Corpus of Modern Scottish Writing (CMSW) - www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/cmsw/ Document : 659 Title: Propriety Ascertained in Her Picture, Vol. 2 Author(s): Elphinston, Mr James PROPRIETY ASCERTAINED IN HER PICTURE; OR, INGLISH SPEECH AND SPELLING RENDERED MUTUAL GUIDES, VOLLUME II. CONTAINING AN ANALLYSIS OV DHE SCOTTISH DIALECT, AND A DIGEST OV MODDERN ANGLICISM. BY JAMES ELPHINSTON. SF PREFFACE TO' DHE SECCOND VOLLUME. MARTIALIS EPIGRAMMATA, facem (ut uni, ſic omnibus Poëtis) praeferente I. E. had juſt followed (in pubblicacion) dhe Ingliſh Verſion and Comment; hwen a Calledonian Member ov dhe Brittiſh Parlement, diſtinguiſhed by dhe erly cultivacion ov propiſcious Muzes, and peculiar taſte for pattriottic Lerning; inſtruſted and delighted hiz Contry, widh Obſervations on the Scottſh Dialect. Not contented widh dooing much, he wood doo more. Dhe yong Philanthropiſt, To' hoom dhe wit ov Grece and Room waz known; And evv'ry Authors merrit, but hiz own; threw dhe juvenile maſterpiece into' hands, alreddy long dipt in litterary lore; umbly hoping to' render it dhare, in hwatevver tranſmutacion, ſtil more extenſively uſefool; hwile himſelf proceded, widh equal induſtry and onnor, in dhe pubblic ſervice ov dhe ſtate. Dhe patriot wiſhed indeed, not onely by diſcrimminating dhe dialects to' reunite dhe kingdoms; but to' render INGLISH PROPRIETY, firſt acceſſibel in evvery part of dhe iland, and dhen in evvery quarter ov dhe globe. He wel knew dhat ſhe cood not becom acceſſibel, widhout being ſeen; nor cood he but regret dhat miſrepprezentacion, hwich had hiddherto' kept her unaſcertained at home, and totally unknown abraud. Not unnatturally dhen did dhe acute Linguiſt conceiv dhe idea, dhat dhe ſole Digeſter ov The Principles of the Engliſh Language*, waz at length dhe moaſt likely to' aſcertain INGLISH PROPRIETY in dhe Picture, termed ORTHOGGRAPHY, hwich cood alone preclude amalgamacion. Dhe gennerous prompter dherfore ov won vollume, and conſequent promoter ov boath, may by unexampled moddeſty diſclaim anny ſhare in dhe plan or conſtruccion, hweddher ov dhe Scottiſh or Ingliſh Syſtem; or ov * Dhis refers particcularly to' pages 196 and 197, Vol. I. ov dhe work printed in 1765. dhe complete Syſtem, dhat at wonce divides and combines dhem; but he cannot forbid Martialis dhus to' addres CIRINIUS. II. 103. ord. vulg. VIII. 18. Si tua, CIRTNI, promas epigrammata vulgo, Vel mecum poſſis, vel prior ipſe legi. Sed tibi tantus ineſt veteris reſpectus amici, Carior ut mea ſit, quàm tua fama, tibi. Sic Maro nec Calabri tentavit carmina Flacci, Pindaricos nôſſet cùm ſuperare modos; Et Vario ceſſit Romani laude cothurni, Cùm poſſet tragico fortiùs ore loqui. Aurum, et opes, et rura frequens donabit amicus: Qui velit ingenio cedere, rarus erit. Dhy pointed ſhafts, my CIRRIN, woodſt dhou play; Dhou wel might'ſt rival, or eclipſe my ray. Hwy to' an aincient frend ſuch revv'rence ſhown? To' dhee my fame iz dearer, dhan dhy own. A Maro dhus forbore a Flaccus' Hwen he cood open more dhan Pindars vein; And to' hiz Varius left dhe buſkins praiz, Dho higher he dhe tradgic note cood raiz. A frend wil oft beſtow goold, goods, or ground: But hoo hiz wit wil yield, iz rarely found. • CONTENTS OV PROPRIETY ASCERTAINED IN HER PICTURE. VOLLUME DHE SECCOND. Anallyſis ov dhe Scottiſh Dialect. PART I. Page. OV VARIED SOUND. 1 CHAPTER I. Varied Vocallity. SECCION I. Dhe interchainge ov open vowels. SECCION II. Dhe interchainge ov ſhut ſounds. 3 SECCION III. Dhe interchainge ov open and ſhut ſounds, 5 1 .Dhe ſhut vowels open. 6 2. Dhe open vowels ſhut. 7 3. Ov interchainged licquefaccion. 9 4. Dhe conſequent confuzion. 11 CHAPTER II. VARIED ARTICULACION. 13 SECCION I. By redundance and defiſcience. SECCION II By interchainge 19 SECCION III. Dhe various ſemblance ov licquefaccion 28 SECCION IV. Dhe interchainge and ſuppreſſion ov dhe labial aſpirate 32 SECCION V. L melted or dropt 34 SECCION VI. Dhe Greek dialectic interchainges 35 SECCION VII. Ov tranſpoziſcion 37 SECCION VIII. Ov mutilacion and dilatacion 40 CHAPTER III. VARIED STRES. 47 SECCION I. In diſſyllabels SECCION II. In pollyſyllabels 52 Page. SECCION III. In propper names 63 PART II. INGLISH WORDS MISAPPLIED. 1. noun ſubſtantive 68 2. noun adjective 78 3. pronoun 79 4. verb 80 5. adverb 88 6. prepoziſcion 91 7. conjunccion 100 8. interjection 101 PART III. Oddher ſoarces ov SCOTTICISM. 104 SECCION I. Miſarraingement SECCION II. Redundance and defiſcience, widh occazzional interchainge 107 Page. SECCION III. Peculiarrity ov phraze or circumſtance 118 SECCION IV. Violation ov Ingliſh Grammar 129 1. in dhe plurallity ov noun 2. in dhe comparrizon ov adjective 136 3. in imperſonal verb 4. in dhe pretterite ov verb 138 5. in dhe auxilliaries SHAL and WIL. 142 6. in dhe diſuſe ov dhe ſubjunctive mood 145 7. in dhe abuſe ov dhe indiccative, widh dhe impropper interchainge ov pronouns 148 8. in dhe moddern interchainge ov real appropriacion, and ſeeming concord 151 PART IV. DHE ORRIGIN OV SCOTTISH DICCION. 154 SECCION I. Terms Teutonnic and Gaulic SECCION II. Terms Greek and Lattin SECCION III. Terms and Iddioms French 1. ſubſtantives 2. adjectives 3. verbs 4. iddioms 5. mezzures and coins SECCION IV. DOMESTIC FORMACION. I. Ov noun ſubſtantive. 1. diminnutive and augmentative 2. collective 3. abſtrct 4. accion 5. agent II. Ov noun adjective III. Or verb SECCION V. DOMESTIC COMPOZISCION. 1. ov noun ſubſtantive 2. ov noun adjective 3. ov verb Page 4. ov adverb 203 5. ov various iddioms 206 SECCION VI. TERMS OV LAW. 209 1. ſubſtantives 2. adjectives 214 3. verbs 215 4. adverbs 216 5. Terms Eccleſiaſtical 217 6. Tranſpoziſcion A Digeſt ov Moddern Angliciſm. CHAPTER I. Ov extraneous NEOLLOGY. 219 CHAPTER II. Ov vernaccular NEOLLOGY. 240 1. In term 2. In phraze 244 3. In dialect 248 ANALLYSIS OV DHE SCOTTISH DIALECT. PART I. OV VARIED SOUND. CHAPTER I. VARIED VOCALLITY. SECCION I. DHE INTERCHAINGE OV OPEN VOWELS. DIALECT haz, in all tungs, varied according to' diſtance from dhe center or ſtandard ov Propriety. If evvery provvince ov Spain, and ov Brittain, differ dhus from dhe Cappital; Poartugal and Scotland, for obvious cauz, muſt (reſpectively) make far graiter deviacions from dhe purity ov LONDON and MADRID. Dheze deviacions howevver cood affect in ſound, but its three branches: Vocallity, Articulacion, and Stres. In all three dherfore haz dhe Scotch varied ſo far from dhe Ingliſh (if not dhis from dhat), az not always ezily to' be reccognizabel dhe moaſt aincient dialect ov dhe language. So mutually ar dhe vowels, az wel az conſonants, allied; ſom, doutles, more cloſely dhan oddhers; dhat, more or les accountabel, iz almoaſt evvery interchainge: particcularlv, dhat ov a and e, e and i, o and a: no wonder if ov o direct and depreſſive (o and oo), ov oo and ou; i, oi, and ei; hwich laſt, dho not Ingliſh, waz a Gaulic and Greek dipthong. Hence hear we, in colloquial Scotch, mare uttered mere, blaze bleze, complain compleen, entertain enterteen: widh weigh wee, weight, litterally wacht; figguratively wite, raddher Gaulicly weit, in dhe load ov blame: ſo receiv reſave, or Frenchly recéve; repriev reprive, retriev retrive; ly lee, child, familliarly chield (or chiel) in dhe figgurative ſenſe ov fellow; ſlow ſlaw, ſloe ſlae; more mare, home hame; cave cove, rave rove, lake, loch, or lough; az low and dough (truly dow) wer Scottiſhly laigh and daigh. So board boord, o'r our, looſe louſe, and louſe looſe; brew brow, and brow broo, like dhou dhoo, or foul and fowl, fool: alſo fire, foir, or (Welchly) feir. By ſuch chainges hav we ſeen dhe Ingliſh ſtraw becom ſtrew, dhen ſtrow; chew (Scottiſhly chow widh dhe dipthong) now chaw; ſhew and ſew, now ſhow and ſow, widh dhe true vowel and ſervile) fearles ov coincidene. So became dhe annimal, wonce ew, yoe, or yow widh no dipthong. Not onely hav oo, and ew, prooved dhe Scottiſh ou. Au or aw, iz dhe Scotch, az dhe German dipthong: witnes thaw or author, emitted outhor and thow. Nay hope may be herd houp, even leap loup; az, on dhe oddher hand, dhe brow ov a hil iz a brae, and a ſpout makes dhe Scottifh ſpate, ſwel or inundacion. Oil haz alſo overflowed into' oul; az edher, not onely into' adher (and idher), but even into' oudher. SECCION II. DHE INTERCHAINGE OV SHUT SOUNDS. IN like manner dhe ſhut vowels brauden, or vary, in dhe ſcale ov affinnity: az ten becoms Scottiſhly tan, ſo tan rizes into' ton or taun ſhort. Teen ſhutting dhe ſame vowel in tin, tin varies into' ten. So glyn proovs glen; din, and even dun, den; nit and nut, net; poot and pit, pet; pet, pat; pat, pot; pot, poat (ſhort), and ſo on. Evvery ſound becoms dhus anoddher (almoaſt anny oddher) ſound: hwip hwop, lodge ludge; trudge, trodge; joggel, juggel or ſhuggel; joſtel, juſtel; ruſtel, riſtel; ſummer and winter, ſemmer and wonter. Nay lacking haz becom lucken, chic chuc; cluc (or cloc) clac; murk, mark; dank, dunk; hang, heng; channel, chenguel, dhe gravvel from dhe bed ov a rivver. Hwile defference retained dhe falſe face ov deference, no wonder dhe Scots, inſted ov opening dhe apparently open Ingliſh e, (hwich dhey knew not) called in the French é, to' dheir déference. Nor indeed hay dhey anny objeccion to' dhe calling ov French aid; ov hwich dhey hav thaught ſo often to' avail dhemſelvs. Againſt dhe Ingliſh oo (hweddher ſimpel, or licquidly articculated in u) and a ſlender, dhe ſoddhern Scots hav garded dheir dialect widh u and é, equally French; dhe former ov hwich dhe nordhern found az forrain, az did dhe Ingliſh. Hwile Eddinburrough, dherfore, uttered boath ſhoo and ſhe, Frenchly chu; Abberdeen joined Ingland to' prezerv dhem; dho vulgarly emitting boath, ſhee: won pronouncing dhus, rood and rude, alike rude French; dhe oddher, like rid or reed Ingliſh. BUT dhe Scottiſh ſound, dhat ſwallows all dhe reſt, open or ſhut; iz (au) dhe univerſal a braud, and firſt ov all vowels in oddher tungs. Dhus doo main, ſaint, brave, dare, near; ow, crow, old, fold; far, ſtep, wet, quit, ſix, and ruſh; proov in true (dhat iz, braud) Scotch, mawn, ſaunt, braw, daur, naur, aw, craw, auld, fauld; faur; but ſhort az ſhnt, dhe braud, ſtap, wat, quat, ſax, (now oftener ſex) and raſh. Own waz dherfore awn, are ain; az wad preceded dhe Scotch (and Yorkſhere) wod; dhe now London-wood, wonce would. World cool not but be warld, and work wark. Worſe waz war, hwile war waz weir. Yet, az oppozite borderers interchainge aw and ow; dhe Scots making ſlow ſlaw, and dhe Cumbrians law low: we ſaw dhe former make diſtinctively low laigh, and dough (truly dow) daigh; dhat law and daw might keep inviolate. So, hwen dhe verb afterward ſtrew, now ſtrow, waz ſtraw; dhe noun became Scottiſhly ſtrae; if not raddher Frenchly, ſtré. Hwile dhe ſoddhern Scots varied blue (or dhe French bleu) into' blae, hwence dhe Scotch blate (from dhe particippial blaet) and dhe Ingliſh bleak; dhe nordhern ſlendered, Auguſt into' Aguſt, and becauz into' becaze; widh dhe like. But iz not a braud dhe vowel, dhat moaſt natturally opens dhe human mouth? and hav not dhe dialects ov Grece ſet dhe Brittiſh dhe exampel ov interchainge? Did not the Ionnic turn θαυμα (thayma or thauma) into' θαϋμα, thoyma, dhe now French thoüma? dhe Dorric, ϖρω̃τοϚ (prôtos) into' ϖρα̃τοϚ (prâtos), and τέμνω (temno) into'τάμνω (tamno)? Did not dhe Eollic (hwence dhe Abberdeeniſh) chainge ύ̒ϖαρ (hypar, Frenchly hupar) into' .ί̔ϖαρ (hipar; in Ingliſh ſound, dho not in Ingliſh Greek, hepar); and ύ̒λη (hyle), Dorrically ύ̒λα (hyla); ſwelling dhe aſpiracion to' ſibbilacion, and inſerting dhe Digamma (Ϝ), gennerate σιλϜα, dhe prototype and parent ov dhe Lattin ſilva? SECCION III. DHE INTERCHAINGE OV OPEN AND SHUT SOUNDS. NOT more fatal, or les frequent, iz dhe interchainge ov vowels, dhan dhat ov dheir reſpective quantity: ſo eſſencially ar dhe Ingliſh open and ſhut ſounds from each oddher. Az if in circa oppoziſcion to' dhe language ov LONDON, dhe Scottiſh dialect opens dhe ſhut, and ſhuts dhe open vowels; dhat iz, beſide altering dhe eſſence, prolongs dhe ſhort, and ſhortens dhe long ſounds. I. Dhe ſhut vowels open. DHUS canal, rebel, extol, fifteen, April and reſpit, (reſſpit) open into' canawl, rebahl, extoll; and, widh inverted ſtres, fifeteen, Aprile, reſpite. So poor next, jeſt (and even joiſt), arreſt and ſtretch, becom neiſt, jeeſt, arreeſt and ſtreech; and, hwile a wel braudens into' a wal; dhe adverb wel ſhuts into' wil; az doz dhe verb ſhel into' ſhil (peas or beans). Dhus pebbel became pebel, lord, laird; reward, rewaird; regard, regaird; garden gairden, az yard yaird, and dazzel dazel. So crag, nag, and ſtag opened into' craig, naig, and ſtaig; in oddher orthoggraphy, crague, nague, ſtague. Alas! prooved more deplorabel in alace! and want extended even to' wan't, waz not. Braud Scotch iz but braud, az old Ingliſh: Lodhian and Devvonſhere agree in maiſter, for maſter (maſſter.) But dhe Ingliſh outbrauden dhe Scotch pezzants in licquefying myaiſter. Lad and tic (ticking), hop and ſop, horſe and worſe, ſum widh ſwim, plumb and thumb; ſup (eat ſupper, widh ſweep), ſuc, pluc (pimpel), jug and ſpunge; ſimmilarly, dho variouſly, expanded into' laud and tike (tiking), houp, ſoup, hoarſe, woarſe; ſoom, ploom, thoom, ſoop, ſook, plook, joog and ſpoonge. Judge varied into' juge, widh at leaſt dhe French vowel: but. nordherly, into' jege, widh e Ingliſh. Duc ſo became duke; and varying ezily dhe licquefaccion into' dhe aſpiracion, engendered a jook for a bow. Dhus had dhe Eollic ſquezed dhe ſlender vowel into' dhe ſimpel (if not dhe aſpirate) ſibbilacion ov διαβαλλειν (diaballein) in ζαβάλλειν (zaballein or dſaballein). Hence it iz dhat dhoze ov dhe North, hoo ſhut not propperly dhe former vowel ov umbel; and cannot, like dhe ſoddherns, adopt dhe French u; ſtrain to' open and aſpirate it in humebel, or natturalize it in hemel. Rip and ſip open Scottiſhly into' ripe and ſipe; but dhis ripe goes ſomtimes a ſtep beyond ripping; at leaſt into' ſerching, if not rifelling. To' ſipe iz to' ſoke thro', az a licquid, dhat makes its way. To' ſynd (rince) and wynd (bend) ſeem varriacions ov ſend and ov dhe old wend; az iz tryſte (appoint or appointment) ov dhe prezzent truſt. Ruſt Scottiſhly ſwels into' rooſt, hwile dhe Ingliſh rooſt (Scottiſhly) dwindels dhe oo into' dhe French ſimpel vowel (u). Regret, opening, alters to' an Ingliſh ear, dhe vowel and dhe idea in regrate; hwich iz not onely grate aguen but a cloſe compannion ov foreſtall. Laſh, on dhe oddher hand, varies a ſhut into' e open in leaſh, hwich iz indeed Ingliſhly, a combination ov three. 2. Dhe open vowels ſhut. Az ſacredly doo dhe Scots ſhut dhe Ingliſh open. vowels; uttering, raddher innering, (or ſhutting, dho braudening) make, take, braik, crane, trade and blade; mak, tak, brak, cran, trad; and blad, in dhe Gauliſh ſenſe ov piece, in anny oddher, bléd, widh dhe French vowel. Dhe ſame dialect, dhat braudens dhe ſlender, ſlenders dhe braud. Dhus dhe Inghiſh bald and alder, (ſtil herd, az wonce ſeen, bauld and aulder) ſhut, Scottiſhly, dhe ſtrong vowel ov ballance or canal. Reggular iz dhen dhe inverſion, or interchainge, ov open and ſhut ſounds. Az crane and crag becom cran and craig; ſo mapel and appel, mappel and apel; cradel and ſaddel, craddel and ſadel. Hwile a lady muſt dhus proov a laddy; lad, alreddy laud, forms dhe ezy diminnutive laudy. Hware dhe quantity keeps equal, dhe Ingliſh braud vowel becoms dhe Scottiſh ſlender; and, on dhe contrary. Az brave iz braw, dawdel iz dadel. If dhe Scots vary acquaint into' acquent, more warrantably braudening dhe varied vowel in dhe North, dhan ſlendering it in dhe South; certain counties ov Ingland continnue it (at dhis day) acquoint, az dho but juſt ſprung from accointer. Boath ſides dhe Tweed hav been miſled, howevver differently, by dhe appearance ov quality; dhe Ingliſh into' wrong quallity, often ſlendering dhe braud ſhut vowel; dhe Scots, into' falſe quantity, opening and extending dhe braud ſound. Water (for wauter) haz drawn all Scotland into' watter (won ov dhe Teutonnic emiſſions); but dhe pezzants ov Lodhian, into' dhe true reading (dhence ſpeaking) ov dhe falſe picture: for Lodhian-pezzants can read! But ov London-ſcollars, how manny hav been provoked onely unto' rath, by like juſt cauz; hwen, wroth (roth) az dhey wer, dhey might ſinleſly hav poured out dhcir wrauth (rauth)! Simmilarly doo dhe Scots ſhut and ſhorten dhe oddher open and long vowels: making ſeen, ſin; clean, clin; peat, pit; peach, pitch; beach and beech, bitch; mete az wel az met, mat; az dhe Inglifh mat runs into' mot, dhat iz, maut ſhort; hwile dhe Scottiſh maut, long, melts onely dhe licquid ov malt. So gleede, glad; gripe, grep; ſtripe, (no les dhan ſtrip) ſtrep; ſmite, figguratively ſmet; dho litterally ſmeit, widh dhe Gaulic dipthong; climb dherfore (dhe Ingliſh coincident ov clime) clem; blind, blend; rote, rot; coat, cot; huge, hudge. But duke retains dhe licquid in dyuc; hwen he plays not hiz parent, dhe French duc. Dhus ar dhe Ingliſh duke and duc Scottiſhly interchainged. 