diviſion: as, neither, whether, or. Dubitative; ſuch as expreſs ſome doubt or ſuſpenſion of opinion; as, if, that is to ſay, &c. Subjunctive; which ſubjoins a latter ſentence to ſome word in a former: as, that Some conjunctions are uſed diſtributively, or in pairs: the firſt is placed before the former ſentence or word, the other before the latter: as, A .prepoſition may be known, by adding a noun or pronoun in the objective caſe to it: if it make good ſenſe, it is undoubtedly a prepoſition. Cojunctions have ſometimes a government of modes. Some require the indicative, ſome the conjunctive or ſubjunctive after them: others have no influence at all on the mode. The conjunctions if, though, unleſs, except, leſt, that, whether, expreſſing doubt, condition &c. govern the conjunctive mode: if nothing con-tingent or doubtful, they are followed by the indicative. Whether, or: Whether did you ride or walk? Neither, nor: Neither your love nor hatred affects me. Either, or: Either you or he ſhall do it. Both, and: Both the old and the new regiments have done wonders. Though, yet, or nevertheleſs: Though you ſay it, yet will not believe it. As, as: As white as ſnow. As, ſo: As the ſtars, ſo ſhall thy ſeed be. So, that: His rules are ſo dark, that they cannot be derſtood. Of the Interjection. An interjection is made uſe of in ſpeech, to denote ſome ſudden paſſion, or emotion of the mind. Interjections expreſs Joy, grieſ, wonder, praiſe, contempt, mirth, ſurpriſe, incitement to attention, deſire of ſilence, languor, deliberation, exultation, ſalutation, pain, &c: as, hey! brave!; ah! alas!; O ſranger!; well done! 0 brave!; away! begone! fy! tuſh! piſh! pſhaw! foh! avaunt pugh!; ha, ha, he!; heyday! aha!; hark! lo! ſee! hallow!; huſh! hiſt! peace! ſilence!; heigh ho!; hum!; heigh! huzza!; hail! all hail!, oh! &c. Noun ſubſtantives, and adjectives, are ſometimes uſed for interjections: as, O ſhame! O ſad! i.e. oh, this is a ſad affair. Of PROSODY. PROSODY compriſes Orthoepy, or the right pronouncing of words, according to their long or ſhort ſyllables; and 0rthometry, or the art of making verſe. Of Due Pronunciation. Due Pronunciation conſiſts in giving every letter its proper ſound, and every ſyllable its proper accent. Accent is the due pronunciation of a ſyllable in a word, according to its quantity, whether it be long or ſhort, by a greater ſtreſs of the voice, without lengthening or ſhortening the ſyllable. Quantity is the time in which it is pronounced; and the proportion between a long and ſhort ſyllable, is as. two to one: hence accent and quantity muſt be two diſtinct things. N. B. For the laws of verſification, I refer the reader to My Royal Standard Engliſh Dictionary. Of SYNTAX. SYNTAX is the due conſtruction or connection of the words of a language, into ſentences or phraſes. A ſentence is a period or ſet of words, comprehending ſome perſect ſenſe or ſentiment of the mind; and may be either ſimple or compound. A ſimple ſentence conſiſts, at leaſt, of a noun and a verb: as, I write. A compound ſentence is when two or more ſentences, are joined together: as, The providence of God is over all his works; he ruleth and directeth with infinite wiſdom. There are two kinds oſ Syntax; the one of concord, in which the words are to agree in gender, number, perſon, and caſe: the other of regimen or government, wherein one word governs another, and occaſions ſome variations therein. The following general rules, with the notes under each, comprehend whatever is neceſſary for the true writing or ſpeaking of the Engliſh language. RULE I. A verb* muſt agree with its agent or nominative †, in number and perſon: as, I inſtruct, they learn, he plays, thou art diligent. RULE II. Adjectives ‡, in Engliſh, having no variation of gender, number, &c. cannot but agree with their ſubſtantives, in theſe reſpects; except! ſome of the adjective || pronouns, which muſt agree in number with their ſubſtantives: as, this book, thoſe books. RULE III. The relative* muſt agree with its antecedent, in gen*A verb may be put either in the ſingular or plural number, to a noun of multitude: as, the public is, or are, diſpleaſed. Every verb, except in the infinitive mode, has a nominative expreſſed or underſtood: as, ſpeak now or never, that is, ſpeak ye, &c. † To find the nominative to a verb, aſk the queſtion, Who is? who does? who ſuffers? what is? what does? what ſuffers? and the word which anſwers to the queſtion, is the nominative to the verb. Every nominative caſe, except the caſe abſolute, and when an addreſs is made to a perſon, belongs to ſome verb, either expreſſed or underſtood as, To whom thus Eve, yet ſinleſs; that is, to whom thus Eve ſaid, &c. ‡ Every adjective relates to ſome ſubſtantive, either expreſſed or implied: as, the great, the wiſe, the choſen; that is, perſons. Adjectives ſometimes become ſubſtantives, and are joined to another adjective: as, the chief good. || Each, every, either, agree with the nouns and verbs of the ſingular number only. * The relative is often omitted: as, the book which] I read. Every relative has an antecedent to which it refers either expreſſed or underſtood, and with which it agrees in perſon: as, who injures me ſhall be puniſhed; that is, the man who, &c. der, number, perſon *, and caſe: as, happy is the man who hath ſown in his breaſt the ſeeds of benevolence. RULE IV. A verb active or tranſitive, governs the noun or pronoun which follows it, in the objective caſe: as, John loves me, and I eſteem him. Thomas beat William; that is, him. RULE V. The ſubſtantive verb