3. OV INTERCHAINGED LICQUEFACCION. DHE Scots, naming dhe vowel forrainly oo, nevver prefix dhe licquefier, but hware dhey ſhood not. Hence book iz byook, byuc, or (Frenchly) buc; and rebuke, rebook, rebyuc, or (French-like) rebuc. No wonder dhe ſoddhern Scots adopt dhe French vowel in cure and curious, if ſo manny Ingliſh provincials drop dhe licquefaccion in dhe blunt coor and coorious, or even coorous. If dhe Inglifh hav hiddherto' expected coosſhon or cooſſion, from cuſhion; dheir neighbors may az wel (but, alas! no better) think to' bring dhe town ov Coopar, from Cupar. Dhe former ſtil hugs occular ſafety in her apparent diſtinccion from Cooper, propper or appellative; impoſſibel az it iz for Couper or Cowper to' paint dhis word, except in French or Scotch. Evverihware indeed hav untutored (raddher untuned or untoned) organs been in dainger ov interchainging dhe due prezzence, and dhe due abſence, ov licquefaccion. Dhe vulgar Ingliſh drop it, not onely in dhe provvinces: in dhe cappital doo we hear Look, bloo, rool,:trooth, noo, toon, doo, dook, ſoo; for Luke, blue, rule, truith, new, tune, due and dew, duke, ſue; and dhe like. Wel may in ſuch moudhs dhe dellicate invizzibel proov alſo inaudibel, after a pallatal (c or g) articculating a ſhut, for ur, or i open: az in card, gard; ſkirt, guird; kind ſky: hwich muſt be duly herd (dho not ſeen) kyard, and ſo on. From dhe ſame clas, or (if poſſibel) a lower, may be evvery day herd dhe no les nauſeating inſercion: in tyoo, dyoo; kyow, kyount, and gyownd (g keeping hard), for two, doo, cow, count, gown, and dhe like. But dheze vulgarrities nevver hav reached Scotland; dho dhare az in Yorkſhere, gang or gyang (for go) ar not quite expelled dhe colloquial. Nedher hav foo and voo, for few and vew, bewrayed anny oddher dhan perhaps an Eaſt-Anguel. Thurifferous Thule (and for aught we know, ſhe may be thurifferous) iz happily too poettic to' endainger common utterance, more dhan Thucyddides, hoos firſt vowel iz in febel jeppardy. Dhe ſame rank, or rank rankleſnes, vies in dhe two kingdoms, hweddher Scottiſh clowns ſhal prefix dhe ſlender licquefier to' a and e, or Ingliſh dhe braud to' o iniſcial. From dhoze dherfore muſt ſtil be expected ya, yen, yale or yel, yabel yebbel, yerth, yeternity; for a, an (ainciently, az Greekly, ane; dhe indeffinite repprezentative ov one, hwich now iz won; ale, abel, erth, eternity. In Ingland may be ſimmilarly herd yerth and yerb, for erth and erb; no les dhan Wo and Wokingham, for O, and Oakingham or Okingham. So, on won ſide dhe Tweed, bygame, on dhe oddher hwome, iz home; but myaiſter, or dhe like, iz hoally Ingliſh. Such licquefaccions wil not interrupt dhe proggres ov dhe plough, nor terrify dhe innocents dhat draw it; but ſhal Ingland evver hear (hwat Scotland cood nevver) in dhe poolpit, Wo Lord! have mercy upon us — If dhere be any virtue, if dhere be any praiſe (if not pre-yaſe) think on dhe-yaſe things: for O Lord! hav mercy upon us — Finally, breddhren, if dhare be anny vertue, if dhare be anny praiz, think on dheze things. 4. DHE CONSEQUENT CONFUZION. INFINITE muſt be dhe confuzion from dhe Scottiſh interchainge (or coincidence) ov different or even oppozite vowels; dhe interchainge ov pike and pic, titel and tittel, az ov duke and duc; dhe coincidence ov wake and walk; walks, wakes and wax; take, and tac, almoaſt widh talk; bade and bad, almoaſt widh bawd; ſcarc and ſcar, boath uttered ſcaur; hope and hop, ſope and ſop, note, knot, and not; coat and cot, rode, road, and rod, toad and tod, cloke and cloc, or dhe like; dhe vocal gradacion ov peat, pit, pet, pat; into' pit, pet, pat, pot: like dhe Ingliſh jargonnic ſat out for ſet out; or interchainge ov ſet and ſit, lay and ly. If came and cam be equally diſtinct from calm; dhe laſt, prolonging a ſlender ſhut, cannot alſo prolong a braud, more dhan can a ſlender open be interchainged widh a ſlender ſhut prolonged. Calm cannot dhen be caum, pſalm cannot chime widh ſhawm, nor alms and aums coincide. Salvacion ſimmilarly can no more be ſtrained into' ſalvahcion, dhan into' ſalvaucion. CHAPTER II. VARIED ARTICULACION. SECCION I. By Redundance and Defiſcience. FROM retenſion, inſercion, mutilacion, or chainge ov confonants, muſt dhe organnic part ov Scotticiſm arize. From eſclat (now éclat) came ſclate, now ſlivvered into' ſlate. Expreſſively doo dhe Scots ſharpen pin into' prin, az dheir own thiſtel into' thriſtel; and ſubſtitute dhe agent ov tinkel widh dhe prodgeny ov dhe scotch frequentative kittel, in tinkeller or tinkler and kittelling or kitling, for dhe now Ingliſh tinker and kitten. Dhis dialect, fearing no coincidence, tranſpozes ticket alſo into' kittel; if indeed it be not, in edher ſenſe, dhe ofspring ov chatouiller; ſtramp, ſimmilarly renders ſtamp more ſtriking; az prin (diſdaining pin, épine and épingle) claims relacion to' dhe German prim, raddher dhan to' dhe French brin, or even to' dhe Gaulic bir, hwich lends dhe Scottiſh bir, ſharpnes. Pirn, hwirl or hworl, ſounds dhe twirling prodgeny ov dhis piercing parent. So ſprings dhe Ingliſh ſparrowgras, from Aſparagus; hwich, to' be Ingliſh itſelf, muſt appear Aſparragus. IF dhe Ingliſh keep an impracticabel k, g, or w, in know, gnaw, and write; hware dhe onneſt Scots hav long labored (widh hwatevver ſucces) to' render dhoze iniſcials effective; unwilling to' debaſe ſo reſpectable raddicals into' mere ſymbols ov deſcent, or enſigns ov diſtinccion; dhe ſame North-Brittons, fond ov evvery harmony, hav begged a leve dhey hav not obtained on boath ſides dhe Tweed; ov ſinking anoddher pallatal, a ſibbilacion, and a dental, in cream, ſneze, and thwac; hwich in ream, neze and hwauk, dhey wood gladly diſembarras ov won iniſcial articulacion. Not dhat dhey diſlike anny won ov dhe three combinacions, but dhe laſt: az dheir verry cruds (for curds) and ſnod ſnood (u French), ſmug fillet, (from neud and eſneudê, like dheze from nodus and énodis) evince. Dhat dhey by s final after n, az wel az iniſcial before it, appears in dheir law-verb ſummons, hwich dhey bring widh dhe noun from ſemonce. Dhis parent hints to' Ingliſh Anallogy (hoos ear ſuffices to' tell it) dhat ſummonce iz her noun, dhho her verb ſummon be no les duly drawn from ſemondre. Dhe ſame fredom, dhat Ingliſh Anallogy haz uzed widh parrentage in diſmis and diſmiſſion, howevver obſervant ov letters dimmiſſory; Scotch haz les allowedly claimed in diſgeſt and diſgeſtion (for digeſt and digeſtion), widhout renouncing all regard to' a digeſt. Dhat dhe aincients, for real or ſuppozed harmony, added and elided conſonants particcularly dentals, and eſpeſcially dhe ſibbilacion; iz no news to' dhe converſant in anticquity. Dhat won polliſhed pepel employed upon occazion εϊ (ei) for εϊς (eis), and anoddher vin' for viſne; iz az wel known, az dhat boath Ionians and Eolians were apt to ſay μιλαξ (milax) for σμιλαξ (ſmilax), ϰεδαζω (cedazo, dhat iz kedadzo) for σϰεδαζω (ſcedazo), and dhat μαραγδος (marngdos) waz dhe ſmoodh preddeceſſor az parent, boath ov σμαραγδος (ſmaragdos) and ov dhe Lattin ſmaragdus. If dhe Scots ſmoodhed of dhe g ov glum and glib in lum, chimney, and lib caſtrate; az from dhe French figgurative gris, hwen ree became diſguized in liccor: dhe Ingliſh were dooing dhe like to' dhe Teutonnic parent ov reve, dhat remains in dhe ſimpel ſurname, az wel az in dhe compound poartreve; hwen dhe Scots reſtored dhe iniſcial to' dheir truſty overſeer or baily, greve; hoo vouched hiz relacion to' dhe burgrave, margrave, and even landgrave, ov Germany. Dhe Scots muſt howevver be owned inclinabel to' ſuppres dhe guttural after dhe dental, and ſo to' ſimplify away dhe nazal ſound. Dhus hear we Launton and Monton (Munton) for Langton and Monkton; moarnen and murnen, for morning and moarning: hwence dhe Scottiſh Shibboleth ov lenth and ſtrenth, for length and ſtrength. Nor can aught proov more ſallutary to' Calledonians, boath for ſenſe and for ſound, dhan dhe frequent and attentive reppetiſcion ov dhe awfool cupplet: Dhe yong diſeze, dhat muſt ſubdue at length, Grows widh our growth, and ſtrengthens widh our ſtrength. DHEY hoo (muſt) ſpeak by dhe eye, cannot be (much) blamed for ſaying but wonce, hwat dhey ſee but wonce; nor dhe Scots dhen, for emitting anguel, angling, Ingland, or anguer, finguer, lintuer, longer, hungrier, yonger; ang-ling inſted ov ang-guel, ang-gling, and dhe reſt; or even angry language, ang-ry lang-age, inſted ov ang-gry lang-gwage; and dhe like. Dhey cannot by dhe appearance know (nor doo dhe Ingliſh gennerally know, dho dhey practiſe it) dhat dhe dental licquid (n) before edher (power ov dhe) pallatal (k or g) acquires in itſelf dhe nazal ſound, or becoms equivvalent to' ng; dhat dherfore ancor, anker, banker, ar vertually angcor, angker, bangker; az hanger and Bangor, ar hangguer and Banggor; or az bank, brink, conk, trunk, ar bangk, and ſo on. Dhus it waz dhat dhe French nazal n aſſumed alſo dhe g, til Anallogy found dhe guttural might be underſtood; hwich it cannot be in Ingliſh, unles before anoddher: and dhus did ung bong ſouveraing, long precede un bon ſouverain. Dhe Greeks, on dhe contrary, dropping (if evver dhey aſſumed) dhe dental (ν, n), retained dhe guttural (γ g), before anoddher ſimpel or aſpirate (γ, ϰ, or χ, g, k, or kh; Lattinly c, or ch): εγγυς, αγϰυρα, αγχω; (engys, ancyra, ancho; vertually enggys, angkyra, angkho). Dhus iz τεγγω (tengo) tingo, je teins (wonce teings), I tincture or tinge. Obzervabel it iz howevver, dhat no nazallity takes place in dhe Ingliſh compounds ov un, in, or con; az uncommon, inclement, concord, congregate. Congregacion iz dherfore nedher cong-gregacion, nor cong-regacion; but con-gregacion. In and con brought dhus no nazallity from dhe Lattin; but conker continnues (vertually) congker in Ingliſh, az it waz in conquérir. Conker and coquer may wel be ſuppozed to' hav dhe ſame nazallity. DHE Ingliſh neſceſſarily drop dhe reallity, and ſhood dhe appearance, ov dhe pent aſpirate in twelfth and twelvmonth; hware dhe eye, az wel az ear, might be ſatisfied widh twelth and twelmonth. But dhe Scotch hav no ſuch rezon, nor indeed anny rezon, for dropping it from ſelf and ſelvs: az dhe Ingliſh r ov marl, melting in Marlburrough (Maulburrow), can be no warrant for dhe Scottiſh ſuppreſſion ov dhe r ov ginger in gingerbred; hwich nevver cood be gingebread. Dhe Scotch doo indeed, az littel az dhe French, lov cluſtering conſonants in dhe cloze. Peculiarly ar dhey dherfore apt to' drop dhe final dental, after a ſhutting conſonant: ſaying ac, corrup, temp; acs, corrups, temps; for act, corrupt, tempt (hwich can be but temt); for acts, corrupts, tempts, and dhe like. Hwen dherfore dhe Ingliſh to' dhe French tyran added a dental in tyrant, dhe old allies ov dhe French kept dhe word tyrran. So, after l, or n, dhe nordhern Scots drop d final; ſaying aul commauns for old commands. Dhey dhus call dheir boddhy, or littel boodh, ſomtimes a ſhiel for a ſhield; and ſay Dunkel (ſtrong on dhe latter), hware dhey ſee Dunkeld. So ſay dhey Lin, and by better rezon, Linzay, for Lind and Lindſay; az dhe Ingliſh, by ſimmilar cognation, ſink dhe final ov dhe dhence coincident limb and limn; and boath nations, for won cauz, dhe febel final in ſuch az Hammond and Drummond. Ov dhe Ingliſh ſpank (ſmac), dhe Scotch retain ſpang (ſpring). Az much les tollerabel, an les accountabel, iz dhe Ingliſh (truly vulgar!) addiſcion ov dhe dental to' wonce, ſermon, gown, drown, ſcollar, batchelor; in wonſt, ſermont, gownd, drownd, ſcollard, batcheldor, or dhe like; hwich, in dhe groce mouth ov Ignorance, ballances dhe lerned Apocope by Paragoge. It iz indeed dhe ſame lov ov eze, and interchainged offiſciouſnes ov frends, dhat makes dhe Ingliſh hear pennant, Lunnun, Grennich, Berric, Durram; dho dhey ſee pendant, London, Grenwich, Berwic, Durham; and dhe Scots les warranted) ſay, in dhe North, cenner or thunner; and evvenhware, temmer, nummer, tummel, ſoorroc, for cinder, thunder, timber, number, tumbel, ſourdoc, or dhe like. In dhis manner doo dhe Scots turn dhe French l'ambre into' lammer or laumer, for dhe Ingliſh amber; hwence, by dhe electric power ov Proſtheſis, doo dhe ſame verry magiſcians caſt a glaumer (or enchantment) over dhe eyes; probbably productive ov dhe ſecond-- ſight. Simmilarly ezy, and totally French, iz dhe Scotch rejeccion ov dhe brand licquefier in dhe lang-or ov lang-age, for dhe languor ov language (vertually, dhe langgwor ov langgwage). SECCION II. BY INTERCHAINGE. DHAT dhe licquids ar evverihware interchaingeabel, we hav had ampel occazion to' obzerv. If dhe Ingliſh hav ſtrikingly improoved dhe French, Lattin, and even Greek harmony, in dhe deſcending gradacions ov μαρμαρος (marmaros), marmor, marbre, marbel; πορφυρα (porphyra), purpura, pourpre, purpel; dhey, dhat hav ears to' hear, muſt own hware mellody flows, ov croupiere, crupper, and curpel, dho dhe laſt be Scotch; hwich, az dhe Ingliſh chainges Willy, widh a ſtronger cauz chainges broddher, into' Billy. Vulgar Ingliſh turns obſtrepperous and chimney, into' obſtroppalous and chimley; Scotch tranſmutes dhe French grenier and eſtanceon (now étançon) into guirnel, grannary; and ſtainſhel, window-- bar, chiefly ov iron. Yet Vulgarrity's earleſnes wil ſomtimes diſgrace dhe moaſt melliffluous dialects (inter ſtrepit anſer olores, dhe gooſe wil cackel mid dhe ſwans): dhe ſame degree ov polliſh, or privacion ov it (if privacion admit ov degrees) guivs dhe luſcious allablaſter, for allabaſter, at London; and dhe grating Arburthnot for Arbuthnot, at Eddinburrough. DHAT N and M ar too nearly related to' combine, or even to' meet widhout ſtifnes; limneſt and inmoaſt aſcertain. RL ar happy to' meet, and happy to' part; az in purl and purling. LR can ſcarce doo edher: mark but ſurly Ulric! R, dhus preceding ezily, can hardly ſuccede, anoddher licquid. From ruf, dhe organs run to' ſmoodh; not from ſmoodh to' ruf. Hence dhe Ingliſh tendency to' dilate Henry into' Hennery; and dhe Scotch inſercion ov dhe dental, hwich harmoniouſly dividing, unites dhe licquids, in Hendry hwence Henderſon. Nor did dhis inſertive ſo much pleze Ettymollogy, by almoaſt reſtoring Hendrich (Rich-hand); az exemplify dhe principal, dhat contracted ανερος (aneros), not into' ανρος (anros), but ανδρος (andros). Harry prooving dhus az nattural, az Hal and Hally ar ſweet; Harriot or Harriet, aſſumed dhe ſtronger ſyllabel ov dhe French diminnutive ending; hwile Henny became dhe Scottiſh endearer ov Henrietta. FROM dhe ſketch ov articculating interchainge prezented in dhe former Vollume (p. 72 and foll.) we cannot wonder at dhe Scottiſh tranſmutacion, ov ſhab and ſhabby into' ſham and ſhan; or ov guizzard, ſpark, lemman, and Ninnian, into' guizzern (even gooſehorn); ſpunk, lemmer and Ringan. Charm or chirp might wel run into' chirm; if indeed dhe chiourme or ϰελευσμα (keleuſma) waz not dhe parent. If garter produced, in Scottiſh mellody, gairten; might not Tartars produce dhe Highland Tartan, az dhe Scots (or Picts) hav by ſom been drawn from Scythians, ov hoom dhe Tartars ar a tribe? Dhe Medditerranean Tartan, widh her triangular ſail, cool hardly impoart it; dho taroté, hwich checkers now notthing but a card, may hav formerly checkered oddher things. Dhat Melvil, Colvil, and Bannantyne, ſhood glide into' Colvin and Ballantine; we hav elſehware perceived az nattural, az dhat Colonel ſhood becom Curnel, or baluſtre banniſter. Dhat dhe verb muſt ſhood hav evver been Scottiſhly man (az Ye man doo'd, u French, for yoo muſt doo it) ſeems indeed an ſurprizing, az dhat dhe old le mouſt (now moût) dhe noun muſt, ſhood evver hav lngliſhly run into' lambs wool; hwich beats far dhe chainge ov Aſparagus (herd Aſparragus) into' Sparrow-gras; or dhe ellegant, az elliptical, gras! Notthing can be more dialectically incident, dhan dhe interchainge ov direct and depreſſive. If, from unmoddelled, or unmoddulated moudhs, may be ſtill herd at London padrole, pardner, prizes, for patrole, partner, prices, and dhe like; it cannot ſurprize, if dhe ſame rank in Scotland guiv blaſh, barley, cabtain, luvtennant, ſteve, boddom, gowk, haggabag; Zion, uz, elz, caze, baze, rize, doze, excuze, moroze, precize (if not preceze dezign: choiz, rejoiz, Namzy, Dezember, Prezentor, egzit; for plaſh, parley, captain, lieftennant, ſtif, bottom, coocoo, huccabac; Sion, us, elſe, caſe, baſe, riſe, doſe, excuſe, moroſe, preciſe, deſign; choice, rejoice, Nancy, December, Precentor, exit, dhat iz ecſit. But dhe direct ſinks not oftener into' dhe depreſſive, dhan dhe depreſſive rizes into' dhe direct, particcularly in Scotland az in Wales, in dhe Celtic or Gaulic manner. Az Taffy Etwarts, and Tonnel Tingwal, for Davy Edwards, and Donnald (or Donnel) Dingwal; ſo crabbet attercap, for crabbed addercap: widh ſuch az tike and cruif, wardrop; ſniffel and ſiſſer, for dog and groov, wardrobe, ſnivvel and ſeizer. Dhus hav dhe Gaulic gleicein and pig gennerated dhe Scotch clacking (ſhittelcoc) and dhe lngliſh bake: hwence pigs and piggery became dhe Scottiſh bak't (or erthen) ware. Az (gar) lent dhe French car, perhaps dhe Scotch (and old Ingliſh) verb gar; ſo grille and galant hav prooved dhe parents, not onely ov dhe Ingliſh gril and gallant; but ov dhe Scotch cril (pannier), callant (lad, ſpark); and gagui, ov boath dhe Ingliſh and Scottiſh gawky: hwich latter, like dhe parent, iz onely female, hwile dhe former extends to' boath ſexes. So dhe French chocolat produced dhe Ingliſh choccolate, and dhe Scotch jaucolate; hwile from hoche-pot aroze dhe Scottiſh hotch-potch and dhe Ingliſh hodge-podge. In like manner, dhe Scottiſh mynt (aim) may hav been a varriarion ov mynde (now mind); if not dhe child ov μυνομαι (mynomai) I aim, az dhis ov μνω (myo), I wink or peer. Affinnity ov articulacion, accounts ezily for dhe chainge ov us to' uz, az to' as; if to' iv, ov to' of; nay ov trubbel and bungel, to' drummel and bummel; and even ov ſuſtian to' buſtin; no cognacion being cloſer, and ſo no tranſiſcion more frequent in all tungs, dhan dhat ov ſimpel and aſpirate. Hence dhe Scottiſh offiſher for officer, and ſal for ſhal; laddher for ladder, plezer for plezzure, and dhe like. But doo not molded Inghliſh organs utter Ba-thurſt or Bah-thurſt for Bat-hurſt, natturally Batturſt; and Peter-ſham for Peters-ham, dhat iz, Peterſam; and hav not all Ingliſh, az all French, organs loſt dhe power ov dhe guttural aſpirate; ſaying Baccus and Buccan, for dhe old Bacchus and Bucchan But, if non ov dhe aincient languages can widhout dhis power be red, az dhey were ſpoken (widh it); and if manny livving languages prezerv it inviolate; dhe Scotch and Iriſh or dubbly intereſted to' gard dhe power dhey yet pozes, in dhe bold guttural emiſſion ov at leaſt dheir primmitive names: Drogheda, Auchtermuchty, and dhe reſt. AFFINNITY may lend a key to' dhe old Scotch phraze Peteech us too! hwich ſeems but a varriacion ov Beſeech we too! az Ingliſh Vulgarrity ſtil interchainges dhe leading and led pronouns in ſhal us doo it? for ſhal we doo it? Dhus read we in Dhe Gentel Shepherd: Peteech us too! an weel a wat, dhat's true, Awaw, Awaw! dhe De'il'z our gret woh yoo. Beſeech we Hevv'n! and wel I wot 'tiz true. Away, Away! Old Nic'z o'r grait widh yoo. So ſanter varied into' dander, and hwiſk into' hwid hwence dhe Scotch frequentative hwitter, and its diminnutive agent hwitteret, dhe wezel. But untutored utterance confines not interchainge to' articulations ov dhe ſame clas or organ. Dhe ſame vowel iz differently articculated in dhe Ingliſh peep, dhe Scotch and Dutch keek and dhe infantine teet; dhe dental being ezier, dhence erlier, dhan dhe pallatal articulation. Brittiſh, az wel az French, pezzants on dhe contrary, often evince adheir maturity, by uzing dhe harder for dhe ezier, no les dhan dhe ezier for dhe harder emiſſion. Dhus hear we from Gallic Ruſtiſcity, amiquié, for amitié; az from Calledonian, quonty for twenty; and twolt for quilt Braik ſeems indeed to' hav formed bruckel, are dhis refined into' brittel; but hankel prooved an ezy corrupcion ov hantel, hwich Scottiſhly abbreviated handfool, az did cartel cartfool. Fecles dhus varied featles, in dhe ſenſe ov hwat dhe Scotch name alſo dooingles. By oppozite chainge proovs carracter carratter in (dhe ov) Scotland, az climacterric climaterric in Ingland, and Connecticut Connetticut in Amerrica. Ireland precludes dhis varriacion by dhe more daingerous won, ov enfoarcing dhe penultimate in carracter. No wonder cognate aſpirates undergo dialectic interchainge, az ſhop and chop; if evver dhe labial aſpirate run into' dhe fibbilacion, az wel az dhe dental into' dhe pallatal mute; if ſo dhe Ingliſh evvet, or eft, became transformed into' dhe Scottith eſk. Nor waz dhis transformacion more wonderfool dhan dhat ov an evvet into' an ewt, hwich no les natturally drew dhe (now uſeles) dental ov dhe artikel into' dhe articulacion ov dhe noun, in a newt. DHAT aſpirates, no les dhan mutes, even ov different organ, hav been in all languages interchaingeabel; appears equally from dhe Greek and dhe Brittiſh dialects. Az dhe Dorians interchainged alſo T and K, uzing τε̃ινος or τηνος (teînos or tênos) and τοϰα (toca) for εϰε̃ινος (ekeinos) and τοτε (tote); dhe Eolians chainged ϑλβω (thlibo) into' φλιβω (flibo), and from φυρα (thyra) lent dhe Lattins fora. Nor can Anallogy dout dhat, χλοα or χλοη (chloa or chloe) produced flos; or dhat dhe Lattins (az now dhe French and Ingliſh, witnes our laf, wonce laugh) preferred dhe ſmoodhnes ov dhe labial, to' dhe rufnes ov dhe guttural aſpirate. Dhis ſhe haz indeed from no les authorrity, dhan dhat ov Flora herſelf: CHLORIS eram, quae FLORA vocor: corrupta Latino Nominis eſt noſtri littera Graeca ſono. Ov. Faſt. V. 195. CHLORIS I waz, hoo FLORA now am crown'd: My Greek name dwindels to' dhe Lattin ſound. Az ſurelv dhus did χωρις (choris) gennerate foris; az did dhis dhe French fors and hors; hwence our compounder ov forguet and forgo. NOT onely haz dhe guttural, but dhe dental, often yielded to' dhe ezier labial aſpirate. So became dhe old ſwidhe fwive, hwence ſwift: not to' mencion dhe tendency ov dhe low Ingliſh to' Redriph and loph, inſted ov Roddherhith and loth; az ov dhe low Scotch to' Foorſday (u French), or Feerſday (in dhe North) for Thurſday. But no dialectic tendency can be ſtronger, dhan dhat ov interchainging ſimpel and aſpirate. Nor waz it more nattural for dhe Lattin Mutina, Corduba and Veſontio, to' ſhift into' dhe Itallian Modena, dhe Spanniſh Cordova, and dhe French Beſançon; or dhe Lattin ſebum and ſevum to' proov promiſcuous; dhan for dhe Ingliſh gahp, flap, ſkip, ſtripping, chop, trump; chub, gabel, caldron, Lauder, ladder, udder, conſidder; ſoon, ſcene, ſcience, veſſel, officer, ſerce, mince, wince, ſpruce, greſe, to' becom dhe Scotch gahph or gahf, flaf, ſkif, ſtriffin, choft, trumph, chuf, gavel (hwich iz alſo Ingliſh in anoddher ſenſe); caudhron, Laudher, laddher, uddher, conſiddher; ſhoon (u French), ſhane, ſheence, vesſhel, offiſher, ſerch, minch, wonch, ſprooſh, creaſh; or, on dhe oddher hand, foarth, fifth, tenth; ſhal, ſhood, wiſh, Scotch fasſhion, (or faſſion), to' be herd Scottiſhlyfourt, feft, tant; ſal, ſood (or ſud), wos, Scots faſſon, dropping onely dhe nazallity ov dhe French façon; az doz dhe Ingliſh leſſon, dhat ov dhe French leçon. And doo not dhe Inghiſh vulgar ſay farden, ſrub, dixonary, Indian; and India's; cultaſh, nonpluſh, frontiſhpiece and Poarchmouth; for fardhing, ſhrub, diccionary, engine, Indies; cutlas, nonplus, frontiſpice and Poartſmouth? COMPONENTS precede compounds: dherfore ſimpels aſpirates. Dhe elder dialects dhen continnuing dheir prefference ov dhe former, dhe Scottiſh ſtil lovs even dhe ſimpel guttural, much beyond dhe moddern aſpirate: retaining dhus mac, thac or thic, ſic, birk, keſt, caf cart, calk, ſtreek; rig, brig, fike, dog; for match, thatch, ſuch, birch, cheſt, chaf, chart, chalk, ſtretch; ridge, bridge, fidget, and dodge. Mac may be les reccogniz'd a match, remaining onely in ſuch old phraze az I nevver kenn'd (or kent) hiz mac: I nevver knew hiz fellow. Nor can it be denied, dhat kirk and kirn ar nearer to' Greek orrigin, Κυριου οιϰος (Frenchly Curiou oicos) and ϰιρυαω (kirnao), dhan ar church and churn. So σομφος (ſomphos) ſeems (raddher dhan ſunk) to' hav ſpawned dhe ſumph: for Scotch ſomtimes, thro' lov ov forrain Ettymollogy, prefers dhe aſpirate; az trumph to' trump, for dhe ſake ov triomphe; trump (like trompe) being engaged for dhe Jews-harp. Dhe Scottiſh doof (u French) appears a varriacion ov douf, az dhis ov dow'd (pall'd), hwence dhe Ingliſh dowdy. Dhus trace we dhe Ingliſh ſhriek and ſcreech from dhe Scottiſh ſcriech, az dhis from dhe Gaulle ſgreach, widh dhe ſame guttural aſpirate. So ſcreed, dhe Scottiſh rent or tair, az vizzibly allied to' dhe Celtic ſgrait rag, and to' dhe Ingliſh ſhred; hwich may alſo ſeem dhe contractive ov ſheared. Old Scotch oft inſerted dhe lambent licquid with dhe ſimpel guttural; az in mickel or muckel, ilk, hwilk, for much, each, hwich. Dhe Scotch iddiom, Jon or James ov dhat ilk, implies Jon or James ov titel dhe ſame widh dhe furname. Ilk aſſumed a, hwen harmony ſaught dhe ſyllabel; az on ilka day, and ilka hil; evvery (or each) day, and evvery hil. Milk remained for milch, even in dhe adjective; az in a milk-cow, for a milch-cow. Big, dhe Scotch bear (coarſe barley) ſeems, in dhe ſenſe ov bild, a nearer relacion ov bilge. In dhis anallogy ſwag (if not ſwath) and ſmug, proov dhe parents ov ſwatch (ſampel) and ſmudge (ſmuggel) a ſmile. So ſtrong produced ſtroonge, harſhly ſtrong, or ſtrongly harſh; hwile dhe e, hwich waz often proud to' ad or chainge notthing, left ſpung (fob) and ſpunge, like ſing and ſinge, to' Scottiſh optics and ears, a coincident pair. A lozzenge, dhen appearing but a lozenge, left notthing beſide a lozeng, az dhis (to' dhe ſpurners ov nazallity) a mere lozen, for a pane. SECCION III. DHE VARIOUS SEMBLANCE OV LICQUEFACCION. AMONG dhe cauzes ov articculating chainge, muſt be delticately traced, and clearly aſcertained, dhe ſoarces and ſemblances ov licquefaccion. Dhe ſſlender we ſaw formerly (I. 237) repprezented in Scotland by Z. I and Y wer queſtionles dhe firſt repprezentatives: y wriggelled, not onely into' z, but into' g; hwen i, lengthening into' j, commenced in French dhe ſoft, in Ingliſh dhe hard ſibbilating aſpirate. Dhus dhe French jartiere, and jardin, muſt hav tranſmitted dhe yarter and yarden, are dheze became garter and garden. Yard remains in won dialect a mere area; but continnues in dhe older a garden. So dhe Lattin janua formed (probbably) dhe Ingliſh yate, hwich ſtil iz dhe gate, (az dhe gate, from gae, now go, iz dhe way) in Scotland. Yates proovs hence a ſurname in boath dialects; az Gates commences in won. Garth, likewize a ſurname, waz dhe Yorkſhere ſubſtitute ov yard; az waz yerd dhe Scottiſh ov erth. Dhe Scotch adjective yahp ſpeaks dhe ſtommac agahpl; ſo to' gaunt iz dhe Ingliſh to' yawn. Dhis interchainge haz occazioned dhe unequal conteſt between Speech and Ettymollogy, dhat iz, between perſonallity and parrentage, in won ov manny inſtances. From dhe French baïonette hav we perſiſted to' ſee (but can ſee no more) bayonet, hware we muſt hear baggonet. From dhis melting or aſpirating power ov dhe g, hav we found Newburg run firſt into' Newbury, dhen into' Newberry; Edinburg into' Edinburgh, dhence into' Eddinburrough or Eddinburrow, So, ſimpel or compound, dhe harſh, at length inſufferabel, burg or burgh, paſt evverihware (ſooner or later) into' borough for burrough or burrow, and berry: dhus in a Royal burrough (ſo happily clear ov a Rabbits burrow!) in dhe citty ov Suffolk named (equally) Berry-St. Edmunds. or St. Edmunds-Berry, az in dhe lane ov London denomminated Bucklers-berry. Non, in Ingliſh alone, haz g played dhe licquefier. Before l and n, dhe Itallian, and dhence before dhe latter, dhe French Orthoggraphy, haz made it dhe announcer ov licquefaccion, to' take place after dhe reſpective licquid: az in ſeraglio, bagno and compagnon: dhe now Ingliſh bannio, and compannion; our picturage preferring dhe nattural licquefier, az doz dhe French before l, in ſerrail, travail, travailler, or dhe like. So after i vocal, dhe latter (or articculating) l, proovs no unnattural melter: az in dhe French pavillon, dhe child ov paviglione (varied into' padiglione) and dhe parent ov our pavillion. If dhe licquids be alſo named half-vowels, az variouſly approaching to' vocallity; no won ſo approaches it, az doz l, hwich dhe Itallian ſet dhe French dhe exampel ov exchainging widh i: az in chiara fiamma from dhe Lattin clara flamma. Certain it iz, dhat i, j, and y came into' erly (az ezy) interchainge; nor les certain dhat y, g, and z became, in various nacions and languages, ſcribbled, from ſimmilarrity, into' interchainge. Dhe neareſt to' dhe primmitive Hebrew licquefier, doutles waz i. In darkening ages, z prooved at length dhe od picture; az in dhe Scotch zit, zeir and zeſter, for yet, year, and yeſter. Nor iz aught (ſurely) liker to' Z, dhan its verry ſelf inverted. Hence doutles dhe occular coincidence, yet different articulacion, ov dhe French Noel, and dhe old Ingliſh Zuil (perhaps alſo Zoel) hwich now can he notthing but Yule; az it remains in dhe ſurname. No organnic ſounds being more cloſely allied, or dhence more interchaingeabel, dhan licquefaccion, aſpiracion, and ſibbilacion; Ioel haz dhus com round in dhe ſucceſſive ſhapes ov Joel, Yoel, Zoel and Noel, to' dhe Brittiſh Zuil and Yule. Hwen dhe iniſcial took dhe French form and power ov N, iz perhaps hard to' ſay (dho Gallic Anticquity may poſſibly trace it); but it ſeems not unnattural to' ſuppoze dhat, on dhe converſion ov dhe Gauls, Noel might aſſume a Gaulic terminacion in Nollag or Nolluig; if dhe former waz not merely an abbreviacion ov dhe latter. Be dhis az it may, all return to' ioel or joel, hwich ezily expands to' JEHOEL, Dhe Lord God; dhe awfool and ſublime (and univerſal) name ov dhe Feſtival, dhat cellebrates dhe Incarnacion. In dhis verry manner did Ζεύ̃ πατερ (Zeu or Dzeu pater) melt into' Iupiter or Jupiter, uttered Romanly Yupiter or Yoopiter, az Julius waz vertually Yoolius: hwich ar in Ingliſh (dho not in Lattin) vertually Dzhoopiter and Dzhoolius. If licquefaccion ſwallow aſpiracion in dhe Ingliſh humor and humillity; dhat totally ſupplants dhis in dhe Scottilh yowl for dhe Ingliſh howl. Yel ſeems indeed dhe parent ov yelp, hwich Anallogy calls dhe child ov glapir. SECCION IV. DHE INTERCHAINGE, AND SUPPRESSION, OV DHE LABIAL ASPIRATE. JUSTICE dhus attempted to' dhe ſlender licquefaccion; ov dhe braud, it haz been long ſince (I. 97) obzerved, dhat oo compreſſed or emboddied into' w, muſt in all tungs hav been ſubject to' interchainge widh dhe depreſſive labial aſpirate. If Londoners be liabel to' interchainge wile and vile; no wonder Abberdeens-men, to' prezerv dhe aſpiracion (hwich Londoners often looz) ſhood be apt to' ſay file for hwile. More pardonabel iz furl for hwirl, dhan worſe for verſe. Dhe Ingliſh how waz indeed unfortunately varied into' dhe Scotch interjeccion ov expoſtulatory ſurprize, hweddher, Ow! Vow! or Wow! as in Vow! man; or, more coarſely, Wow! man. BOATH dialects drop familliarly dhe labial depreſſive, ſomtimes dhe direct, aſpirate. Dhus became havveſt, havveth or havs, and havved; haſt, hath or haz, and had. So becoms colloquially guiv me five-pence halfpenny, guimme fippence hapenny: and ſo hear we, I guin it him for I hav guivven it him. In ſom dhe ſimpel labial onely can drop, az in dhe licentious ahternoon for dhe decent afternoon; or in dhe verry familliar Hah don! for hav don. Poetry may wel claim like licence in e'n, o'r, ehr and nehr; for even, over, evver and nevver. Dho evil runs alſo into il, nedher Ingliſh nor Scottiſh ſtile wil be much exalted by dealing familliarly, edher widh dhe devvil or dhe de'l. Certain it iz, dhat dhe Scotch did widh boundles fredom drop dhis aſpirate. If won dialect ſtil mince ſtove and ſhaiz into' ſto' and ſhai', or ſtow and ſhay; Abberdeeniſh may wel ſhorten preev (for proov) into' pree. By like proſces came behooved (formerly perſonal), into' boo'd and boo't (u French); or be'd and be't, in dhe North: I boo't (or boo'd) to' doo'd: I be't (or be'd) to' de'd or de't, for, It behooved me to' doo it. So I wad (afterwards wod) loo'r ha' ye coo'r dhe boord (u French); abbreviating, I wood liefer hav yoo covver dhe board; now, I wood raddher hav yoo lay dhe cloth. Hwile won dialect varied. povverty into' poortith, and anoddher (at leaſt az vulgarly) ſigh (now ſy) into' ſithe; no les nattural wer dhe chainges (nay interchainges) ov ſuch az I dev loo (u French) my doo: I doo lov my dov — a weel-faur'd a wel-favor'd las! Dhare a braw har'ſt (or harft): Dhare'z a brave (a fine) harveſt! Dhe dental aſpirate alſo vulgarly ſinks in boath dialects. Az Ingliſh vulgarrity hurries hweddher, no les dhan hwiddher, into' hware; braud Scotch ſquezes, ſimmilarly, ſmoddher into' ſmo'r. SECCION V. L MELTED OR DROPT. NEXT to' dhe vocal ar dhe articculating licquids meltabel; hweddher into' cognate effiſcience, or into' quieſcent gard; az we hav equally ſeen (I. 72. 