to be, governs a nominative after it: as, I am he; except, when it is in the infinitive mode as, I took it to be him. RULE VI. The preſent † participle governs the ſame caſe after it as the verb from which it is derived: as, love your enemies; for in loving them, you fulfil the law. RULE VII. When two ſubſtantives ‡ come together, which belong to one another, the thing to which the other belongs, is * Perſonal pronouns, as they relate to ſubſtantives, and by ſome grammarians called, not improperly, relatives, are included uuder, this rule: † Verbs ending with a ſingle conſonant, preceded by a ſingle vowel, and thoſe of two or more ſyllables, having the accent upon the laſt ſyllable double the ſinal conſonant of the verb in the preſent participle and in every other part oſ the verb, in which a ſyllable is added: as, ſhut, ſhutting, ſhutteth; beſet, beſetting, beſetteth. ‡ A ſubſtantive put before another ſubſtantive, becomes an adjective: as, lime-water, ſea-fiſh. Two ſubſtantives joined together, ſignifying the ſame thing, are put in the ſame caſe, in appoſition to each other: as, King George. Every poſſeſſive caſe ſuppoſes ſome nominative to which it belongs: as, Paul's, that is, St Paul's church. placed firſt, in the poſſeſſive caſe: as, the king's troops: or elſe laſt, by a circumlocution, with the prepoſition of before it as, the troops of the king. RULE VIII. The preſent * participle, having the definite article the before it, becomes a ſubſtantive, and governs the prepoſition of after it: as, the loving of your enemies is the command of God. RULE IX. When one verb immediately follows or depends upon another, the latter is put in the infinitive mode, with the prepoſition to before it: as, Good boys love to learn: except the following verbs, which have others after them, without the ſign to: bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need, ſee; and ſometimes have, not uſed as an auxiliary: as, I bade him come; he dares not do it; I feel it run; we heard him come; you let him; they will have him come; I made him hear me; they need not go; I ſaw him enter. RULE X. Prepoſitions † always govern the objective caſe after them: as, he did it for William, i. e. for him; take it from her, and give it to him. • * Participles having no relation to time become really adjectives, and admit of the degrees of compariſon: as, a learned man, a more loving father, the moſt loving boy. † The prepoſitions to and for, are often underſtood, chiefly before the pronoun: as, give me; that is, to me: procure me a pen; that is, for me. Alſo in or on before nouns expreſſing time: as, this morning; that is, on this morning: laſt week; that is, in the laſt week. The prepoſition is often inelegantly ſeparated from the relative: as, whom will you give it to? that is, to whom will you give it? RULE XI. Two * or more nouns of the ſingular number joined together by a conjunction copulative, require verbs, nouns and pronouns of the plural number: as, greatneſs and goodneſs are ſeldon companions. RULE XII. The relative † is the nominative to the verb, when no other nominative comes between it and the verb: as, the man who writes. RULE XIII. When there is a nominative caſe between the relative and the verb, the relative muſt be put in that caſe whith the verb, or the noun following, or the prepoſition going before it, uſed to govern: as, the man whom I eſteem; he whoſe bounty relieved me; the man to whom you ſpoke. RULE XIV. When the relative ‡ comes after two words of different ‡ perſons, it may agree in perſon with either. *Note 1. In ſentences like the following, the verb is put in the ſingular number, and agrees with each of the foregoing ſubſtantives: as "Pain "and want, and even death itſelf, is eaſier to bear, than private ſtabs "given to one's reputation." 2dly, When the ſingular numbers joined together are of ſeveral perſons, in making the plural pronoun agree with them in perſon, the ſecond perſon takes place of the third, and the firſt of both: "He and you and I are to blame you and he concerted the plot." † Every relative has an antecedent to which it refers, either expreſſed or underſtood: as, who loves me, loves my dog; that is, the man who, &c. But, note, It is often omitted: as, the reaſon I rely upon: that is, which rely upon. ‡ ‡ Note, When the perſon of the relative is fixed, it ſhould be continued through the whole ſentence: as, I eſteern you who love and give me good counſel; not, who love and giveſt me good counſel. I am the man who command you; or, I am the man who commands you. RULE XV. Conjunctions * copulate like caſes, and the ſame mode and time oſ verbs: as, I ſaw him and her together, and they were talking of me. RULE XVII. The infinitive † mode frequently does the office of a ſubſtantive: as, 1ſt, In the nominative, to walk is healthful; 2dy, In the objective: as, boys love to play. RULE XVII. If a queſtion be aſked, the nominative is placed after the principal verb, or after the auxiliary: as, was it he? did he write it? RULE XVIII. In an imperative affirmative ſentence, when a thing is commanded to be, to do, or to ſuffer, the nominative caſe follows the auxiliary: as, go thou traitor; do thou go: or the auxiliary let, with the objective caſe after it, it is uſed: as, let him ſubmit; let them be puniſhed. * The conjunction that, is often omitted and underſtood: ſee [than] thou tell no man. When it expreſſes the end or motive, it governs the verb in the conjunctive mode. In comparing the qualities of things, the latter noun following than, or as, is not governed by either of the cunjunction, but agrees with, or is governed by, the verb, or the prepoſition expreſſed or underſtood: as he is wiſer than you [are]; I am as tall as he [is]. † It likewiſe frequently ſtands abſolute, or independant of the reſt of the ſentence: as, to confeſs the truth, I was in ſault; that is, that confeſs, &c. But in a negative*, imperative, interrogative, or explicative ſentence, the adverbs †, not, there. muſt be placed in the following manner: go not; do not go; let us not go; there was not a man; was there not a man? do you believe it? do not you believe it? or don't you believe it? EXERCISES of BAD ENGLISH, under all the RULES Of SYNTAX, to be made good. Examples under RULE I. A verb muſt agree with its agent or nominative, in number and perſon. I loves ſtudy.