141.) Effective or ſervile, l final, ſomtimes medial, melts in dhe Scottiſh Dhus ball and boll, pool and fool (boath ſhort) bulk and ſculk, allum and Allardice, wer baw and bow (dipthong), poo and foo, book and ſcoog, awm and Airdice: all won wool, aw, é, oo, a figgurative Scotticiſim for All won thing; or, dhe vile Ingliſh pleonaſm, Equally dhe ſame. Nay pluc waz pook, and twelvmonth towmont. Anallogouſly hav ſallow, fallow, and hollow, wonce perhaps ſallough, fallough, and hallough, ſhrunk into' dhe Scotch ſaugh, faugh, and heugh, az wel az how. Ov like orrigin muſt be haugh (hweddher from hollow or valley) on dhe borders ov boath kingdoms: dhence natturally compounding ſuch names az Philliphaugh, Feddherſtonehaugh, Woollerhaughhed. How, for hollow, haz produced dhe Scottiſh verb howk. Hweddher houf, hant (truly hahnt), dhence churchyard, be a (bold) formative ov dhe old verb haft inhabbit; or immediately Teutonnic, impoarts not much dhe curious Reader. Dhus howewer, dhe adjectives waugh (or waf) and baugh, vappid, widh dreigh, ſlow to' draw, intimate dhemſelvs dhe ofspring ov wallow, bald, and drawl. So ſullen or ſulk, dhe Ingliſh prodgeny ov ſour, may hav ſpawned dhe Scottiſh ſooch (the guttural); if dhis be not Natures own expreſſive ſullen ſound. But, nattural az it iz for a low Londoner to' ſhut dhe febel vowel ov fellow or window, in fellor or windor; ſo nattural iz it for an Eddinburrougher ov like (almoaſt ov anny) rank, to' warp dhe idea widh dhe ſound (or dhe ſound widh dhe idea) ov callow, from warm, to' freſh, and even cool, in a callor oaſter (oiſter) or a callor eg. Az an Ingliſh ſtrong licquid may be tempted to' ſink into' ſervillity in walnut or pſalm; dhe licquid ov bal or dal febel, Scottiſhly ſinks in ſuch names az Balfoor (Frenchly Balfour) or Dalkeith. Yet if Cholmondeley and Abbergavenny may proov Chomley and Abberguenny; Ballindalloch and Marjoribanks may more ezily harmonize into' Bandalloch and Marchbanks, dhan did Setuval into' St. Ubes, or Olyſippo into' Liſbon. SECCION VI. DHE GREEK DIALECTIC INTERCHAINGES. NOT to' repeat dhe tranſmutacions we hav ſeen I. 73. and elſehware: it may not be unplezing to conſtellate (and dhence to' compare) dhe various chainges, made by evvery dialect ov Grece. Numberles wer dhe vocal peculiarities and predileccions. Dhe Attic dearly lovv'd ω (o long), dhe Ionnic, η (e long); dhe Dorric and Eollic (az ſince dhe Latin and Scotch) α (a). Dhe Attic (ſomtimes dhe Dorric) added ι (i ſhut or ſhort) doutles to' preclude dhe claſh ov conſonants. Dhe Ionnic inſerted, ſomtimes expelled, it. Dhe Attic uzed contraccion, dhe Ionnic dilatacion. Dhe Attic and Dorric chainged ς (s) into' τ (t), az πρασσω (praſſo) into' πραττω (pratto), σύ (ſy, ſu French) into' τύ (ty, tu French), προς (pros) into' προτ or ποτι (proti or poti): ſo dhe Beottic, μαζα (madza) into' μαδδα (madda), dhe Attic συμμαχος (ſymmachos) into' ξυμμαχος (xymmachos); dhe Ionnic (diſſos) into' διξος (dixos). Dhe Ionnic wood ſimplify an aſpirate, az εφορα̃ν (ephorân into' εποραν (eporân); dhe Eollic wood aſpirate a ſimpel, az δασος (daſos into' θασος (thaſos); and wood chainge won aſpirate into' anoddher, az θλιβω (thlibo) into' φλιβω (phlibo). By no les aflinnity did dhe Eolians turn μυρμηξ (myrmex) into' βυρμαξ. (byrmax), ομματα (ommata) into' οππατα (oppata). Dhe Dorians interchainged guttural and dental; ſaying τέ̃ινος or τηνος (teînos or tênos) for εϰεινος (ekeinos), and τοϰα (toca) for τοτε (tote). Boath dhey and dhe Ionians turned labial into' guttural or pallatal; πώ̃ς (pôs) into' (côs), dhoze βλεφαρα (blephara) into γλεφαραa (glephara). Dhe Beocians, on dhe contrary, turned guttural into' labial, az γυνα̃ιϰες gynaîkes) into' βανηϰες (banêkes). SECCION VII. OV TRANSPOZISCION. To' Tranſpoziſcion hav all dialects been expozed in dhe articulaccion ov dhe ignorant or inattentive, ſomtimes ov dhe knowing and ellegant. Dhe Greek Poets wer nevver at a los for expreſſion. Beſide havving to' chooz among dhe oddher dialects; dhey formed dhe boldeſt ov all. Dhey lengthened, ſhortened, added, curtailed, chainged and tranſpozed, at plezzure; not following caprece, but couvenience. Suffice it here to' exemplify dhat Tranſpoziſcion, hwich dhe Poettic enjoys ſo far beyond her ſiſter-dialects: ϰαρτερος (carteros) for ϰαρτερος (crateros), έδραϰον (edracon) for έδαρϰον (edarcon), έ̔μμορα (emmora) for μεμορα (memora). So dhe Eollic σϰενος (ſenos) for ξενος (xenos), and dhe Dorric μασδα (maſda) for μαζα (maza, dhat waz madſa or madza). And ſo dhe Lattin piſtris, nay piſtrix, for priſtis; or Lybia, for Libya. Nor les natturally, dhe French breline for berline; widh dhe diminnutive brelingot, more authorized (by uſe) dhan berlingot. So, among dhe vulgar or clowniſh pervenir, pormettre and apporcher; for prévenir, promettre and approcher; or, in dhe like Ingliſh claſſes, pordidgious for prodidgious; prodgidy, for proddigy; for phyzziognony. If, on boath ſides dhe Tweed, dhe rifraf acs, for aſk; and, particularly on dhe South, drive not dhe waſps, but dhe wapſes, away; if dhe Ingliſh, even ov rank talk ov childern and iorn, for children and iron; if film twiſt into' dhe conſtitucion ov flimſy or ſlimzy; if dhe French au brun, and craſſe (or graſſe) hav by dhe ſame figgure formed dhe Ingliſh auburn, and dhe Scotch Carſe; if brunir, bruniſſant, affoard our burniſh; dhe Lattin ignis, inverſive, might wel produce dhe Scotch inguel (fire), ov hwich dhe old plural Inglis (for Inguels) ſtil conſtitutes dhe ſurname; nay reign and condign, til quieſcents wer known, might ſimmilarly claim dhe ſounds ov ring and conding. Impung haz by (by ſom late crittics) been found evvery way dhe more nattural ofspring ov impungo, dhan impugn ov impugno. But entirely ov Scottiſh warp ar garſe, corſe, firth, thirl, guirn, orp, ſcart, birz (or briz), warſtel, and terlis; for gran, cros, frith, thril, grin, throb, ſcratch, bruiz, wreſtel, and trellis. So (like dhe Ingliſh figgurative brunt, from burn) brie, crud, broad, wrat, ſcruf, truf, drouth; hwoml, hittel, forſet; for burg, burrough, or burrow; curd, board, wart, ſcurf, turf, draught; hwelm, tickel, ſurfeit. Staw, wer it not ſtall, might dhus hav inverted ſate; az did Corſ-houſe, Coſſer-houſe. Three muſt be allowed dhe more oſtenſibel parent ov thred, thretteen and thretty, dhan ov third, thirteen, and thirty: ſo dirge became dhe dragy. Dhe Scotch verb to' dree may edher dhus be a tranſpoziſcion ov dhe old Ingliſh verb to' dure (remaining in dhe compound endure) Eddinburrowly, az Parriſly, to' door (u French) and Abberdeeniſhly to' dere; or a varriacion ov dhe Ingliſh verb to' dry (like lee for ly), in dhe dubbel ſenſe ov dhe French eſſuyer, to' wipe of (or dry up) and to' undergo or perform. To' dree pennance, iz preciſely eſſuyer la pénitence, or faire pénitence. Kittel, dhe Scotch verb for kitten, varies but dhe licquid: kitling iz dhe correſpondent ov kitten dhe diminnutive noun, hwich doz indeed but vary chaton. Kittel, in dhe ſenſe not onely ov tickel, but ov tickliſh; if not allowed a mere tranſpozzitive ov tickel, may be held dhe ofspring edher ov dhe Dutch ſimmilar term, or ov dhe French, chatouiller. Tirl, thirl, and ſkirl, ar obvious tranſpozzitives ov dhe Ingliſh tril, thril, and ſhril. Can harl be a varriacion ov trail, raddher dhan a contractive ov harceler? or can harn (if barn cannot) be dhe prodgeny, az wel az correſpondent, ov dhe Ingliſh brain? Hweddher dhe Scotch verb ſcunner be a reggular formative ov an unknown ſcun, or ov an annalodgic ſqueam, hwence ſqueamiſh; or more probbably a twiſter ov dhe Gaulic ſcorn or ſgorn dhe throat, may open a new vein ov Ettymolodgic ſpecculacion. By various (no longer unaccountabel) chainge, larder became laidner; az nordhern, ſoddhern, eaſtern, weſtern, noardlen or noarlen, ſoodhlen, eaſtlen: not norland, or dhe like. Dhat dhe old ſindel ſhood claim anny boddily relacion to' its ſynnonymy ſeldom, ſeems (but perhaps onely ſeems) to' defy dhe powers ov articculating varriacion. Az régliſſe produced liccorice. and Reſtalrig harmonized into' Leſtarric; dagger might twiſt into' durk, ſpout into' ſtroop, and pluc into' pook. Spurtel (ladel) if not dhe direct ſpawn ov ſpurt, may (by tranſpozzitive madgic) hav ſhrunk from ſtirruppel, if not harſhened from ſpattule, az freckel dilated into' ferntickel. If bolt (widout a mirrakel) cood be transformed into' (or from) dhe Dutch ſlot; ſhut, firft becomming ſcut (like ſhril, ſkirl; and ſhipper ſkipper), might dhence pas into' ſteik, hwich iz likewize dhe Teutonnic term. Sure az evver μορφη (morfe) waz mettamorphozed into' μορφα (morfa), and and dhence into' forma; dhe French bout (end) haz prooved ſimmilarly (but dubbly) inverted into' dhe Scottiſh doup: un bout de chandelle, dhe doup ov a candel, being a candels end. SECCION VIII. Ov MUTILACION AND DILATACION. IF tranſpoziſcion hav ſo graitly affected all, eſpeſcially dhe elder and remoter, dialects; manny terms becom Scotch by contraccion, ſom by dilatacion. Jo or Joey endears Joſeph in Ingland. Hiz endearer in Scotland iz Jozy: for dhare Jo ſhortens Joy, in dhe tender ſenſe ov Sweethart. Curch ſeems dhe curtailer ov kerchief, if not ov dhe Gaulic ciarſin or ciarſur; and iz indeed a highland-woommans hed-corvering; for hwich contry-- lowlanders, ov like umbel rank, uzed a toy, or large linnen-hood widh a cape. Related to' dhis or not, curtooſh iz a Scottiſh bed-gown. Kerchief (couvrechef) covvers but dhe hed: curtooſh (perhaps couvre tout) covvers all beſide. Fleech, coax or hwedel, appears a ſtump ov dhe French fléchir, to' moov or bend; dho not widhout relacion, boath in ſoll and boddy, to' dhe French and Ingliſh flatter. Dhe verb rivvet proovs Scottiſhly roov (u French). A cartel we alreddy know to' be a cartfool; az an Ingliſh pottel (ov ſtrawberries) haz been a potfool, dho now onely a chip-conefool. Dhus a hantel, corruptly hankel, iz Scotch for an indeffinite handfool; meaning dhe hands fool, a grait deal: az dhe French ſay, donner à pleines mains, to' guiv widh boath hands, unboundedly. Dhe figgurative and familliar ſpice ſeems dhe ſhrimp ov ſpeſcimen. I'l guiv yoo a ſpice ov it. But dhis iz alſo lngliſh. Meſter, in Ingliſh titel, ſtil ſeen ſhrewdlv Mr. appeared at leaſt by halvs, perhaps raddher by half, in Scotland, to' quallify a litterary carracter: az Mes. Jon — Mes. Tommas — for Meſter Jon — Meſter Tommas — Az (dhe French) maiſtre varied, not onely to' maître; but to' dhe burleſk meſſer, and dhe dignified meſſire (if dhis be not a compound ov ſire); maiſter became ſucceſſively maſter, meſter, and mes dhe diminniſher in Scotland. Dhe eldeſt ſon ov a Lord, Barron, or Vicount, waz formerly ſtiled dhe Maſter ov dhe reſpective peerage. Ingliſh ſtile ſets him onely at dhe hed ov hiz onnorabel broddhers. Dhe Ingliſh dawdel not onely varies into' dadel, but ſhrinks into' daw: az in dhe addage A wollen meddher maks a daw dochter. A willing (or An active) moddher makes a lazy daughter. Dhe Ingliſh yel dilated into' dhe Scotch yelloch (guttural), hwen dhe French bourg, Germanly and Scottiſhly aſpirated burgh and bruch, became Ingliſhly burrough or burrow. Az dhe old Scotch fur extended to' dhe Ingliſh furrow; ſo dhe Dutch and Ingliſh moras ſhrank into' mos, Scottiſhly coincident widh dhe Ingliſh ofspring ov mouſſe. By making i (az if e) dhe mere ſoftener ov c, dhe Scotch looz a ſyllabel ov pronunciation, ſaying pronunceacion or pronunſacion; hwich corrupt Ingliſh utters in like manner pronounceacion or pronounſacion. DHE Scots, like dhe French, wer apt to' preclude collizzion, and lop a final dental; hweddher parted from anoddher but by a febel vowel, or ſo coinciding widh it: az in ellevate for ellevated, and load for loaded. After anoddher conſonnant, dhey lopt edher a ſimpel dental or dhe labial aſpirate; az in corrupt act, in Dunkeld, ſelf, and ſerv; leving dhen onely to' dhe ear corrup ac, Dunkel, ſel, and ſer. In a febel termination indeed, a final depreſſive dental might ezily ſink in dhe dental licquid preceding; in won dialect az in dhe oddher; in Hammond, az in Drummond. Dhe interjeccion and adverb, no and not, being ſo nearly ſynonnymous; no wonder dhe Scotch held dhem indiſcrimminate; ſaying, Nah, nah, I dinnah (or dinna) ken; for No, no: I doo not know; or, I don't know: and, bolder dhan dheir parragons dhe French, nah or na remained for not, even before a vowel; I cannah (or canna) underſtand it, I cannot underſtand it; and ſtil ye'r no minding, for yoo doo not mind. Certain it iz dhat pénultieme and antépénultieme, did no more dhan dhe Lattin penultimus or antepenultimus, induce dhe Scotch penult and antepenult, more dhan dhe Ingliſh penultimate, or antepenultimate. But certain it iz, dhat dhe Scotch did follow dhe French, in curtailing ſom aincient names, hwich dhe Ingliſh hav continnued to' expand: az Herrodote, Thucydide, Sweton; for Heroddotus, Thucyddides, and Swetonius. All familliarize Herodian, Juſtin, Livvy; Homer, Virgil, Horrace, Marſial, Juvenal. Yet all retain Sillius, Florus, and oddhers. Ingliſh and Scotch retain Perſius, dho dhe French make him but Perſe. Dhe Ingliſh ſtil expand dhe Lattin compendium, hwich dhe Scotch compendize into' compend. Old Ingliſh ſaid childeren and hundered; low Ingliſh ſays childer, and high Scotch hunder. Dhe ſame Scotch ſays alongſt for along; and dhe ſame Ingliſh again for againſt; or raddher, aguen for aguenſt. Boath dialects lop dhe beguinning. Like ſquire, pottecary, rac; and, widh umbler Ingliſh, cute, bacco, tato; for eſquire, apottecary, arrac; acute, tobacco, potato; ſay dhe Scotch, head, haven, file, ſtound, and deed; for behed, behaving or behavior, defile, aſtound (or ſhoot) indeed. EVVERY ſmoodh dialect haz avoided alike dhe needles claſh ov conſonants, and intergahp ov vowels. Dhe polliſhed Attic dherfore waz apt to' ſubjoin Iota haz I iniſcial to' a terminating conſonant. Greek and Lattin often, and Itallian almoaſt always, terminate widh a vowel. Aincient languages, and ſomtimes moddern, elide a final, before an iniſcial vowel. Az Lattin and Greek occazzionally ſuppreſt s final before a commencing conſonant; and Lattin elided m final widh dhe vowel before anoddher vowel; evvery diction haz won or oddher inſertive articulaccion, to' preclude dhe meeting ov vowels. Ingliſh, widh ezy propriety, ſubjoins to' dhe indeffinite artikel, preceding a vowel, dhe dental harmonious licquid. Hence hav two vulgarrities crept into' Ingliſh practice; won making dhe artikel rob its object ov dhe dental, dhe oddher making dhe object rob artikel ov dhat licquid: in an aught for a naught, a cifer; and a newt for an ewt, propperly a ewt, equivvalent to' a yoot: az dhe inſertive dental can no more take place before licquefaccion, dhan before aſpiracion; nedher being a vowel, but each an articulation. Dhus muſt we ſay, an air and a hair, a hearing ear, an ear and a year, a ewer and a unit, a univeſal hiſtory, a hiſtory univerſal, a humor (hwich iz no more dhan a umor), a humming bird, an umbel ſervant, az an utter ſtrainger; an onnor, a horſe, a houſe, an outrage; an owl, a howlet, and dhe like. Did dhe Ingliſh, az dhe Scotch, drop dhe licquefier ov u, and utter inſted ov yoo, onely oo; dhey wood ſimmilarly ſay an uſe, an univerſity, for a uſe, a univerſity: ſo, hwile one continnued dhe word, ſuch an one waz az recquizite, az ſuch a won iz now. IF, even from ungarded Londoners, may yet be herd allablaſter, admiraltry, umberrella, propperriety and propperrietor, maſſacry, preventative, obſtroppalous and rombuſtical; for allabaſter, admiralty, umbrella, propriety and proprietor, maſſaker, preventive, obſtrepperous and robuft; nay covveteous, grieveous, michieveous, and mountaneous, plentuous, invidduous, inſidduous, and aſſiddious; no wonder if dhe remoter dialect ſwel dhe number widh monſtruous, momentuous, ſtupenduous: for covvetous, grievous, miſchievous (ſtrong on dhe firſt, az miſchief on dhe prior ſyllabel), mountainous; plenteous, inviddious, inſiddious, aſſidduous; monſtrous, momentous, ſtupendous; and dhe like. It muſt be owned, dhat dhe Scots nevver ſay covveteous; nor dhe Ingliſh monſtruous. Dhe former doo extend admiralty, commonalty, cazzualty, and ordnance, into' admirallity, commonallity, cazzuallity, ordinance; and wood treat in like manner mayoralty and ſherrifalty; but dhat dhey hav provvoſtſhip and ſerrifdom in dheir ſted. Cazzuallity iz doutles a philoſopphic abſtract; and dhe ordinance, a ſollemn term ſubſtituted, by certain Scottiſh ſectaries, to' dhe Holy Saccrament. Dhe poettic realty, contracting, ſupplants not reallity; more dhan doz fealty, fidellity. Colloquial Scotch ſomtimes lops a letter from dhe beguinning; az we know in ream and neze, for cream and ſneze; ſomtims ads to' dhe end; az in dhe pronomminal ſevverals, dhe verb ſummons, dhe (Gaulic) noun rumpal or rumpel; for ſevveral, ſummon, and rump: ſo in dhe old law-terms, toolzie and ſpoolzie for toolyie and ſpoolyie; now toil (tumult) and ſpoil. Dhe ſame dialect ſpreds dhe vedgetabel doc into' doccan or dockin, for docking; az dhe annimal rat, into' rattan or rottan; and ſwels dhe verb ſcate into' ſketch; ſo making boath dhe ſcate and dhe ſcater, dhe ſketcher: yet ballances exchainge by diminniſhing a ſledge to' a ſled. CHAPTER III. VARIED STILES. SECCION I. IN DISSYLLABELS. VOCALLITY, ſomtimes Articulation, az ſurely az Precizzion and Harmony, muſt graitly depend on dhat Emphaſis, or enfoarcement (ov won ſyllabel beyond dhe reſt), hwich iz propperly named dhe ſtres. Ov