—James do not.—Thou is playing.—We is writing our theme.—I has ſaid my leſſon.— He art repeating his.— We has done.—A wicked ſon are a reproach to his father. —fortune favour the brave.— Pains endures long.—Pleaſure are ſhort. Examples under RULE II. Adjectives in Engliſh, having no variation of gender, number, &c. cannot but agree with their ſubſtantives in theſe reſpects: except ſome of the pronominal adjectives; which, having the plural number, muſt agree in number with their ſubſtantives. Thoſe is a pleaſant garden.—This are my pens.— Which of this books is your's?— Thoſe.—Every trees is known by its ſruit.—Each men ſhall repent it.—Either * Two negatives deſtroy each other, or are equal to an aſſirmative: as will not have none, is as much as to ſay, I will have ſome. † The adverbs when, while, after, &c. being left out, the phraſe formed with the participle, independently on the reſt of the ſentence, and is called the caſe abſolute: as, he coming in, I went away; that is, where he came in, I went away. friendſhip or ſelf-love have made him do it.—White and black is oppoſite colour. Examples under RULE III. The relative muſt agree with its antecedent in gender, number, perſon, and caſe. Which art thou, O man! that preſumeſt on thine own folly? The thoughtleſs man bridleth not her tongue. The man of which he complains, is an honeſt man. He will not hear of the miſcry to whom I am reduced. I know which relation ſhe is —The reaſon whom I rely upon.— That is a beautiful woman he has fine black eyes —He is the wife of Mr Goodman, with which I is well acquainted.—The miſery to whom you have reduced me, are inſupportable.—Cyrus aſked him, Which that God was, of which he begged aſſiſtance?—He has procured the place to whom ſhe aimed at. Examples under RULE IV. A verb active or tranſitive, governs the noun or pronoun following it, in the objective caſe. Truſt no man before thou haſt tried he.—Many people have ſeen they:— I like ſhe very well. —Let they ſubmit to the laws.—What will you have I do?— I cannot pleaſe ſhe and thou both,— I eſteems that man better than this. Examples under RULE V. The ſubſtantive verb to be, governs a nominative after it: except when it is in the infinitive mode. Who is there?—It is me.—I am him which did it — 'Tis them which have ſeen it.—Xenophon was a learned philoſopher.—Who is thee?—Ye are them. It was him that did it. Examples under RULE VI. The prefect participle governs the ſame caſe after it, as the verb from which it is derived. I excuſe you from ſeeing they.—He was accuſed of not uſing he well; and I commends him for juſtifying his-ſelf. He is incapable of treating ſhe ill.—He art quite diſcouraged, ſeeing they againſt him.—He am ſure of ſucceeding in him undertaking.— In obeying they, you do well. Examples under RULE VII. When two ſubſtantives COme together, which belong to one another, the thing to which the other belongs, is placed firſt, in the peſſeſſive caſe, or elſe laſt, with the prepoſition of before it. Diana anger was Acteon death; and Helen beauty was the deſtruction ofſ Troy's.—Socrates wiſdom, Ulyſſes cunning, and Achilles valour, are famous in poets works, and hiſtorians writings. Give that to Cæſar which is Cæſar, and to God that which is God. Shew me the way to St Paul.—This is the way to St James. The river's Thames is not comparable to the Seine. Tomyris's Queen of the Scythians, ordered Cyrus head to be cut off. Examples under RULE VIII. The preſent participle, having the definite article the before it, becomes a ſubſtantive, and governs the prepoſition of after it. Learning of languages are very difficult.—The learning languages is diſſicult. The Romans enlarged their country by defeating of their neighhours. By exerciſing of our faculties, they is improved.—Wearing of lace are not very ancient. Examples under RULE IX. When one verb immediately follows or depends upon another, the latter is put in the infinitive mode, with the prepoſition to before it: except before the following verbs; bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need, ſee, and ſometimes have. He deſerves be encouraged.—Try comfort ſhe.—He cannot to tell. She let him to go away —I ſaw he to come.—She would have he to come.—He were obliged do it.—I dares not to ſtay. He is quite diſcouraged ſee ſhe againſt him.—He hadſt rather to ſtarve than to work.—I have not any deſign wrong him.—I am uſed walk every days. Examples under RuLE X. Prepoſitions always govern the objective caſe after them. We walked from Canterbury to Rocheſter. They go from ſtreet to ſtreet. I ſhall arrive before he. Walk before I, or ſtay behind he.—He drank to they, and not to I.—I ſhall wait upon ye to the park's. Examples under RULE XI. Two or more nouns, of the ſingular number, joined together by a conjunction copulative, require verbs and pronouns oſ the plural number. Virtue and vice has different conſequence. Neither your love nor your hatred concern I. The king, the parliament, and the whole nation wiſhes; for war. The princes of Germany, the emperor, and the Queen of Hungary, is for peace; but the maritime powers and. the king of France is againſt it. He and you is to blame.—Drinking, eating, and ſleeping, is neceſſities eſſential to man. Wiſdom and courage is finer ornament. John and James was both here this morning.—He art; very honeſt man. I and William has give him that. Examples under RULE The relative is the nominative caſe to the verb, when no other nominative comes between it and the verb. The dog who have followed you is mine.—The watch whom you gaveſt me is loſt.— The man who ſoldeſt it to ye is a rogue. I ſees nothing to whom he can apply his-ſelf. I ſee a man whom is going to fall. They play whom they acted did not take. I eſteems that man which is my friend. Examples under RULE XIII. When there is a nominative caſe between the relative and the verb, the relative muſt be put in that caſe which the verb, or the noun following, or the prepoſſition going before it, uſed to govern: as the man whom I eſteem; he whoſe bounty relieved me; the man to whom you ſpake. The ladies which you want to ſee is in the country. You ſee the perſon who you has harboured and ſed, and to who you has lent ſo much money. Old age are a tyrant whom forbid upon pain of death all the pleaſure of youth. He whom you hate am your friend. An affront is but an imaginary evil to he whom ſuffers it, and can only truly offend he which offers it. Give to they you loves.— 'Tis he ſays ſo. It is not what I thoughteſt. Examples under RULE XIV. When the relative comes after two words of different perſons, it may agree in perſon with either: as, I am the man who command you; or, I am the man who commands you. I am the perſon who declare and affirms the truth. Thou art the man who toldeſt me that news, and who ſaid thou waſt preſent.—I am he who dare tell thou thy faults, and who fears not your reſentment. —I believe you not.—Go thy way.—Thou art an impoſtor, and you deſerve be puniſhed. Examples. under RULE xV. Conjunctions copulate like caſes, and the ſame mode and time of verbs: as, I ſaw him and her together, and they were talking of me. People forgives as long as them love.—You and he is to blame.—I and him am alſo culpable.—He came and told me that you and him was gone into the country. I wonderedſt he had done that. Do thou think thou can find a woman without fault? — It are very certain we can make our own happineſs, and that it was within ourſelf. I came yeſterday, and tell him I will not to do it. He is ſo experienced a ſoldier as a cunning ſtateſman. Auguſtus were not perhaps a greater man as Anthony; but he was more fortunate than him. She has as much fortune and beauty as her couſin. She is not as cunning as him. The Loire is longer as the Seine; but it is leſs rapid ſo the Rhone.—The Thames is not as rapid than the Rhine. It is ſo eaſy to do good than to do evil. Your ſather is richer as my. He is leſs to be pitied as if he had loſt his health, or the uſe of his limbs, ſo his brother has. I am older as you than ten years. He is ſo tall than me; but not as tall ſo his brother.— He is taller as I.—The richer you is, the more covetous you art.—He is not as tall as you than three inches. Examples under RULE XVI. The infinitive mode frequently does the office of a ſubſtantive: as, 1ſt, in the nominative, to walk is healthful 2dly, In the objective; as, boys love to play. To be good are to be happy.—To ſeek revenge is painful —To praiſe princes for virtue whom they has not, are abuſing them with impunity.—To remember paſt pains are pleaſant. Examples under RULE XVII. If a queſlion be aſked, the nominative is placed after the principal verb, or after the auxiliary, when uſed with one. What crime has done the man? The wiſe man has he always virtue for his mobile?—What one can do in ſuch a caſe?— Is come the woman of which you told me?— What one can do in this caſe? Examples under RULE XVIII. in an imperative ſentence, &c. Let ſtay me here, I pray you— Let go us immediately,— Come do thou hither.—Do let go him.—Let not us go not thither.—Let not me ſee it.—Let not they ſee it.— Believe it do they not.—Was a man there who ſaid ſo?— A man there was who told it me. PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. LESSON I. Commune with thyſelf, O Man! and conſider wherefore you wert made. Juſtice and mercy waits before God throne; benevolence and love enlighteneth his countenance. Who art like the Lord in glory! Who in power ſhall contends with the Almighty? All thing proceedeſt from God; order, grace, and beauty ſprings from his hand. The voices of wiſdom ſpeak in all his works; but the human underſtanding comprehended it not. LESSON II. The thoughtleſs men bridle not his tongue: She ſpeak at random, and art entangled in the fooliſhneſs of his own word. The firſt ſteps towards being wiſe, art, know that thou is ignorant; and if you wouldeſt not to be eſteemed fooliſh in other judgment, caſt you off a folly of being wiſe in your own conceit. It are notorious to philoſophers, that joy and grief can to haſten and to delay time.