dhis dho dhe theory waz, widh dhe oddher Principels ov dhe Ingliſh Language, long ago (by dhe ſame hand) reduced to' demmonſtracion; yet, az evvery word, in propoarcion to' its number ov ſyllabels, iz liabel to' juſt ſo manny (at leaſt poſſibel) varriacions ov ennergy; in notthing can diſtant dialects be ſuppozed more to' diſagree. Ov diſſyllabels indeed, ſom nouns and verbs differ onely in dheir enfoarcement; az conteſt and conteſt, rebel and rebbel: nor iz it les nattural to' enfoarce dhe former ſyllabel ov a noun, dhan dhe latter ov a verb. Hence it prooved nattural for dhe diſtant, or dhe unexperienced, to' hope dhe contraſt univerſal. Yet, az evvery Ingliſh word may, widhout varriacion ov ſound, becom alternately noun and verb; manny ar in boath equally ſtrong on dhe latter, oddhers on dhe former ſyllabel. It impoarts dherfore particcularly dhe Scots to' obzerv (hwat pure verſiſicacion wil beſt aſcertain) dhat Ingliſhly emphatticized alike on dhe ſeccond ar verb and noun, in ſuch az permit, ſuppoart, diſpute, reply, decree, deceſe; dhat, in like manner, dhe verbs purſue, ſuccede, widh cedes oddher compounds, ar followed in foarce by dheir accions or collectives, purſuit, ſucces, and dheir fellows. Enſue muſt join purſue, much more be joined by its own branches, enſuing, and dhe reſt; but iſſue, noun or verb, ſtrong on dhe prior part, iz oridginally a noun. Hwile dhus proces ov time, or oddher progreſſive object, derives its ennergy from procede; dhe French procès, tranſmitting dhe proſces (or proceding) ov law or ov kimmiſtry, haz (in dhis tranſplant) ſhut, by diftinctively enfoarcing, dhe former vowel. Strong on dhe latter ar event, exploit, memoir; az effect, adept, or inept; July, az ally, noun or verb; Leghorn, az Kinghorn. If dheze, bating dhe limmited exception, be invariably energettic on dhe ſecond ſyllabel; much more muſt dhe verb depute, hwich, in Ingliſh, iz nevver deputed for depputy. Eſquire, and arrac, ſo empower dhe latter ſyllabel, dhat dhe former iz enfebled away, unles by Joccularrity or Affectacion. Squire and rac, ar dhe words remaining. MILTON not always a moddel ov verſiſicacion, waz perhaps dhe laſt Ingliſh poet dhat ſtreſſed dhe former ſyllabel ov mankind, or dhe firſt ov dhe verb contribbute. Ally and deny hav drawn demy-- paper, regardles ov demmigods dhemſelvs. Divine, devout, defunct, direct, elect, corrupt, perverſe, and uncooth, ar ſtrong (for evvery rezon) on dhe poſterior ſyllabel. Equally ſtrong on dhe oddher ar (az natturally), frontier, engine, envy, comfort, effort, exile, April, novvel, canton, patron, biggot; of widh ſollemn, extant, perfet. Barrier, ſomtimes chiming widh career, iz fool az nattural a compannion ov frontier. Caprece, (like her French parent caprice) ſtrong on dhe ſecond; haz been ſomtimes thaught capriſcious enuf to' prefer dhe oddher enfoarcement. Strong iz dhe latter ov reverſe verb or noun; az iz dhe former ov travverſe, in dhe figgurative ſenſe ov roam. Dhe verb pervert draws dhe adjective perverſe, to' ly like reverſe, on dhe latter; dho diverſe duly differs from boath, az from divert; or az doz from advert, adverſe. Dhe verb converſe reggularly ſtrengthens dhe latter, dhe ſubſtantive converſe dhe former ſyllabel. VERB natturally ſtrengthens its terminacion, hwence dhe formatives muſt procede: adjective, in like manner, hwen ſuſceptibel ov degrees. Dhus create, obey, occur; ſincere, ſedate, robuſt. It iz eſſencial to' remember, dhat dherfore ſtrong on else latter ar dhe verbs confort, concert, convict, convert; conteſt, contraſt, compact, conflict, conduct, convoy, converſe, confine, compres; impres, inſult, impoart and expoart, tranſplant, tranſpoart and transfer, prefix, eſſay, ſurvey, ſurcharge, deſcant and accent, concord and diſcord, digeſt and farwel; widh evvery tract, ject, and ment, az contract, object, torment; nor les ſtrong on dhe former, dhe nouns conſort, concert, and dhe reſt. So differ dhe ſubſtantives agent, regent; dhe adjectives, abſent, prezzent, frequent, gallant, compound; widh dhe verbs agent, abſent, prezent, and ſo on. Such preciſely proovs dhe difference ov dhe verbs rebel, record, preſage, prelude, premiſe, produce and cement; and dhe nouns rebbel, reccord, preſſage, prellude, premmiſe, prodduce, and cemment. Yet evvery won ov dhe verbs may be unvariedly employed az its own ſollemn action; az evvery won ov dhe nouns for a familliar verb. Lament dhus remains invariably ſtrong on dhe latter; az doo dhe verbs ſubject and comment, often upon dhe former. Dhe verb incenſe, and dhe noun incenſe keep reſpectively unchaingeabel; hwich holds alike ov tranſcribe and tranſcript. Secret, and ſecrete, ar wel diſcrimminated; az ar indeed antic and anteke or anteek, human and humane. Buffet, dhe Ingliſh noun, duly ſtrong on dhe former; and buffet, dhe French noun, duly ſtrong on dhe latter; alter not in verbal capaſcity. Dhe ſubſtantives, Auguſt and Supine, ar dhus ezily ſevvered from dhe adjectives auguſt and ſupine: nor doo ſupply (dhe contractive ov ſuppelly) from ſuppel, pozes from poze, or careſt from care, keep les ezily clear ov dhe raddical verbs ſupply and pozes, or ov dhe particippel careſt, hwich but contracts careſſed. DHE Scots, perceiving dhat raddical verbs ſo natturally emphatticize dheir ending; and dhat ſevveral nouns becomming verbs, invert dheir ſtres accordingly; hav imadgined dhemſelvs authorized to' uze dhe ſame fredom widh bias, canvas, ſilence, ſentence, triumph, comfort and ſollace; az in dhe North, widh ſeccond: much more widh dhe oridginal verbs conſtrue, reſcue, (reſſcue), reſpite or reſpit (reſſpit); govvern, harras, ranſac and cancel; all Ingliſhly invariabel in prior ſtrength: az iz perfet in evvery capaſcity, dho dhe Scotch hold it perfite, a rival to' dhe Ingliſh polite. Obzerving practice ſo nicely diſtinguiſhed from practiſe, dhey cood not fancy dhe verb and noun (az dhey ar to' dhe Ingliſh ear) indiſcrimminabel. No more cood dhey ſuppoze dhat ſodjurn and adjurn differ az Eaſt and Weſt; dhe former enfoarcing dhe prior, dhe latter dhe following ſyllabel. Az ſom verbs enfoarce dhe beginning, like ranſac, harras, and perjure; widh dheze iz diſtinguiſhed conjure dhe joccular verb, from conjure dhe compannion ov adjure: nor can dhe agents but follow dheir verbs. If branches dhus follow roots, no les muſt compounds ſimpels. Vallid, now ſeen az it iz, precludes even dhe occular confuzion ov invallid widh invalid; hwich compliments its French parent invalide: but dhe ſtres ov certain muſt chainge in aſcertain. Dhe noun tribbute iz accompanied howevver by dhe verbs contribbute, diſtribbute, retribbute, and attribbute; hwile dhe ſubſtantive attribute, keeps az duly dhe antepenultimate ſtrong. SECCION II. IN POLLYSYLLABELS. Duo dhe ſepparate powers, or enfoarcements, continnue in ſuch occazzional compounds, az contry-man or copper-plate; hwich may be rezolved into' a man ov dhe contry, or a plate ov copper; dhe antepenultimate claims neſceſſarily dhe ſuperior, leaving dhe laſt but ſeccondary ſtres, in dhe figgurative and ſettelled compounds contriman, copperplate, and dhe like. Prefer, refer, revere, interfere, cannot but remain in dheir ofspring preferring, referring, revering, interfering, and dhe reſt;. but cannot remain in refference, prefference, revverence, interference; more dhan in revverend, revverent, or dhe like. Interdict dhe noun, draws az natturally primal az dhe verb interdict final ſtres. Pollyſyllabels dhus, no les dhan diſſyllabels, derive dheir ennergy, by formation, compoziſcion, ſittuacion, and clas. Dialects howevver vary dhe enfoarcement ov boath claſſes, according to diſtance from dhe ſeat ov Ellegance, and dhe center ov Propriety. Low ranks ov dhe oddher Brittiſh nations ar apt to' enfoarce dhe penultimate, inſted ov dhe antepenultimate; ov contrary, induſtry, ſuperfluous, influence, carracter; and doutles oddhers. Calledonians ov evvery rank ar intereſted to' reccollect, dhat partake, pozes, devize, commit, enquire and remain, muſt continnue to' enfoarce dhe ſeccond ſyllabel ov partaking and partaker, pozeſſor, devizor az devizer, committee, enquiry, and remainder. So retain commands retinnue; hwich dhus (in ſpite ov clas) joins continnue, a traceabel, dho diſtant, relacion ov contain. Nor let us wonder dhat retinnue iz joined by revennue, hwich Ellegance dhus diſſociates from avvenue: for Anallogy iz dhe guide ov man; not man, ov Anallogy. Aſſail dhen hints, not onely dhe vehemence ov dhe aſſailant; but dhe violence ov dhe aſſaſſſin: dhis no more aſſaſin, dhan dhat aſſalant. Knowing dhe dubbel power ov concord, we ſhal no longer find it unaccountabel. dhat concordance, ſtrong on dhe ſeccond, ſhood proov dhe genneral opperacion ov dhe verb; and concordance, ſtrong on dhe firſt, dhe diccionary ov dhe Bibel. DHUS it iz dhat impart, dhe verb, not dhe noun, followed by important and impoartance. So dhe adjective proteſtant, for proteſting, az natturally follows proteſt; az repentant, for repenting, follows repent; hwile protteſtant ſtrong and ſhut in dhe antepenultimate, proovs a ſort ov neggative (relidgious) diſcriminacion. Dhe medial ſtrong in horizon, follows dhe Greek όριζων (horidzon) not dhe immediate parent horizon (for orizon) ſtrong on dhe laſt. But oraiſon,ſimmilarly ſtreſſed, turns its ſeccondary into' primmary ſtrength in dhe firſt ov dhe Ingliſh orrizon. Az dhe ſtrongeſt vowel ov oratio leads to' dhat ov our oracion, dho orateur (not orator) guides to' our orrator; Lattin terms like virago and vertigo, retain dheir penultimate foarce in Ingliſh, hwen adopted. Dhe meeting licquids guiv ſtrength or ſtoppage to' dhe firſt vowel ov armiſtice; dhe ſtronger aſſemblage, after dhe ſeccond ov interſlice, makes penultimate overturn even antepenultimate power. Dho, by dhis parramount ennergy, principel and principal, mannipel, mannikel, annecdote, antidote, and diſcipline, widh a thouzand oddher triſſyllabels, be primmarily ſtrong on dhe firſt, dherfore ſeccondarily ſo on dhe laſt ſyllabel; abſolutely ſtrong on dhe middel, conſequently weak on edher extreme, ar diſcipel, cathedral, vagary, quandary, Canary. Comprize muſt queſtionles command comprizal, and conceal concealment; but we wel know dhat chaſtize commands not chaſtizment, more dhan advertize advertizment; dhat not dheir verry parents chaſtiment (now châtiment) and advertiſſement (now avertiſſement) command edher; but dhe alone antepenultimate power; hwich ſucceſſſor and confeſſſor (equally primmitive) ar equally proud to' obey. Mem keeps dhe ſame ſtrength in member, remember, remembrance and remembrancer. So covvenant (cuvvenant) remains unchainged in covvenanter, and intelligence in intelligencer. No les iz to' be noted dhe penultimate ſtrength ov dhe adjectives inteſtine, clandeſtine, obdurate and conſummate, verb or adjective. Projectile follows dhe verb project, not dhe ſubſtantive prodject. Oddher adjectives in ile prefer antepenultimate, for primmary, dhence ultimate for ſeccondary ſtres; az puerile, juvenile, mercantile; dho evvery antic, az romantic, pedantic, muſt confes penultimate power. Dho raven, noun or verb, open alike dhe ſtrong penultimate; and its particippel ravening, no les duly, dhe antepenultimate vowel; dhe particippial ravvening, like dhe cognate (and almoaſt ſynonnymous) adjecttive ravvenous, diſtinguiſhes itſelf by dhus ſhutting dhe emphattic vowel; az in ravvening (or ravvenous) woolvs. Dhe diſſyllabel verbs enſue, purſue; impoart, project, reſpect, collect, conduce, intend, prevent, ſubjoin, compare, prepare, explain, define, keep dhe ſtrength on dhe ſeccond ov enſuing, purſuant and purſuance, impoartant and impoartance, projectile az projecting, reſpective, collective, conducive, intenſive, preventive, ſubjunctive, comparrative, preparrative, preparratory, explannatory, definnitive. So nedher finite nor infinite commands infinnitive, infirmity, or infinnitude; but dhe ſame antepenultimate ennergy, hwich commands dhe indiccative and imperrative, dhe adjective widh dhe ſubſtantive. Dho indicate and immitate boath own dhe ſame influence, and indiccative (az a primmitive) follows dhe cogent exampel; immitative, nomminative, and communicative appear dhe obſequious children ov immitate, nomminate, and communicate. Dhus it iz dhat Eli (diſtinct, by dhe dipthong, from Ely) ſets dhe exampel ov penultimate ſtres to' Elias; but dhat Levi and dial deny not dhe ſtil graiter antepenultimate power ov Leviathan and dialogue. Nor can anny now miſtake dhe ſtrength ov depozzit, envellop, exammine, imadgine; more dhan ov immage, Ittaly, Itallian, and dhe like. Much les need we wonder at onneſt u's keeping alike open and ſtrong in mute, amuze, amazement: accuze, accuzer, accusative; pure, purity, and purify; illume, illumine, and illuminate. If dhe Scots (az in ſilence or ſentence) wood gladly ad to' dhe diſſyllabels, transferring ſtres from noun to' verb; much more muſt dhey find it nattual to' transfer dhe primmary antepenultimate foarce ov a noun to' dhe place ov alreddy ſeccondary ſtrength in dhe triſſyllabel verb; az intereſt, mannifeſt, evvidence, influence, countenance. Dho dhe Ingliſh in a few inſtances, may ſeem to' authorize dhe practice; az in riddicule or compliment; dhey nedher in dhe abov, nor elſehware, uze dhe fredom to' turn primmary into' ſeccondary ſtrength, except in verſe: and dhare Ellegance allows no needles departure from nattural ennergy nor makes dhe ſmalleſt difference, even in a verb ſo natturally ſtrong on dhe firſt az recconcile: In recconcil'd extremes ov draught and rain. hwich precludes not dhe poettic power ov interchainging primmary and ſeccondary ſtres; in Dh' extremes so draught and rain ſo recconcil'd: warrantably az rimes dhe ſame poet, — Hwat ſay dhey more or les, Dhan dhis; dhat happines iz happines? Dhus it iz, dhat ſuch triſſyllabbic verbs az ar or ſeem formed from diſſyllabels ſtrong on dhe prior ſyllabel, dho ſtil primmarily ſtrong on dhe firſt, may transfer dhe ſtrength to' dhe laſt ſyllabel: az, from (or ſeemingly from) Tantalus, human, civvil, real; tantalize, humanize, civvilize, realize. Dho eſſence and quieſcence (az quieſcent) be equally enfoarced on dhe penultimate, to' antepenultimate power ſubmits quinteſſence; hwich, dherfore inſuſceptibel ov medial foarce, may poettically ſtrengthen edher extreme. Strong az ar on dhe latter, ſuch verbs az excel, precede, and divide; dhey cannot preclude dhe iniſcial foarce ov excellence, preſcedent and divvidend; more dhan ov addequate or difficult. Subſequent and ſubſequence muſt join dhis clan, no les dhan conſequent and conſequence. Yet can it not be joined by dhe penultimately ſtrong adjective precedent, or its abſtract precedence; hwich accompany antecedent and antecedence, in penultimate enfoarcement. Nor can it be denied, dhat dhe Scots, miſtreſſing (misſtreſſing) and diſtreſſing (disſtreſſing) all dheze, ar az apt to' transfer dhe ſtres ov difficult and difficulty, from dhe firſt to' dhe ſeccond ſyllabel; az to' dhe third ov dhe adjective, hwen dhey uze it for dhe verb (to') puzzel. To' difficult, hweddher widh iniſcial or final enfoarcement (medial here lngliſhly impoſſibel), may doutles make edher a perſon or thing diffcult. But to' make a perſon difficult, iz to' make ſuch perſon hard to' pleze, raddher dhan perplexed to' anſer. Yoo difficult me, implying dherfore onely Yoo make me difficult, cannot alſo ſignify Yoo guiv me difEmphattic az muſt be dhe firſt ov confident, commodore, vaggabond, violent, violet, and dhe like; Diſtinccion compliments French Ennergy on dhe final ſtrength ow confidant, commandant, maggazene and rezzervoir. Like defference iz paid to' violin and palanquin, in violin, pallankin, and certain oddher forrainers; hwile harlequin, natturalized into' harlekin, boaſts primal power in Ingland. STRES, like all elſe in our language, reduced now to ſcience; no word can hav doutfool emphatticizement. Dhe ſame ranks indeed dhat penultimately rely on a carracter ov induſtry, ſo contrary to' dhe ellegant antepenultimate enfoarcement, may be herd on dhe ſame penultimate key to' tune dheir edducacion from an academy. Dhe Ingliſh clas juſt above muſt be bred at an accademy, az hoo ſhal arrain its accrimony? Yet ellegant Nature in acaddemy widh anattomy, az in anallogy widh ſupremmacy; in monnarky and theoccracy, geoggraply and orthoggraphy, owns antepenultimate power. Such iz dhe unequal conteſt between dhe firſt and ſecond ov pollygamy and polyggamy. Manny tetraſyllabels, howevver, lay dheir primmary ſtres on dhe firſt, and conſequently, dheir ſeccondary on dhe third ſyllabel: az, pallinody, olligarky, hierarky, orthoeppy, ignominny, contumely, contumacy, cerremony, pattrimony, aggriculture; arbitrary, preffatory, and, in ſpite ov neceſſity acces, direct,refreſh, conſiſt, all ſtrong on dhe ſeccond; neſceſſary, acceſſary and acceſſory, dirrectory, reffectory, conſiſtory; all ſtrong on dhe firſt