—Mr Locke are of opinion, that a man in greater miſery mayeſt ſo far loſe her meaſure, that to think the minute a hour; or in joy makes the hour an minute. LESSON III. God have endue thou with wiſdom to maintains your dominion; he haſt fit thou with language, to improveth by ſociety; and exalt your mind with the powers of meditation; contemplate and adores him inimitablē perfections. And in the laws he haſt ordain than the rule of thy life, as kindly has him ſuit your duty to thy nature, as obedienee to him precepts are happineſs to yourſelf. The higher and the low, the rich and the poorer, the wiſe and the ignoranter, then the ſoul ſhall have ſhook off the cumbrous ſhackles of that mortal lifes, ſhall received from the ſentence of God the juſt and everlaſting retribution according to his works. LESSON IV. Vaunt not of thy body, becauſe it were firſt form; nor of your brain, becauſe wherein your ſoul reſideth —Not is the maſter honourabler as its walls? The ground muſt be prepare before corn is plantedſt A potter muſt build his furnace before ſhe can makes his porcelain. Thee man alone can to ſpeak.—Wonder at your glorious prerogative; but pay to he which give thou it a rational and welcome praiſe, teaching your children's wiſdom, inſtructing the offspring of thy loins with piety. Simonides ſaidſt, the more longer he conſider the nature of God, the more obſcurer a thing ſeem to he. A fool mocks the moſt wiſeſt philoſopher. LESSON V. We has no morer as an hundred pound Sterling, and him have little leſſer but two hundred guinea. There is no fool as troubleſome than him which haſt wit. Them be of leſſer ſize as your —Trier is the moſteſt cities in all the Germany.—The right hands art more ſtronger as a left; but a middle fingers is the moſt longeſt.—I will neither tell he or you that I thinks. It is indifferent whether a man can dance or no; but there is an abſolute neceſſity that his mind is formed. They has been threaten with the prince reſentment. I teaches he French, and him learned very well. LESSON VI. Death pity none; neither rich or poor. If he outlives his brother, he is to have the place. Never promiſe to do the thing, when it not is to your power to do them. He preſume think his-ſelf more wiſer as his betters. I has cauſe not to be angry with he; but he is not wont to be idle Men do not diſtinguiſhed enough between a demonſtration, the proof, and the probability.—A demonſtrations ſuppoſe the contradictory idea impoſſible.— A proof of the fact are when all a reaſons inclines we believe, without any pretence of doubting.—A probability art when a reaſons for believing are more ſtronger as them for doubting. To demonſtrate, are not only prove that a thing are, but beſides a impoſſibility of it not being. LESSON VII. Sovereignty and ranks is more neceſſary evil to keeps paſſions within bounds. Commonalty oughteſt to is contented to deſerve a inward eſteem of men by his ſimple and modeſt virtue and the great ought be convince, that outward reſpect only will be pay they, unleſs they has true merit. By that mean, a former will be not exaſperated to their low eſtate; neither will the others prides theyſelves in his greatneſs.—Men will he ſenſible, that kings is neceſſary and kings ſhall not forgotten, that them is man. No ſtate cannot to ſubſiſt without ſubordination. The ſupreme authority, of what nature forever it is, are the neceſſary evils, to prevent a more greater evils. LESSON VIII. There nothing is as common than to find a man, who in the general obſervation of her carriage, you takes to be of a uniform tempers, ſubject to ſuch a unnaccountable ſtarts of humour and paſſion, as he is ſo much unlike himſelf, and diſſers ſo much from a man you firſt thoughteſt him to be, as any two diſtinct perſon can to differ from each others. One would thinks, as the larger a company is in whom we are engage, the more greater variety of thought and ſubjects would be ſtarted in diſcourſe. The vain delight to ſpeak of his-ſelf; but he not ſaw that other likes not hear him. If he has did any things who is praiſe worthy; if he poſſeſſeth that are worthy of admiration, his joy are to proclaim it, his pride art to hear it report. The deſire of ſuch a men defeat itſelf. Men not ſays, behold, he have done it; or ſee, he poſſeſs it; but, mark, how proud he are of it. LESSON IX. If there is the vice more great as the hoarding up riches, it is employing of them to uſeleſs purpoſes. It were more difficulter to be well with riches, as to be at eaſe under a want of they. Man govern his-ſelf much more eaſier in poverty as in abundance. He which give away their treaſure wiſely, gave away his plagues: he that retain their increaſe, heap up ſorrow. The feeling an injury muſt to be previous to revenging of it but the noble mind diſdain ſay, it hurts I. If the injury is more below thy notice, he which do to thou, in that make his-ſelf ſo: would enter thou the the liſts of your inferiors? Diſdain a man that attempteth wrong thou: contemn he which wouldeſt give thee diſpleaſure. LESSON X. Revenge are more deteſtable: What cruelty then is? Lo, it poſſeſs a miſchiefs of the other; but he want even a pretence of its provocations. Man diſown it, as not of their nature; them is aſhamed of it as a ſtranger to his hearts; do not it they call inhumanity? The hero lift their ſword againſt the enemy which reſiſt; but no ſooner do he ſubmit, as he are ſatisfied. The more nobleſt employment of a mind of man, are a ſtudy of works of his Creator. To he who the ſcience of nature delight, all object bringeth a proofs of his God:—Every things who proveth it, give cauſe of adoration.—We muſt manage fortune, ſo health:—Enjoy him when ſhe is good: to take patience when he is bad; and never uſed greater remedies without extreme need. Of PUNCTUATION. Punctuation is the art of pointing, or of dividing a diſcourſe into periods by points, expreſſing the pauſes to be made in the reading thereoſ, and regulating the cadence or elevation of the voice. The ſix following, are the principal ſtops* or pauſes * in a ſentence: viz. the comma (,) the ſemicolon (;) the ** The modulation of the voice, in reading, is affected by theſe points, demanding a cadence or elevation, in correſpondence with the ſenſe. To give certain, invariable rules for this purpoſe, is what I do not pretend to; but the following, inſerted occaſionally under the pauſes as they occur, I have found to be pretty general, in the courſe of my teaching. colon (:) the period or full point (.) the note of admiration (!) and the note of interrogation (?). 1. The comma † (,) is a pauſe in reading, 'till you may tell one, and is moſtly uſed to diſtinguiſh nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs: as, It is very difficult to make fine pictures, handſome ſtatues, good muſic, good verſes. 2. It likewiſe prevents ambiguity in the ſenſe: as, Epiſtolary writing, by which a great part of the commerce of human life-is carried on, was eſteemed by the Romans a liberal and polite accompliſhment. 3. When an addreſs is made to a perſon, anſwering to the vocative caſe in Latin, a comma is placed before and after the noun: as, Commune with thyſelf, O man! and conſider wherefore thou waſt made. The ſemicolon ‡ (;) a pauſe double in duration of the comma, is uſed to diſtinguiſh the different members or parts of a ſentence: as, A vain hope flattereth the heart of a fool; but he who is wiſe, purſueth it not. Be grateful to thy father, for he gave thee life; and to thy mother, for ſhe ſuſtained thee. The colon §, (:) a pauſe triple in duration of the comma, ſhews the preceding ſentence to be perfect and entire; only that ſome remark, farther illuſtration, or other matter connected therewith, is ſubjoined: as, He who giveth away his treaſure wiſely, giveth away his plagues: he who retaineth its increaſe, heapeth up ſorrow. When an example, or a ſpeech, is introduced, and particularly before things compared, or contraſted, the colon. † In reading proſe, or verſe, the voice muſt be almoſt always elevated at a comma. ‡ In comparative and ſubjunctive ſentences, (the latter being introduced by the adverb when), whether the members be ſeparated by a ſemicolon, or colon, the voice muſt be elevated as at a comma. § In other caſes, the ſemicolon very often demands a depreſſion or cadence of the voice. § The colon, except in comparative ſentences, always require a full cadence of the voice, equal to that of the period. is uſed as, Poorneſs of ſpirit will actuate revenge; greatneſs of ſoul deſpiſeth it: Nay, it doeth good unto him who intended to have diſturbed it. As the tulip, which is gaudy without ſmell, conſpicuous without uſe: ſo is the man who ſetteth himſelf up on high, having no merit. The period or full point, (.) a pauſe quadruple in duration of the comma, and the longeſt pauſe, denotes a full and perfect ſentence; which is always diſtinguiſhed by this point: as, A noble ſpirit diſdaineth the malice of fortune: his greatneſs of ſoul is not to he caſt down. The note of admiration*, (!) is uſed to expreſs wonder, or exclamation: as, Who art thou, O man! who preſumeſt on thine own wiſdom? The note of intrrrogation † (?) is uſed to ſhew when a queſtion is aſked: as, What day of the month is this It likewiſe diſtinguiſhes a real queſtion from a ſentence in the imperative mode: as, Do you hear me? Beſides the above points, there are other marks made uſe of in books and writing, as references, or to point out ſomething remarkable or defective: as, 1. Accent (') placed over a vowel, or the laſt conſonant of a ſyllable, ſhews the ſtreſs of the voice in pronouncing a word to be on that ſyllable, over, or immediately before which it is placed 2. Apoſtrophe (') is a comma put at the top of a word, to denote the omiſſion of a letter, for the ſake of a quicker pronunciation: as plac'd for placed, ne'er for never. 3. Aſteriſm, or Aſteriſk (*) a ſtar, and parallel (||) direct to ſome note at the foot of the page. 4. Obeliſk or dagger (†) refers likewiſe to ſome note in * The note of admiration requires ſometimes an elevation, and ſometimes a depreſſion of the voice. † Interrogative ſentences require an elevation of the voice, except the queſtion be aſked by the pronouns who, which, what, or the adverbs how, how much, how many, where, when &c. for, in theſe caſes you muſt give a moderate cadence to your voice, and let the pauſe be governed bythe uſe of the ſubject. the margin, &c. and in dictionaries, it commonly ſhews the word to be obſolete. 5. The index or hand (☞) points to ſome very remarkable paſſage. 6. Breve (˘) over a vowel, denotes that it ſounds ſhort. 7. Circumflex (ˆ) is placed over a vowel, to denote long ſyllable: as, Eu-phrâ-tes. 8. Diæreſis (¨) two points placed over two vowels a word, parting them into two ſyllables. 9 Hyphen (-) a ſhort line, to join ſyllables or words together. 10. Parentheſis *, marked thus, ( ) ſerves to include a ſentence which might be left out, without any prejudice to the ſenſe of the ſentence; notwithſtanding it is neceſſary for the explanation thereof: as, Pardon me, (added ſhe, embracing me), I now believe what you ſay. 11 Bracket or crotchet, thus, [] includes ſuch a word from the ſentence as ſerves to explain the word immediately preceding: as, A treatiſe of [concerning] Engliſh Grammar. 12. Paragraph (¶) denotes the beginning of a new ſubject — The pauſe here may be greater than at a period. 