ſyllabel. Stil dheze doo but ſpeak dactyllian regard to' antepenultimate power, treating dhe laſt ſyllabel az a ſupernumerary. But, hwen words dhus grow into' pollyſyllabels, dhey proov natturally divizzibel into' dhe component (or ſeemingly component) parts. Az monnoſyllabel, and pollyſyllabel, dhus conſiſt ov dhe Trokee and Dactyl; monno-ſyllabel, polly-ſyllabel; ſo ov dhe dubbel Trokee conventickel, tabbernackel, reſceptackel; vertually conven-tickel, tabber-- nackel, reſcep-tackel, widh dheir fellows. Dhis dubbel enfoarcement but exemplifies anew dhe grait principel ov' vocal ſtres; dhat alternacion ov labor and reſt, indiſpenſabel to' human exercion: a doctrine firſt elucidated by dhe prezzent Writer, in hiz Principels ov dhe Ingliſh Language (I. i. 8.); and reilluſtrated (II. iv.) in dhe former Vollume ov dhis Work. BUT ov emphattic doctrine no part iz more impoartant, az non hiddherto' les underſtood, dhan dhe tranſference ov ſtres; az from won part ov ſpeech to' anoddher, ſo particcularly from litteral to' figgurative acceptacion. Dhus dherfore hav we lernt to' diſtinguiſh ſuch verbs az rebel and convert, from ſuch nouns az rebbel and convert; to' procede from indicate to' indiccative; from fanattic to' fannatic, from arrithmettic to' arithmetic; and dhe like. Nor les iz it eſſencial to' diſcrimminate dhe varriacion ov ennergv from litteral to' figgurative poſſibillity, terminating adjectives widh abel, ibel, or ubel; abſolutely enfebelling dhe penultimate after dhe ſtrong part ov dhe root, in its branches; but ſeccondarily enfoarcing it, after dhe enfebled antepenultimate, in dhe cognate primmitives. In dhis manner doo accept, commend, admire, compare, lament, conſole, reduce, emphattic on dhe latter, remain (unchainged) in dhe formative and litteral acceptabel, commendabel, admirabel, comparabel, lamentabel, conſolabel, reduccabel or reducibel; az neſceſſarily az anſer, harras, ranſac, cancel and comfort, continnue dheir foarce on dhe firſt in anſerabel, harraſſabel, ranſaccabel, cancellabel, comfortabel; or dhe reſpective like. Dho dhe latter be dhus unchaingeabel, dhe former, uzed figguratively, moov dhe primmary ſtres a ſyllabel bac, (from dhe ſeccond to' dhe firſt); ſhutting az naturally dhe vowel, if before open, hwen dhey vary poſſibillity into' probbabillity or propriety. Dhis dhey doo by enfoarcing dhe firſt ov acceptabel, commendabel, admirabel, comparabel, lammentabel, conſolabel. Dhus differ dhey diamettrically in ſenſe and ſound. Dhe litteral acceptabel, neſceſſarily ſtrong on dhe ſecond, implies dhat may (poſſibly or abſolutely) be accepted; dhe figgurative acceptabel (az ſurely ſtrong on dhe firſt), no les ſurely implying dhat muſt (probbably or propperly, or dezirably) be accepted. A thing dherfore iz abſolutely acceptabel, or can (perhaps muſt) be accepted; punniſhment for inſtance, or pain; hwich may natturally be dhe reverſe ov acceptabel or dezirabel. Dhus evvery thing iz commendabel, dhat can (and hwat cannot?) be commended; but dhat alone iz commendabel, hwich merrits commendacion, and ſo iz indiſpenſably to' be commended. Un, being dhe Ingliſh, and in dhe forrain denier ov ſuch qualifiers; negacion may lend ſom light: dhe litteral natturally claiming dhe domeſtic, dhe figgurative dhe oddher prepoziſcion. Dhat hwich cannot (poſſibly) be accepted, iz dhus unacceptabel; dhat, hwich cannot (propperly or plezingly) be accepted, iz inacceptabel. Dhat, hwich cannot be lamented iz unlamentabel: dhat, hwich iz not (raſcionally) to' be lamented, iz illamentabel. Hwat cannot be compared, iz uncomparabel: hwat admits no comparrizon, or iz beyond compare, iz incomparabel. Hoo cannot be confoled iz unconſolabel: hoo wil not be conſoled, iz inconſolabel. Nor need it be told, dhat dhe litteral compounds keep dhe ſtres on dhe third, and dhe figgurative on dhe ſecond ſyllabel; az dheir ſimpels on dhe ſeccond and dhe firſt. Exactly ſo, repairabel and repparabel, unrepairabel and irrepparabel. Vennerate and immitate guide to' vennerabel and immitabel; communicate to' communicabel, and dhe like; un ſtil denying dhe litteral, az in dhe figgurative compounds; but widh no chainge ov ſtres. Produce and reduce may az certainly form produceabel and reduceabel; az adopt producibel and reducibel; uzing dhe reſpective privvatives, widh dhe nattural chainge ov ſtres; unproduceabel, unreduceabel; and improdducibbel, irredducibbel. Foarceabel and foarcibel ar dhus litteral and figgurative; chaingeles in ſtres, and indeed (almoaſt) coincident in ſound. Widh like annalodgic certainty can correct and elect form correctabel and electabel; denied doutles, by uncorrectabel and unelectabel; az expect in boath ſenſes and ſtreſſes, expectabel, widh unexpectabel and inexpectabel: hwile corrigibbel and elligibbel proov dhe adopted quallifiers ov morral poſlibillity, dhat iz, ov propriety; hwich incorrigibbel and inelligibbel deny. Az duly az ledgibel and illedgibel, readabel and unreadabel, ar ſtrong on dhe antepenultimate; muſt intelligibbel and unintelligibbel ſtres primmarily dhe ſyllabel before it. So differs dhe ennergy ov corruptabel and corruptibbel, uncorruptabel and incorruptibbel; diſſolvabel and diſſolubel, rezolvabel and rezzolubel, reputabel and repputabel, preferrabel and prefferabel, widh dheir reſpective deniers. And ſo enfoarce dhe firſt ſuch primmitives, az exorabel, evvitabel; and dheir neggatives dhe ſeccond, az inexorabel, inevvitabel. Nor need we wonder dhat dhe figgurative ar dhe more frequent (dhence more familliar) quallifiers. Litteral poſſibillity iz ſo taken for granted, dhat its negacion can ſeldom find place. For dhis rezon, az wel az in compliment to' dhe forrain immediate parents, in alone can compound invizzibel, inaudibel, inacceſſibel, imperceptibel; acceſſibel and perceptibel retaining dhe ſtres ov acces and perceiv, hwich ſtil more certainly commands perceivabel and unperceivabel; dho inconceivabel may now be ſuppozed almoaſt entirely to' ſuperſede unconceivabel, unles az a poſſibel formative ov dhe poſſibel compound verb unconceiv. Som conſtittuents ov dhe figgurative and primmitive clas appear more frequently, az more natturally, in dhe pozzitive; oddhers, in dhe neggative carracter: az ſuſceptibbel, and irreffragabel; ov more genneral employment, dhan reffragabel or inſuſceptibbel; all howevver, like dhe figgurative acceptabel and inacceptabel, corruptibbel and incorruptibbel, neceſſarily ſtrong on dhe foarth from dhe end. Yet, howevver natturally contraſted be lamentabel and lammentabel, unlamentabel and illammentabel; deplorabel, ſuppoartabel, ſurmountabel; litteral or figgurative, pozzitive or neggative, invariably retain dhe ſtres ov deplore, ſuppoart and ſurmount; az doo comfortabel and cancellabel, dhat ov comfort and cancel. SECCION III. IN PROPPER NAMES. DHE Scotch, nor dhe Scotch alone, ar ſtil apt to' miſtake dhe ſtres ov certain aincient names. In dheze, dho dhey thaught dhemſelvs warranted to' indulge forrain vocallity; dhey has' been les obzervant, dhan dhe Ingliſh, ov primmitive ſtres. To' dhe ſeccond ſyllabel did dhe Scotch transfer dhat ov Canaan and Balaam, hwich dhe Ingliſh enfoarce on dhe firſt; ſinking dhe ſeccond vowel by febelnes to' (almoaſt) inaudibillity, az if Can'an and Bal'am. Dhe antepenultimate ennergy, ſo genneral in Ingliſh pollyſyllabels, haz rendered ſtraingers inattentive to' dhe penultimate power ov Sardanapalus; dhe compounds ov bulus az Ariſtobulus: no les dhan to' dhat ov Ariſtogiton, Ariſtides and Heraclitus. Dho in manny Greek and moaſt Lattin names, a vowel before a vowel waz febel and ſhort; az in Danaus, Tanais (Ingliſhly Dannaus, Tannais) Perſeus and Perſius, Pholoe (Ingliſhly Pholloe). Antinous (Ingliſhly Antinnous); manny Greek names in us wer apt to' ſtrengthen and lengthen dhe vowel before it; az Menelaus (Ingliſhly Mennelaus) Peneus, Sperchius (Ingliſhly Sperkius), Achelous (Ingliſhly Ackelous). So, before oddher endings, Eneas, Briſeis, Ptolemais, and oddhers. Dhe Eneid howevver, or Enneid, follows Ingliſhly dhe Illiad in enfoarcement. Febel and ſhort iz ſimmilarly dhe penultimate ov Ardea, Lydia, Libya, Meſopotamia, and manny more. Yet ſtrong and long iz, no les neſceſſarily, dhat ov ſuch az Judea, Eubea, Berea; Eea, Medea, Enyo; Thalia, Hippodamia, Iphigenia; hwich laſt indeed manny moddernize by enfoarcing dhe penultimate before final coaliſcion, like Eugenia and Aglaia; or like dhe Hebrew names Iſaiah, Maaſeiah, Zeruiah. Hwen in dheze iah iz articculated, no coaliſcion takes place, and dhe penultimate vowel iz enfoarced; az in Uzziah, Jerremiah or Jerremias. But, female names ſtrengthen dhe antepenultimate vowel; az Athaliah and Herodias: a diſtinccion dhe Scotch need peculiarly to obzerv. Nor muſt dhey forguet (hwat haz been elſehware intimated) dhat Greek names in es, evver ſo febel, open and prolong dhe vowel (according to' oridginal quantity) independant ov anny ſervile: dhus Thales, Hercules; az if Thalees, Herculees; and dhe reſt. Dho howevver dhe laſt vowel be (almoaſt) az open in Euphrates, az in Soccrates; dhe names ar az differently enfoarced, az ar Caledon and Callydon: dhe penultimate being ſtrong in Euphrates and Caldon, and dhe antepenultimate in Soccrates and Callydon; hwich ſhut dhe ſtrong vowel, and ſo dubbel dhe conſonant, dhat waz ſinguel in Lattin and Greek. Dhat antepenultimate, hwich boath dhoze diccions held ſtrong and long in Caledonia, and ſhort az weak in Caledonia; equally enfoarces, (in Ingliſh) dhe o ov Callydonia and ov Calledonia; ſhutting alike dhe ſeccondarily ſtrong vowel, and conſequently making ſo diſtant contries coincide. BUT Calledonia, to' prezerv her fammilies, muſt, hware poſſibel, prezerv dheir names. Az dhe Ingliſh Pole, Coke; now Pool, Cook, and dhe reſt; ar ſo varying dheir appearance to' enſure dheir reallity: az dhe Scottiſh (and French) Home, iz dhus natturally veering into' Hume: ſo muſt, if dhey with (and hoo doz not wiſh?) perpetuity, Dalzel, Mackenzie, Menzies, and dheir fellow-licquefiers, adopt dhe ſame exact form ov dhe vocal licquid, dhat ſecures dhe Ingliſh Sawyer, Bowyer, and Fludyer: hoo nevver perhaps affected dhe ſemblance ov Sawzer, or dhe like. Dalyel, Mackenyie, Menyies, and dhe reſt, cannot but be proud to' follow dhe exampel ov won ſacred name, long loſt in dhe figgure ov Zuil; and now found in dhe fair ſhape ov Yule. Nedher Melvil nor Colvil wood, more dhan colnel or culnel, be herd in Ingland; did Melvin and Colvin, (az now doz Ballantyne) venture to' appear dheir own melodious ſelvs; raddher dhan lead dhe Ingliſh (evver reddy!) to' treat dhem az dhe ſlaves ov dhe def tyrant Ettymollogy. Hware, howevver, dhe true picture iz yet inviolate, ov anny aincient name; to' warp (and warp wilfoolly) dhe unabated power, wer unwordhy anny native ov dhe land, to' hwich it belongs. No Caledonian or Hibernian can evver be mean enuf to' ape inability: an inability, hwich reflects no more diſonnor on dhe Ingliſh, dhan on dhe French, hoo ſet dhem dhe exampel, ov relinquishing dhe guttural aſpirate, az a ruffer ſound dhan even dheir propper names cood admit. Dho dhe Welch, like dhe Ingliſh, hav ſmoodhed dhis guttural away; and ſo retain onely Bauan and Vauan (or Bawan and Vawan) ov Baughan and Vaughan; hwich dhe Scottiſh Strachan (az if Straughan) joins Ingliſhly in Strawan; dhe oddher remnants ov dhe Gaulic tribes can ſtil, becauz dhey doo ſtil, emit dhe fool guttural, in ſuch names az Bucchan, Brechin, Drogheda; Lough-- Ern, Loch-Lomond, Auchindinny, Auchtermuchty, and dhe reſt: dhe Scotch havving evver preferred dhe direct, az dhe juſt picture ov dhe guttural ſound. DHEZE hints havving all been antiſcipated, boath in dhe former and prezzent Vollume; to' dhis chapter a concluding caucion proovs indiſpenſabel, on dhe emphattic part, or ſyllabbic ſtres, ov Caledonian names; hwich wil in dhis point, no more dhan Greek proppers, acnollege Ingliſh law. Peculiarly dherfore az ar enfoarced on dhe penultimate Thalia, Euphrates, Ariſtides, Thraſybulus; no les foarcibel on dhe latter, or laſt, ar Cantyre, Blantyre, Auchtertyre, and evvery Celtic tyre; hwich, like dhe French terre, ſignifies land. Alike ſtrong on dhe laſt ar ſuch az Auchintoul, Auchinbrec; and Auchinlec moddernized into' Afflec, ſtil ſtreſſed on dhe latter in Scotland; dho by Ingliſh Anallogy, on dhe former. Yet dhe Ingliſh enfoarce dhe latter, and dhe Scotch dhe former ov Carlile. Carham dherfore or Cardigan, Stanmore or Stanley, howevver natturally ſtrong on dhe former or firſt, can no more preclude ſtrength from dhe ſeccond ov dhe Ingliſh or Welſh Carpue, Carnan, Carnarvon; than ov dhe Scotch Cargil, Carneggy, Arbuthnot, Strathmore, Cathcart, Dunlop, Dundas and Dundee. No more (in-fine) ar Elderſlee, or Woodhouſelee, bound to' transfer dhe ſtres from dhe laſt to' dhe fiſt, widh Hammerſley or Wedderly, dhan Amſterdam to' ſtres widh Nordhampton, or Nordhington; or dhe proppers ov won language to' receiv all dhe laws ov anoddher. PART II. INGLISH WORDS MISAPPLIED I. NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. NEXT to' dhe three grait artikels ov pronunciacion peculiarity ov dialect muſt ly in term, phraze, o arraingement. Hware words and iddioms becom diſtinct, different dialects conſtitute different languages But dhe ſame roots, branches, or compounds, often remain, boath in aincient and moddern dialects; hwile dhe latter, ſomtimes dhe former, hav, parſially or totally, chainged dheir ſenſes or dheir ſounds. Dhis graiteſt (az leaſt ſuſpected) dainger, dhis primmary foarce ov mutual miſunderſtanding and unintended miſrepprezentaccion, cannot too ſoon or too attentively be obviated in evvery clas ov ſpeech. Dhus doo dhe following Ingliſh words becom Scotch, by being applied in a different from dhe prezzent Ingliſh acceptation: Abbacy, college, claſs, humannity, land, lodging, loft, roof, ſole, chimney, reek; ſtair, turnpike, tolbooth, cauſey, wynd, cloſe, gate, poart, gutter, ſhed, park, dike, ſlap, pollicy. Dhe Scottiſh dialect uzes abbacy for abbey, college for univerſity, clas for ſcool or ſcool-room, humannity for Lattin, land for tennement, lodging for manſion-houſe, loſt for gallery, roof for cieling, ſole for ſil, chimney for grate or ſtove, chimneypiece for mantelpiece, reek for ſmoke; ſtair (hwich iz but ſtep) for ſtaircaſe, turnpike for winding-ſtairs or wel-ſtairs, az ſcale-- ſtairs for ſtairs direct; tolbooth (not unlike dhe Lattin careeres) for prizzon, cauſey for middel pavement, az plain-ſtones for ſide-pavement or foot-way; wynd for lane, not dhat winded (or wound), but dhat wended or went, near dhus indeed to' bended or bent; gate for going (or walking) way, and now in gait, dhe way ov going, dhe walk or manner ov walking; poart (French) for gate, cloſe for alley, gutter for kennel, ſhed for ſlip ov land, park for paddoc, dike for wall, ſlaps for gap in it; pollicy for plantation or planting-improovment, round a rural manſion, hwich dhe ſame dialed titels dhe place. Dhe Scots retain, az may be ſuppozed, dhe older names ov things annimate and inannimate. Hence dheir continnuing uſe ov tod, brac, glede, fluke, wilk, midge, for dhe now-Ingliſh fox, badger, kite, flounder, perwinkel, gnat; and dhe familliar interchainge ov ſtang, ſtote, hog, grice, boar, tike, widh dhe quite oddher cretures colt or foal, ſteer or boolloc, lamb or yong ſheep, pig (grice being dhat ov dhe wild-boar) beir or bair, dur or dog; ov hwich latter, indeed, a tike iz but a varriacion. In figgure, dhe Scottiſh draggon ſoars dhe Ingliſh kite dhe harbinger ov balloon. Dhe Inbliſh pad iz a pacer; dhe Scotch pad, dhe pillion upon it. No les varied in ſound and ſenſe ar higher annimals: lad and las, bride and bridegroom, wife and frend. In Ingland lad and las mean yong boy and guirl; in Scotland an unmarried (ſomtimes even a married) man and woomman. Bride and bridegroom (dhus far her umbel ſervant!) ar applied by dhe Scotch, az by dhe Dutch, to' dhe parties juſt before marriage; by dhe Ingliſh, to' dhe pair juſt after it. Man and woomman ar genneral terms, comprehending reſpective particculars. Wife waz wonce in Ingliſh, az ſtil in Scotch, interchaingeabel widh woomman: witnes an old wife, perhaps nevver married. Dhe Dutch hav debaſed dhe word into' a groce acceptation. Nature gave to' all men, relations dhe firſt frends: dhe Greeks held frends oddher ſelvs. Az dherfore evvery broddher and ſiſter iz a frend, evvery frend proovs a broddher or ſiſter; and yet dhare iz a frend, dhat ſticketh cloſer dhan a broddher! Ov human occupations, herd, wright, and ſmith muſt hav been dhe erlieſt, az moaſt neſceſſsry: dhe tender, dhe worker, and dhe ſmiter. Won fed all manner ov cattel, named alſo (from Lattin and French); dhe ſeccond became ezily engroced, howevver various hiz powers, by dhe grait material, wood; and dhe laſt found ſoon ſuffiſcient variety in dhe metallic reign. So genneral agents required ſpeſcificacion in dheir