13. Section (§) is uſed to divide a chapter into leſs and particular arguments. * The parentheſis requires a pauſe equal in duration of a ſemicolon; and the words contained therein muſt be pronounced in a lower tone than the foregoing part of the ſentence; at the end of which, the voice ſhould be elevated as at a comma, and the following part of the ſentence begun in the ſame tone as the former. It is impoſſible to define the preciſe quantity or duration of each of the foregoing pauſes, as a diſcourſe may be read in a quicker or a ſlower time nor has any one ever attempted to lay down certain rules for placing a juſt cadence in ſpeaking or reading. He who would learn to read properly, muſt attend carefully to thoſe who are celebrated for reading and ſpeaking well. If he have a good ear to muſic, there is no doubt but he will be maſter of it in a reaſonable time. 14. Ellipſis, marked thus, (- - - - or —) denotes that part of a word is left out: as, K—g for King. 15. Caret (‸) is placed underneath a line, to ſhew that ſome letter, word, or ſentence, is left out by miſtake; and muſt be taken in exactly in that place. 16. Quotation (") is a double comma reverſed at the beginning of a line, which ſhews, that a paſſage is quoted; or tranſcribed from ſome author in his own words. Explanation of common Abbreviations or Contractions of Words. A. B. Artium BaccaIaureus, Bachelor of Arts. Abp. Archbiſhop. Acct. Accompt. A. D. Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord. A. M. Artium Magiſter, Maſſter of Arts; or, Anno Mundi, in the year of the world. Aſt. P. G. C. Aſtronomy Profeſſor of Greſham College. B. A. Bachelor of Arts. Bart. Baronet. C. D. Baccalaureus Divinitatis, Bachelor in Divinity. Bp. Biſhop. B. V. Bleſſed Virgin. C. C. C. Corpus Chriſti College. C. Cent. Centum, a hundred. Capt. Captain. Chap. Chapter. Cit. Citizen. Col. Colonel. C. P. S. Cuſtos Privati Sigili, Keeper of the Privy Seal. D. S; Cuſtos Sigili, Keeper of the Seal. Cr. Creditor. D. D. Doctor in divinity. d. denarius, a penny. Dec. or 10ber, December. Do. ditto, the ſame. E. g. Exempli gratia, as for example. Eſqr. Eſquire. Exr. Executor. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society. Gen. General. Gent. Gentleman. G. R. Georgius Rex George the King Id. Idem., the ſame. i. e. id eſt, that is. I. H S. Jeſus Hominum Salvator, Jeſus Saviour of Men J. D. Jurium Doctor, a Doctor of Laws. Kt. Knight. L. Liber, a book; and Libræ, pounds. L. D ady-Day. Lieut. Lieutenant. L. L. D Legium Doctor, Doctor of Laws. L. S Locus Sigilli, the place of the Seal. Ldp Lordſhip m manipulus, a handful. A Magiſter Artium, Maſter of Arts B Medicinæ Baccalaureus, Bachelor of phyſic Meſſrs Gentlemen. M. D: Medicinæ Doctor, Doctor phyſic M S. Memoriæ Sacrum, Sacred to the memory. Mr. Maſter. Mrs. Miſtreſs. MS. Manuſcript. N. Note. N. B Nota Bene, Mark well. n. l. non liquet, it appears not. Nov. or 9ber, November. N. S. New Style. Obt. Obedient Oct. or 8ber, October. O. S. Old Style. Oxon. Oxford. Parl. Parliament Per cent. per centum, by the hundred. Philom. Philomathes, a lover of Learning or Philomatheticus, a lover of Mathematics. P. M Poſt Meridiem, Afternoon P.M.G. Profeſſor of Muſic at Greſham College. Prof Th Gr. Profeſſor Theologiæ Graſhamienſis, Profeſſor of Divinity at Greſham College P. S. Poſtſcript. q Quadrans, a farthing. q. d quaſi dicat, as if he ſhould ſay. q. l quantum libet, as much as you pleaſe. q. s. quantum ſufficit, a ſufficient quantity. R Rex, King Reg Prof Regius Profeſſor, King's Profeſſor. Rev Reverend Rt. Wpful. Right Worſhipful. Rt hon. Right Honourable. S South, and Solidus, a Shilling. S. or St. Saint. S. A. Secundum artem, according to Art. Sept. or 7ber, September. Servt. Servant. Sol. Solution. Sr Sir. ſſ ſemiſſis, half a pound. S. T. P. Sacro-ſanctæ Theologiæ Profeſſor, Profeſſor of Divinity. v. vide, ſee, verſe. viz. videlicet, that is to ſay. Wp. Worſhip. Xmas, Chriſtmas. Xn. Chriſtian. Xpher, Chriſtopher. ye. the. yn then. ym. them. yr your. ys this. yt that. & et and. &c. et cetera, and ſo forth, and the reſt. DIRECTIONS concerning the CAPITALS. The capitals or great letters, muſt never be written in the middle of any word, but only at the beginning, and in the following caſes. 1. At the beginning of any writing, book, epiſtle, chapter, verſe, note, bill; and after a period or full ſtop, and where a ſentence begins 2. At the beginning of all proper names of perſons and places; ſhips, rivers, mountains, titles, profeſſions, and callings. In ſhort, every ſubſtantive, whether proper or common, may begin with a capital letter in writing, but not in printing 3. At the beginning of every line in poetry and blank verſe. 4. All names belonging to the Trinity, and any word which ſignifies God, muſt begin with a capital letter: as, GOD the Father, GOD the Son, and GOD the Holy Ghoſt: Jehovah, Almighty, Divine Being, &c. 5. At the beginning of any remarkable ſaying, quoted from an author, though not after a full ſtop. Directions concerning the Capitals, continued. 6. Articles, pronouns *, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections *, muſt never be written with a capital, unleſs ſuch words begin, or come immediately after, a period. Proper DIRECTIONS for addreſſing perſons of every rank and denomination, either in writing or diſcourſe. Beginnings of Letters. To the KING. Sire, or Sir; or Moſt gracious Sovereign; or, May it pleaſe your Majeſty. To the QUEEN. Madam; or, Moſt gracious, &c. To the PRINCE of WALES. Sir; or, May it pleaſe your Royal Highneſs. To the PRINCESS of WALES. Madam; or, May it pleaſe your Royal Hightneſs. To the PRINCESS DOWAGER. Madam; or, May it Pleaſe your Royal Highneſs. Note. All Sovereigns' ſons and daughters, brothers and ſiſters, muſt have the title of Royal Highneſs. And the reſſt of the royal family, Hightneſs. To a DUKE. May it pleaſe your Grace. To a DUCHESS. Ditto. To a MARQUIS, EARL} My Lord; or, May it pleaſe VISCOUNT, LORD. your Lordſhip. To a MARCHIONESS, an Earl's: May it pleaſe your wife, Viſcounteſs, or a Lord's wife. Ladyſhip. To the Archbilhops. May it pleaſe your Grace; My Lord. To the reſt of the Biſhops. My Lord, or, May it pleaſe your Lordſhip. To the Dean, Archdeacon, or Chancellor. Reverend Doctor; Mr Dean. ** Except the pronoun I, and the interjection O, which muſt always be written with a capital. Beginnings of Letters. To the reſt of the clergy. Reverend Sir. Note, The ſons of Dukes, Marquiſſes, and the eldeſt ſons of Earls, have, by courteſy, the title of Lord, and Right Honourable: and the title of Lady is given to their daughters; Madam; or, May it pleaſe your Ladyſhip. The younger ſons of Earls, the Sons of Viſcounts and Barons, are ſtyled Honourable, and are Eſquires. Their daughters are ſtyled Honourable. The title of Honourable is likewiſe conferred on ſuch perſons as have the king's commiſſion, upon thoſe gentlemen who enjoy places of truſts and honour, and on all incorporate bodies: as, the united Eaſt India: Company, the South Sea, and Bank of England ditto. The title of Right Honourable is given to no commoner, except to thoſe who are members of his Majeſty's moſt Honourable Privy Council, and the three Lord Mayors of London, York, and Dublin, and the Lord Provoſt of Edinburgh, during their office. To a Member of Parliament. May it pleaſe your honour. To the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of London.} My Lord; or, May it pleaſe your Lordſhip. Note, That Generals, Admirals, and Colonels, and all Field-officers, are Honourable. All other officers, either in the army or navy, have only the title oſ the commiſſion they bear, ſet firſt on the ſuperſcription of the letters, and at the beginning, Sir; or, Honoured Sir; or, May it pleaſe your Honour. An ambaſſadour, May it pleaſe your Excellency; or, Sir. Beginnings of Letters. All privy Counſellors, and Judges who are Privy Counſellors, are} Right Honourable. The Whole Privy Council together, are ſtyled Moſt Honourable. Baronets are, Honourable. It is uſual to call a Knight, Honourable; and the wives of Knights and Baronets, Ladies. Juſtices of the Peace, Sheriffs, and Recorders, have the title of Eſquire, and Worſhipful. The Aldermen and Recorder of London, and all Mayors of Corporations, except Lord Mayors, are Right Worſhipful. All Governours under his Majeſty, are ſtyled Excellency. The Lords in Parliament. My Lords; or, May it pleaſe your Lordſhips. The Commoners. May it pleaſe your Honours. SUPERSCRIPTIONS or DIRECTIONS Of LETTERS. To his Moſt Sacred MAJESTY; or, To the KING'S Moſt Excellent MAJESTY. To her Moſt Sacred MAJESTY; or, To the QUEEN'S Moſt excellent MAJESTY. To his Royal Highneſs the Prince of Wales. To her Royal Highneſs the Princeſs, &c. To her Royal Highneſs the Princeſs Dowager of Wales. Sovereigns' ſons, daughters; brothers, and ſiſters, To his, or her Royal Highneſs, &c. To the reſt of the royal family, Highneſs. To his Grace the Duke of R—b To her Grace the Ducheſs of N—d. To a Marquis, Earl, Viſcount, Lord.}To the Right Honourable the Marquis of —; Earl of —; Lord Viſcount F—b; the Lord H—w— Superſcriptions or Directions of Letters. To a Marchioneſs. To the Right Honourable the Marchioneſs of —. To an Earl, or Viſcount's wife. To the Right Honourable the Counteſs of —; the Viſcounteſs of —. To a Lord's wife. To the Right Honourable the Lady —. To the daughter of a Duke, Marquis, and Earl.} To the Right Honourable the Lady Anne F—h—. The wives of Vice and Rear Admirals, Ambaſſadours, &c.} To the Right Honourable Mrs —. The wives of Lieutenant-Generals, Major-Generals, and Brigadier-Generals, are,} Honourable. To the Parliament, (the Upper Houſe). To the Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament aſſembled. Ditto, (the Lower Houſe). To the Honourable the Knights, Citizens, and Burgeſſes in Parliament aſſembled. To the ſpeaker of ditto. To the Right Honourable A. B. Eſq; Speaker of the Houſe of Commons. To an Archbiſhop. To his Grace the Archbiſhop of Canterbury; or, To the Moſt Reverend Father in God, A. Lord Archbiſhop of Canterbury. To other Bithops. To the Right Reverend Father in God, B. Lord Biſhop of W. To the Clergy. To the Reverend B. A. D. D. Dean of F. or Archdeacon, or Chancellor of O. or Prebendary, &c. To the Reverend Mr A. B. at C. To the Soldiers and Navy. To the Honourable A. B. Eſq; Lieutenant-General of his Majeſty's Forces. Note, In the army, all noblemen are ſtyled according to their rank, to which is added their employ. All inferiour officers ſhould have the name of their employment ſet firſt: as, To Major C. D. &c. To Captain E. F. &c. To incorporate Bodies. To the Honourable the Court of Directors of the United Company of Merchants trading to the Eaſt Indies. To the Honourable the Governour, Deputy-Governour, and Directors of the Bank of England. To the Gentry. To Mr B. C. Eſq; of Carham. To Mr I. K. Berwick. To Men of Trade and Profeſſions.} To Doctor A. B. Phyſician. Edinburgh. To Mr C. D. Merchant, Berwick. To Mr E. F. Ironmonger, Cheapſide. London. To Meſſrs Robſon and Co. Bankers, London. FINIS. Superſcriptions or Directions of Letters. I I