objects. Precizzion produced ſhepherd, cartwright, blacſmith, and dheir fellows. Hwile to' dhe old dialect dhe indeffinite carracters continnued to' ſuffice; refining language tranſferred dhe name not ſo much from dhe keeper, az from dhe French harde, to' dhe graiter objects ov hiz care. Dhe oxherd or ſwineherd dhus tended dhe herd ov oxen or ſwine, az faithfoolly az dhe ſhepherd or goatherd, dhe floc ov ſheep or goats. Dhe Ingliſh joiner conſpired widh dhe French carpenter, to' exterminate onneſt old Wright; hoo, like Smith, remained onely in ſpeſcifying compounds, or in a ſimpel ſurname. Dhe carpenter, ſtil excluded dhe land-habbitacions ov Scotland, became at leaſt dhe ſhipwright dhare; hwile in Ingland, az in France hiz parent charpentier, he iz dhe genneral worker in wood. Tradeſman and merchant hav, in Ingland, extended dheir idea. In Scotland, dhoze terms (like ouvrier and marchand) mean not much more dhan artifficer and hopkeeper. Dealers in wine, vinnegar, coal, or oddher commoddity not ſold in ſhops, ar by dhe Ingliſh ſtil allowed dhe titel ov merchant. In South-Britrain dhe clodhier (or mannufacturer) makes and prepares dhe cloth, for dhe cloth-factor; hoo, from hiz warehouſe, ſupplies (widh dhe bales wanted) dhe woollen-draper, hoom dhe Scots name dhe cloth-merchant. A ſilk-merchant iz, in in like manner, dhe Ingliſh ſilk-mercer; az in Ingland, dhe habberdaſher ov ſowing-ſilks or threds, iz nedher more nor les dhan a ſilkman. Dhe ſteward on an eſtate haz been hiddherto' termed by dhe Scotch dhe factor, or chaumerlan for chaimberlain. Dhe Ingliſh baily and Scotch griev (or overſeer) iz hiz depputy. Dhe anallogy may ezily rize to' dhe firſt and ſeccond madgiſtrate ov a corporacion, hweddher dhe Scottiſh Provvoſt and Bailies; dhe Ingliſh Mayor and Aldermen (elder-men or ſennators); le Prévot des Marchands, et les Echevins de Paris; ou les Maire et Echevins d'Orléans. Provvoſt and Baily hav been high dignities in Ingland, az dhey yet ar in France and in Scotland. Provvoſt iz ſtil dhe ſuperior in certain Ingliſh colleges; and dhe High-Baily retains hiz titel (at leaſt) ov madgiſtracy in Weſtminſter. Az baily howevver haz ſunk to' a low officer in Ingland, ſo precentor, from a (muzical) dignitary ſtil ſubſiſting in Ingliſh cathedrals, haz ſunk in Scotland, to' a parriſh-- clerk. FOAR parts ov dhe boddy ar named in Scotch by Ingliſh words now ov oddher meaning: dhe ear, dhe palm, dhe buttoc, and dhe ankel. Dhe ear iz yet called dhe lug, hwich iz dhe lobe ov it, or ov annithing elſe; dhe palm, or hollow ov dhe hand, dhe loof; implying (perhaps) elongacion, hweddher ov hight or deepening; if loaf transpoze not vola. Dhe hip, hwich iz dhe haneh or buckel-bone, iz onely transferred to' dhe butting part ov dhe fleſh. Dhe Scottiſh cute (dho uttered Frenchly) iz no groſer dhan dhe Ingliſh (truly vulgar!) abbreviacion, ov acute; and ſo denomminates dhe ſharp bone ov dhe leg. Dhe claw ov a crab or lobſter, varied natturally into' dhe tae, now toe; az dhe claw ov a tabel, may converge into' a foot. Ov nattural inannimate things, dhe Ingliſh ſky vaut, or welkin, proovs by hwatevver anallogy dhe Scottiſh lift: ſo a fall ov ſnow ſwels into' a ſtorm ov ſnow; and even dhe meek ſnow on dhe ground, ſeems punningly arrouzed into' a lying ſtorm. An Ingliſh dimpel ſinks raddher dhan ſwels, to' a Scottiſh pit, in dhe cheek, dhe chin, or dhe wauter. Gennerals doutles imply particculars: hence iz wauter ſtil dhe ſubſtitute ov rivver, benorth dhe wauter ov Tweed; not (on dhe) ſouth (ſide) ov (dhe rivver) Tweed. Hwatevver be dhe ſoarce ov dhe Scotch merry lilt, a tune ſtarts emphattically a ſpring, a nattural ſpring ov joy: Auld ſprings bear (or guee) nae price — Old ſongs bair or guiv no price, dho frequently dhey be dhe fineſt, Boarn (like its parent borne) dhe bound or limmit, came ezily to' repprezent (in burn) dhe rivvulet, ril, or brook, dhat bounded particcular propperty. In Scotland, and remote provvinces, it dhus uſefoolly continnues to' glide; but, in its primmitive ſenſe, it haz almoaſt vanniſſhed to' Dhat undiſcovver' d contry, from hoos boarn No travveller returns. Stripe Scottiſhly figgures, not onely a wauter-boarn, but a ſlip ov land. Dhe ſhore, on hwich keys or hwarfs ar bilt, becoms dheir ſubſtitute in Scottiſh expreſſion. Pith, being dhe marrow ov plants, ſpeaks in Ingliſh figgure intellectual; in Scotch, corporeal ſtrength. By ſuch interchainge ov cauz and effect, container and content, ov hoal and part, litteral and figgurative, doo dhe Scots uze bear or bair, widh its diminnutive big, for its formative or compound barley; lint dhe prodduce, for flax dhe producer; hwin and fog, dhe preddeceſſor-terms for furz and aftermath, dhe ſucceſſors; briar, for dhe peering blade, hweddher from rezemblance to' dhe Ingliſh briar, or by deſcent from bruyere, heath; hed for ear, ov grain; corn for oats, ſpice for pepper, flower for nozegay; blade for leaf, ov roze or cabbage; lime for mortar, hwich iz lime plaſhed; bubbel for ſnot; berry for curran; alſo for pap, infantine gruel; gravy for ſahce, perhaps widhout gravy; roaſted (truly roaſtet) hens, for roaſt ſowls; pen for quil, like dhe Ingliſh quil for pen; nib, dhe point, for dhe hoal beak or bil; prawn for ſhrimp, its diminnutive; and ſtore, for dhe cattel, dhat compote it. Different contries wil hav different names for dhe ſame kind ov bred; ſomtimes different kinds under won name. Dhus dhe Scotch bake iz buttered biſcuit; and dhe Scotch bun, dhe Ingliſh cake, hwile dhe Ingliſh bun varies into' dhe Scotch cooky, hwig, and oddher nicnames. Dhe Scotch cake iz a braud and thin oaten biſket; dhe fardel, won thic and triangular; applied dherfore alſo to' dhe ſhortbred, ſo named az conſiſting ov dhe fineſt flour and butter, oft enriched widh ſugar and confections. A ſheaf, ſheav, raddher ſhave, ov a loaf, iz a large ſlice ov it; a crumb, a ſmall bit, firſt ov bred, dhence ov anny thing; a tet, a littel taſte ov it; a hair, dhe ſmalleſt partikel, eſpecially ov ſugar or ſalt. In dhe ſame figgurative and familliar ſtile, dhe Scots employ foar partitives or extractives ov cluſtered quantity; but not ov promiſcuous application: loc, from dhe French loque; pickel (or puckel) from dhe Spanniſh poco; curn, varied from quern; and hween, hwich but varies fewing. Dhus a pickel, a curn, a loc, means a littel (ov) ſalt, ſagar, ſand, or dhe like. So a pickel hay, a loc ſirae; a littel (or ſom) hay or ſtaw, and a hween apels, a few appels. In wairabels, dhe Scotch employ loop for ftitch, ov anny thing workt or knitted; and loops for frogs, or trimmings; dhe nec, for dhe cape ov a coat, and dhe collar ov a ſhirt; az dhe handband, for dhe wriſtband: a coat, for a petticoat; retaining alike pouch for pocket, and poke for bag. Dhe Ingliſh ſtil make pouch edher hag ov a wallet, az wel az dhe leddhern pocket for gunpowder. No wonder poke remains in dhe old addage: By not a pig in a poke; hware alliteracion haz varied dhe annimal from dhe French, dho dhe Ingliſh, enclozing doutles different annimals, let onely dhe cat out ov dhe bag. So doo dhe French and Ingliſh interchainge dhe cat and dog. N'éveillez pas le chat qui dort. Let ſleeping dogs ly. Un chien regarde bien un évêque. A cat may look on a king. Dho dhe exchainge be always accountabel, notthing can now make Ingliſh dhe uſe ov napkin for handkerchief, knitting for tape, boxes for galoſhes or ſhoo-ſlippers; ov a cod, codware and pincod, for a pillow (or a pod), pillowcaſe or pillowbair and pincooſſion. Dhe Scotch hav kept dhe bezom, and dhe Ingliſh dhe ſimpel broom, its primmitive material, for dhe ſweeping implement: boath hav kept inkhorn for inkpiece, by ſimmilar cauz; dho horn make no part ov dhe won, more dhan broom ov dhe oddher. Birch, being in Ingland dhe material ov dhe rod, proovs dhare its az nattural ſubititute, az doo dhe taws (or tawed thongs) in Scotland. Brander or brand-iron, filler, tea-kitchen, tea-tray, ſlop-bowl and ſugar-box hav, by various (not always obvious) cauz, guivven way to' grid-iron, funnel, (perhaps varied from tunnel) tea-urn, tea-board, ſlopbaſon, ſugar-diſh. Dhe bands ov a dore, howevver expreſſive, hav yielded to' dhe hinges. Widhout impropriety doo dhe Scotch uze decay for decline, ov helth. Yet not alike mutually underſtood, won dialect pronounces a perſon in a decline; dhe oddher, in a decay. coffin, in all its parent-tungs a baſket or hamper, haz not unnatturallv, in Scotch, ſubſtituted Berrial, (or familliarly berrying) in edher kingdom dhe terminating action, iz oft in boath uzed for dhe hoal ſolemnity ov dhe funeral. So dhe Scotch extend ſcutcheon, dho but won member, into' dhe hoal atchievment, vulgarized by dhe Ingliſh into' hachment. Guear, ſtil (rich) ſubſtance or welth in Scotland, iz ſcarce known ſouth ov, Tweed, but in a horſes guears or caparrizons. Like dhe Lattins and dhe French, dhe Scotch expres by dhe principal material (ſilver, melted into' ſiller) dhe grand equivvalent monney. Dhe Ingliſh fee iz a lawyers, phyziſcians, or oddher onnorary; dhe Scotch alſo, a ſervants wages. Dhe Scottiſh ſtipend iz purely eccleſiaſtical; dhe Ingliſh implies anny ſallary. Dhe parſonage-houſe iz in Scotland dhe manſe, and dhe glebe-land dhe glebe. Wit ſtil includes in Scotland, not onely dhe flower, but dhe hoal eſſence ov wizdom or knollege. Dhus E' wot bought iz worth twa for nought: Won wit baught iz worth two for naught; or, Baught wit iz beſt. I had nae wot o'd: I had no notice ov it. Ye wod hae wot o' aw theng! Yoo wood know every thing. Az a flaw iz a crac or blemmiſh, a fib iz in Scotch a flaw. Dhe Scots call a prezzent a compliment; hwich it may ſo far be, az it doz onnor. Dhey term a quarrel or littigacion a plea, hwich iz but an argument to' plead; and guiv dhe genneral name ov account, to' anny bil ov particculars due. A glee, hwich iz in Ingland an arch littel ſong, iz in Scotland a litteral ſquint. Dhe fret hwich ſpeaks in Scotch a ſuperſtiſcious obzervance, may be better traced dhan from φρητια (fretia) dhe mouth ov a wel, or even from φριττω (fritto) I ſhudder, from dhe Gaulic freitach, a vow. Dhe Scotch hold abundance dhe ſuffiſcience it aught to' produce; dhe Ingliſh hold abundance, according to' orrigin, dhat indeffinite much, ſo apt to' graſp at more. 2. NOUN ADJECTIVE. DHE adjectives, ov hwich dhe Scots hav retained or altered dhe primmitive ſenſe; differing edher way from dhe Ingliſh, ar few (if anny) beſide gentel, tender, frail, dainty, ſtingy, diſcrete, ſmart, pointed, momentary, propoarcional, conform; widh oddhers we ſhal ſee in peculiar combinacion. Dhe gentel Shepherd iz dhe highborn Swain; a tender perſon, an ailing perfon; a frail, a febel, conſtitucion; a dainty lad, a fine fellow, dhe verry antipode ov an eppicure; a ſtingy, a ſurpercillious, not a cloſe-fiſted carracter; ſtinted az ar boath. A diſcrete perſon iz a civvil perſon, in Scottiſh idea, hwich holds civillity dhe teſt, nay dhe ſynnonymy, ov diſcreſcion or diſcernment. A ſmart child, or perſon, iz a quic or clevver won. A pointed iz a preciſe, punctillious, perſon. Had not momentary been herd in Scotland for momentous, and ſpirritual for ſpirrituous, ſuch chainges wood ſcarce hav been ſuppozed poſſibel. Yet hardly more tollerabel iz dhe affectacion ov dhe deffinite matthemattic terms propoarcional and central, for dhe equally propper indeffinites propoarcionabel and centrical or centric. Dhus talks Propriety ov all elſe propoarcionabel, not propoarcional; az ov a centrical (or centric) (not central) ſittuacion. So ov all elſe conformabel, not conform; dho BACON did philoſopphically ſay: Variety ov tones doth diſpoze dhe ſpirrits to' variety ov paſſions conform unto' dhem. No wonder if ſocial and ſociabel be confounded, dho preciſely ov dhe ſame indiſpenſabel diſcriminacion. Social ar all members ov ſociety; ſociabel onely dhoze, hoo ar qualified and inclinabel to' partake ſocial joys. In Ingliſh az in French, dhe date ov dhe year prefers dhe cardinal to' dhe ordinal number. Dhus dhe year won thouzand, ſevven hundred, and eighty-ſix: not dhe year (won) thouzandth, ſeven-hundredth, eightieth and ſixth, az in dhe aincient languages. So ſay dhe Ingliſh, Number won, number two; not Number firſt, number ſeccond, and dhe reſt. Yet, hware dhe Freneh ſay, Henri Quatre, Louis Quatorze; dhe Ingliſh uze Henry dhe foarth, Lewis dhe foarteenth, and dhe like. 3.PRONOUN. Two centuries ago our Language, dho advancing to' her ſtandard, had nedher introduced its az dhe neutral appropriative, nor hoo az dhe relative perſonal pronoun: an ellegance, hwich not onely ſevvers perſons from things, but our tung from dhe tungs dhat ſurround her, or even dhat wer tuned before her. Hence dhe gate turned on his (for its or her) hinges; and hence Our Fahdher, hwich (for hoo) art in Hevven! Won had not yet becom dhe butifool perſonal pronoun, except in dhe ſenſe ov ſomboddy: much les cood dhe reflecting appropriative (wons) appear. Hence prooved he, hiz, and himſelf, dhe indefinite ſubſtitutes ov won, wons and wons-- ſelf; and hence behooved it dhe vennerabel Tranſlators to' ſay: To' lov hiz neighbor az himſelf, iz better dhan all hoal-burnt-offerings and ſaccrifices. Hwich muſt now be, To' lov wons neighbor (if not nabor) az wons-ſelf, and ſo on. He dherfore and himſelf cannot reprezent won and wons-ſelf, az dhey ſtil attempt in dhe old dialect, ſaying; Dho won ſhood meet widh dhe graiteſt diſappointments, he (for won) ſhood nevver abandon himſelf (for wons-ſelf) to' deſpair. 4. VERB. Manny ar dhe verbs, hwich under won form hav different meaning, or different application, in dhe dialects: particcularly to' — cry, greet, ken, notice, mind; find, cap, throw, caſt, hurl, tine, looz, teem; kindel, light, dight, ſwerv, ſerv, want, lern, hire, ſet; flite, flit, ſtay; yoke, ſhear; ſow, work; wale, enhance, apply, poddher, miſguiv; ſtic, guide, challenge, diſcharge, ſcale; ſcalp, pay, nip, ding, affront, blac, green, even; ſcorn, gloom, ſnuf, fever. DHE old dialect cries upon (for calls to') a perſon; and cries (for calls) won litterally up or down. So a crying wife, iz indeed a woomman (not weeping, but) crying out, in labor; hwile a greeting iz a crying or weeping (not a ſaluting) carracter. Dhe Ingliſh greet iz a reggular verb; dhe Scotch pretterites ar grat and grutten. Ken dhe old (ſo Scottiſh) know, haz now no Ingliſh idea, but dhat ov deſcry, or know afar. Hiz eaguel-glances kenn'd dhe foe, Dho far beyond my ken. Notice, az a verb, takes Ingliſhly deſigned, Scottiſhly accidental, notice. So different iz I did not notice him, I did not obzerv him; from I did not notice him, I took no notice ov him. So to' notice a thing iz to' bring it into' notice, not merely to' perceiv it. In like manner, to' mind haz dialectically verry different, even oppozite (az active and paſſive) ſenſes. I doo not (or don' t) mind it, means in Scotch, I doo not remember it: in won dialect, I hav it not in my mind or memmory; in dhe oddher, I beſtow not my mind (or attenſion) upon it. Find iz uzed Scottiſhly for feel: I find it yet, I feel it ſtil; nay, for ſeek or ſerch: Find in yoor pooch for'd — Feel or ſerch yoor pocket for it. Dhe Ingliſh cap (at leaſt) verſes; dhe Scotch cap (for catch) evverithing az, (from tordre) dhey throw (for twiſt) evverithing; hwile dhe Ingliſh throw, in twiſting ſenſe, onely thred or ſilk. It wer forrain here to' hint, dhat a woodden bowl from dhe ſhape iz, not quite widhout cauz, named a cap in Scotland: Nor, az in looſe dialects won particippial often ſupplants anoddher, can we wonder if a cappet boddy repprezent a capping (ſnappiſh) creture. To' caſt iz no unnattural (wer it entirely a Scottiſh) repprezentative ov to' warp, az wood or mettal; nay, ov to' chainge or fade, az doz a cullor. To' hurl, hwich iz to' ſhoot or lanch widh direct veloſcity, iz by dhe Scotch employed for hwirl, hweel or trundel. In dhe ſublime dherfore — Vengeance hurls dhe bolt — az — Aingels — tine dhe ſlant lightning. To' tine waz dhus to' ſhed or looz, az it ſtil iz in dhe aincient dialect. Aw waz tint, dhat fel by — ov punniſhment, dhe hoal (and more) waz dezerved. Dhe Scotch uze loſt for drown'd: dhe ſhip and crew wer loſt, for — dhe ſhip waz loft, and dhe crew drown' d. To' teem, (from tumere) to' ſwel or be fool, procedes Scottiſhly to dhe ſenſe ov overflowing and pouring out; hwence teemed ſeems to' hav ſhrunk into' teem (emptied or empty) in dhe North, and to' toom (u French) in dhe South ov Scotland. To' kindel fire, iz dhe old and juſt expreſſion. Dhe Ingliſh now light dhe litteral fire, and kindel anny figgurative flame; but fire-lighters alone uze lit for lighted, az doo buf-duelliſts or dheir admirers, fit for faught. Dight, dhe old wipe or clean, ſcarce coutinnues Ingliſh in dhe compound particippial bedlight, trimm'd or trict up. Swerv, inverting dhe power ov dhe aſpirate, becoms dhe Scottith ſwerf, peculiarly uzed for ſwoon. To' ſerv, or help at tabel, iz French and Scotch; but Scotch onely iz ſerv for ſuffice. Ar ye ſerv'd (truly ſerr'd)? Hav yoo (got) enuf? To' ſerv wons-ſelf ov a thing iz an obſolete Galliciſm, for making uſe ov it. To' want, uniting in Ingliſh dhe gradacion to' be widhout, to' need, and to' dezire (carere, indigere, deſiderare) can ſcarce be uzed widh precizzion, hware nedher need nor dezire, far les hware averſion iz implied. Incongruous dherfore muſt appear He nevver wants an ailment, in evvery ſenſe but dhat ov being widhout it; dho even dhare dhat ov need may be implied, pain being ſomtimes conducive to' plezzure. Nor les excepcionabel, becauz impreciſe, iz — Won cannot guiv common-ſenſe to' him hoo wants it, hwich may edher mean, Won cannot guiv common ſenſe, hware nature haz denied it; or, Won, hoos ſenſe iz uncommon, cannot (always) guiv common-ſenſe, to' him hoo requires it, onely ov dhe common kind. In dhe oridginal and indeffinite acceptacion ov not havving, ſays dhe Scottiſh poet — Hiz onnor manna want: he poinds your guear. Syne drivv'n frae hooſe and hald, hwaur wol ye ſteer? Dhe Squire muſt hav hiz due: he pounds, and lo! Drivven from houſe and hold, ah! hwiddher go? Dhe ſame interchainge ov cauz and effect, dhat made apprendre teach az wel az lern; made lern boath lern and teach. Je vous apprendrai à vivre: I ſhal lern (for teach) yoo better manners. To' hire, like its correſpondent louer, ſignifies in Scotch boath to' let and to' hire; dho in Ingliſh dhe latter no more implies to' let, dhan doz now lern teach, or let ſtop, az in dhe wonce ſore let and hindered; or in Hamlets I'l make a goaſt ov him, dhat letteth me. By ſuch coincidence ov oppozites, doz looſe language ſomtimes ſay:How much d'ye guiv for dhis or dhat? inſted ov How much doz won guiv, or how much doo yoo take for it? Certain it iz, dhat a horſehirer or ſtabler means in Scotland a horſe-letter or ſtabel-keeper; becauz he iz ſaid to' hire out, hwen underſtood to' let out hiz horſes for hire. Dhe Ingliſh alſo let inannimate propperty, houzes, lodgings, farms, or dhe like; hwile dhe Scotch continnue to' ſet dhem. Az vulgar Ingliſh uzes litterally ſet for ſit, gennuine Scotch uzes figguratively and Frenchly ſet for ſit on or becom. Il vous ſied bien de parky de la ſorte: It ſets (for becoms) yoo wel (litterally, it ſits wel on yoo) to' talk ſo. How different from dhe Ingliſh iz dhe Scotch ſet of, for turn out or ſend a packing! If he grow trubbelſom, I'l ſet him of — I wil turn him out or away; I ſhal ſend him a packing. Dhe Scotch ſet in dancing, hware dhe Ingliſh foot it. To' flyte or flite (to' fly out), ſtil Scotch for — to' ſcold, waz wonce Ingliſh for burſting into' tears. Dhou pootteſt my flutings into' dhy bottel: dhe laccrymal, or tear-vial, ov dhe aincients. Flit or fleet, widh ſhort or long vowel, keeps Ingliſh for wing away, or fly ſwiftly; but iz entirely Scotch, in dhe caſe ov mooving to' anoddher houſe or abode; az in dhe old phraze before Martinmas and Hwitſuntidc: D' ye ſit or flit? a queſtion arizing, not from lov ov chainge, but ov improovment. Perhaps in evvery dialect, except Ingliſh, ſtay and rezide, ar interchaingeabel. No wonder if Hware doo yoo ſtay? (for Hware doo yoo liv?) be a Scotticiſm. To' yoke being (doutles) often figgurative, dhe Scotch yoke not onely dhe drawers, but dhe carridge; ſaying: Yoke dhe horſes, for, poot to' dhe horſes; nay, dhe coach iz yoket, for, dhe horſes ar poot to'. To' ſhear opperates onely widh ſhears; but dhe Scots ſhear grain widh a hook, hwile dhe Ingliſh reap it widh a ſickel. So, widh oddher due inſtrument, dhe former ſhear (cut down) hwat dhe latter ſhred — cale, greens or cabbage. To' ſow or work widh dhe needel, remains Scotch, in dhe old ſound and ſhape ov ſew. Dhe Ingliſh now preferring and peculiarizing dhe genneral term, work, talk ov a workt (not wraught or ſow'd, far les ſew'd) waſtecoat, or oddher piece ov needelwork. So dhe Scotch work ſtockings, and dhe Ingliſh knit dhem. Dhe Scotch call knitting-needels, hwat dhey ar, wires. Dhe needel and hweel ar common to' Minerva's daughters; dhe roc and reel wer dhe diſtaf and romb. Dhe firſt ſimpel taſk ov dhe needel, waz (perhaps) dhe ſewing (now ſowing) ov a ſeam; and dhence came to' ſpeak anny taſk ov needel-wook. Sew (ſow) yoor ſeam, laſſy: mind yoor work, guirl. To' wale or wile, to' hev wol and weil, iz in Scotch, to' pic and chooz. To' wale may hav been to' mark, after picking; and to' wile, to' gain by wile. Ingliſh, hwich did col (and clip), now ſnufs dhe candel; dim Scotch continnues to' col it. To' enhance (from enhauſſer, dhe preddeceſſor ov rehauſſer) ſtil in Ingliſh, az in French, to' or ſo far az to' engroce. Won may apply to' a perſon, but muſt apply wons-ſelf to' a purſuit. Nor can an argument (howevver annimated) apply to' a caſe: it can but be applicabel to' it. To' poddher confines dhe buſtel, verry propperly in Scotch, to' a canvas. To' miſguiv, genneral in Scottiſh acceptacion, Ingliſh ſcarce now knows anny miſguiving befide dhat ov dhe hart. My hart miſgave me: my hart failed me. To' ſtic, being infix, came Scottiſhly to' ſtab,deſtroy, or poot an end to' annithing. To' guide, from conducting a perſon, proceded in Scotch to' mannage or anny way uze anny thing. Dhus perſon or thing, il uzed, iz Scottiſhly il guided. To' challenge won widh a thing, means in Scotch to' charge won widh it, or arrain won ov it. If dhe Ingliſh charge a perſon to' doo a thing, az wel az widh dhe dooing ov it; and diſcharge a perſon from a duty, or from dhe dooing ov it; dhe former being a pozzitive command, dhe latter preciſely its remooval, iz by dhe Scotch (not unnatturallv) extended into' a prohibiſcion. Turning dherfore diſcharge not merely into' dhe privvative, but dhe oppozite ov charge; az dhey charge a perſon to' doo a thing, dhey diſcharge him alſo to' doo it; meaning to' guiv him dhe contrary charge, or to' charge him not to' doo it. Ingliſh howevver, hwich may hinder to' doo or from dooing, can onely diſcharge (diſmis or releaſe) from a duty, or its performance. To' ſcale, hweddher from eſcaler or eſcailler (now écaler and écailler), to' ſhel or unſhel; σϰεδαω (ſkedao), I ſhed or ſcatter, or from dhe Gaulic ſcoillam, to' ſplit or burſt; includes, by Scottiſh extenſion, to' diſmis, diſperſe, evaccuate. Iz dhe Kirk ſcaled? Iz church over? Scale dhe ſcool: diſmis dhe ſcollars. To' ſcalp means in Scotch to ſpank or ſmac, widhout excoriacion; az to' pay, in like infantine ſtile, correſponds widh dhe figgurative and familliar to' lic. Ye'l be paid (peid), bairn. Yool be lict, child. To' nip, chiefly now figgurative in Ingliſh, iz ſtil in Scotch to' pinch. To' ding, oridginally to' drive or knoc, means in Scottiſh figgure to' beat or outdoo. Nah! ye hev dung me: Nay, yoo hav outdon me. To' affront iz, in Scotland, to' poot out ov countenance; in Ingland, to' poot out ov temper. To' blac, like to' ding, means to' outwit, or ſurpas in ſkil; perhaps, from dhe no verry gennerous opperacion, in uncerremonious times, ov dhe victors blacking dhe brow ov dhe vanquiſhed. To' green, meaning Scottiſhly to' long, muſt figgure dhe paly hue ov dhe longing; or ov hwat Ingland terms dhe green-ſicnes. To' even won perſon to' anoddher iz, in Scotch, to' poot won on dhe levvel widh dhe oddher. He iz even'd to' her: he iz imputed her match. To' ſcorn means no oddher Scottith ſcorn, dhan a jeer. To' gloom, or look glum, to' ſcoul, to' frown, to' pout; affects not ſo much in Scotch dhe ſky, az dhe beholder. Dhe nordhern dialect ſays: D'ye ſnuf? Dhe ſoddhern, Doo yoo take ſnuf? Won, I'm no ſnuffer; dhe oddher, I am no ſnuf-taker. Dhe latter, ov anoddher nazal verb: Don't ſnif; dhe former; Dinna ſnifter. Dhis: he ſnivvals, for, he ſpeaks thro' dhe noze; dhat: he ſnivvels, for he drivvels. Dhe Scotch retain dhe primmitive dwine, hware dhe Ingliſh prefer dhe diminnutive and frequentative dwindel. Dhe Ingliſh on dhe contrary know onely pine; dhe Scotch, boath pine. and pinguel. Az dhe Ingliſh prefer dhe iddiom to' dhe nomminal verb in, to' take ſnuf, raddher dhan to' ſnuf; ſo in to' take dhe fever?or grow ſeveriſh, raddher dhan to' fever. 5. ADVERB. INGLISH adverbs ar ſomtimes warpt into' Scottiſh peculiarity; az reddily, freely, ſimply, prezzently, elſe, and aguen, dhus employed: Dhat wil not reddily happen, for — Dhat wil not probbably happen; he waz freely kind, for — he waz excedingly kind; it iz ſimply impoſſibel, for — it iz abſſolutely impoſſibel; hware iz he prezzently dhe ſenſe ov préſentement)? for — hware iz he now? I hav told yoo elſe, for — I hav -told yoo alreddy. Doo not aſſk me now: I'l tel yoo aguen, for — Doo not aſk me now: I ſhal tel yoo afterwards, or anoddher time. Hwenevver iz often confined by dhe Scotch to' dhe ſpeſcificacion ov. az ſoon az, hwich dhey alſo familliarize into how ſoon. He ſhal hav it hwenevver, of how ſoon, he coms; for — az ſoon az he coms. Dhe old conteſt between dhe indeffinitely extenſive nevver ſo and evver ſo, oppozites ſo near az to he almoaſt interchaingeabel; ſeems howevver duly determined, againſt dhe long-prevailing neggative. Dhis won inſtantaneouſly perceivs; talk evver ſo much, or rezon ehr ſo long. Dhe Scotch uze Com away, for Walk in, or Com forward; and ſay away., for ſay on — Procede. Plezing iz dhe ſurprize ov dhe Scottiſh intejeccion Out away! O ſtrainge! Iz it true? Yoo don't ſay ſo! Cognates proov natturally interchaingeabel: dhus out for of, in ſuch phrazes az Hwat made (wonce garred or gart) yoo cut out yoor hair? — I wood cut out dhe ſleve — So — Take out yoor glas, or I'l cut a lug out ov yoor hed; for — Drink of yoor glas, or I'l cut won ov yoor ears of. Out iz perhaps more raſcional, if les dhan up; in — Dhe quarter (or oddher term) iz almoaſt out, or almoaſt up. Az dhe French hav onely où boath for hware and hwiddher, boath Brittiſh dialects Vulgarly uze hware in edher capaſcity, and ſo agree to' ſaccrifice won diſtinguiſhing az diſtinctive buty ov Ingliſh diccion. Adjectives may, in all dialects becom ſubſtitutes to' dheir verbs. But, dho Ellegance may ſing ſweet for ſing ſweetly, ſhe ſays not ſweet ſung for ſweetly ſung; ſo not ezy done for ezily don, far les dhis much and dhat much, dhis far and dhat far, dhis high or dhat high, for dhus much and ſo much, dhus far and ſo far, dhus high or ſo high. We cannot dherfore ſay ſom (for ſomhwat) better, dho we may ſay, no (for not anny or not annithing) better. Uncooth, ſcotcht into' unco', becoms a familiar hightener: unco' good, unco' wel; unco' ſare, unco' wae; for verry good — ſwel — ſore — ſorry. But unco' keeps dhe adjective in an unco' phraze! — a ſtrainge adoo! or dhe like. Right, ſtil dhe juſt mezzure in form (az right revverend, right onnorabel) waz wonce ſo in evvery ſtile, even in dhe ſacred: az, Right dear ar dhy words unto' my ſoll; yea, ſweeter dhan honney unto' my mouth! — Wonderfool ar dhy works! and dhat my ſoll knowest right wel. How haz dhe. ſublimeſt Ingliſh ſunk into' dhe umbleſt Scotch! Right, dhe nattural ſynnonymy ov (dhe prezzent) verry or duly, iz now ſcarce equivvalent to' pretty or tollerably; in dhe now Scotch right good and right wel, barely pretty good and tollerably wel; for hwich latter phraze dhe. ſame dialect uzes dhe familliar gaily; or, ſtil more familliarly,gay and wel (not unlike dhe Ingliſh pure and wel), az wonce wonder wel! for wondrous wel! Nay, dhe moaſt familliarly colloquial Scotch mezzure ov complecion waz, after no dhat, dones (u French) or denes: az no dhat dones il — not ſo abſolutely or completely bad. Even waz no unnattural predeceſſor ov juſt, in even (or, e'n) now for juſt now. Dhe Scots ar apt to' ſpeak aſſent by dhe interjective Juſt ſo! meaning (by habbit) littel elſe dhan Verry wel hear — I underſtand — obzerv — I allow it. Dhus: Yoo ſhal hav my hoal proggres. I firſt went to' Mr. — and ſaid: Sir, yoo muſt know dhat — Juſt ſo! Dhen waited on Lady— and told' her my deſign in dheze terms: Maddam, for certain rezons not unknown to' yoor Ladiſhip, I propoze to' — Juſt ſo! To' make a long tale ſhort, I addreſt won and anoddher ſo ſuccesfoolly, dhat — JUST, so! replied at evvery poſſibel interſtice.(not to' ſay interval) dhe complaizant az pacient hearer. Split-new and brand-- new familliar equivvalents in dhe dialects, ar boath perhaps az good az ſpan-new, or even ſpic-and-ſpan, hwich doz boaſt good authorrity. I keep no antiquated ſtuf: But ſpic-and-ſpan I hay enuf. 6. PREPOZISCION. DHE dellicate ſittuatives or directives, wel named. prepoziſcions, muſt be liabel to' much impropper, becauz to' much propper interchainge. No wonder, if dhe Scotch employ abov and below dhe tabel, for on or under dhe tabel; abov and below dhe bridge, for on and under dhe bridge. Abov or below bridge intimates fardher up or down dhe rivver; dheze two prepoziſcions pointing a ſittuacion indeffinitely higher or lower, nedher. immediately over nor under .dhe object. Dhe Scots peak dhemſelvs on going along (ſtil more on going alongſt) dhe bridge, conceiving dhat to' go (az ſay. dhe Ingliſh) over it, iz to' fall over won ſide. Won may go along a bridge, widhout ſo much az going upon it, if no wauter be, under. If dhe low Scotch uze alongſt for along, dhe low Ingliſh uze again (or aguen) for againſt (or aguenſt). Boath nacions talk vulgarly ov going over dhe dore (dhe Scots, ov croſſing it) for, over its thresſhold. Nor doo dhe Scotch blunder more, hwen dhey ly over dhe window, inſted ov looking out ov it. Dhe Scotch look on widh oddher, hware dhey ſhood look over widh each oddher; on dhe ſame book, hwen two chance to' hav but won. Dhey doo not let on, hwen dhey ſlily take no notice, or ſeem ignorant ov a thing. How oft ar reſt and mocion confounded! Low Scotch ſays: he iz 'into' (meaning in) dhe room. Low Ingliſh ſays: he iz gon in dhe contery, for, he iz gon into' dhe contry: an exchainge indeed quite az warrantabel, az dhat ov calling or bringing a thing in (for into') queſtion; and az wel doutles may won poot a thing in practice, az poot it in wons pocket. Dhe Scotch may hav been careles enuf to' ſay, poot dhe horſes in dhe coach, for poot to' dhe horſes; but dhey nevver wer likely (az alledged) to' invite a frend into' dhe fire, dho dhey doo (not unnatturally) ſay, Com in to dhe fire; dhat iz, com inward to' dhe fire, or com in towards it; az dhey ſay, Sit in to' (for towards) dhe tabel. On and upon ar not always interchaingeabel. On (not upon) ſittuates time, and ſpeſcifies manner. On ſuch a day (or ſimply, ſuch a day) won goes on foot, on horſebac, on board, on a toor or on an expediſcion; won goes, or iz ſent, on an errand, on an embaſſy. — Smitten frends Ar aingels ſent on errands, fool ov lov. Yet dhe Ingliſh doo ſay, gon upon biznes, not about biznes; dho dhey ſay familliarly, Go about yoor biznes. Dhey ſay alſo: Hav yoo (got evver) a watch about yoo? and, a watch waz found upon him. Like dhe Scotch provverb, Time about (and dhe Ingliſh, Turn about.) fair play; Scottiſh iddiom guivs word about, or line about, for . word or line in turn. But dhe ſame iddiom, (alas!) makes a leader march upon (for at) dhe hed ov hiz men, marries a man upon (for to') a woomman, and threttens to' tel upon (for ov) a delinquent. Dhe Scotch can ſee no incongruity in meeting a perſon on dhe ſtreet, on dhe crown (az waz dhe manner) ov dhe cauſey; hwaraz dhe Ingliſh meet a perſon in dhe ſtreet, ſuppozing ſides eſſencial to' a ſtreet, and naming won ſide (but) a row. Dhe French and Scots decide ov, dhe Ingliſh on (or upon) a matter. So dheze inſist on or upon, hwile dhe Scotch inſiſt for it. But dhe Ingliſh prommiſe for, and dhe Scotch (prommiſe) upon it. North-Brittons call for, or barely call, an acquaintance; dheir ſoddhern neighbors call on (or upon) a frend. Dheze wait for, or ſimply wait, a perſon or thing; dhoze wait on edher. In reſpectfool vizziting, dhe ellegant Ingliſh wait on (or upon) a perſon; dhe ignorant or affected wait ov a perſon. But all talk on (or upon) a ſubject, ov or about a thing. Dhe vulgar indeed, (wil) in evvery dialect, interchainge ſo dellicate cognates. Dhe ſame clas dhat ſays at Eddinburrough, How long wil I wait on yoo? inſted ov How long ſhal I wait (or ſtay) for yoo? ſays at London: I know notthing on it, for I know notthing ov it. Yet iz it obzervabel, dhat Propriety iz equally attentive in dhe uſed ov dhe iddioms on a ſudden and all ov a ſudden. No les dellicately diſcrimminabel ar dhe prepoziſcions, to', at, widh, for, from, by, and thro', evver a monnoſyllabel; its formative' thurrough, or thurrow, being always an adjective. Alreddy hav we glanced-at dhe groceſt prepoziſcional ſcotticiſm — married on or upon, far les rabel dhan married widh, hwich ſom Scottiſh writers' uze for married to' a perſon. Dhe next moaſt vulgar (dho not incongruous) in word or in writing — iz to' lay wons account widh a circumiſtance or event; hware Angliciſm ſays, to' make account ov it, to' reckon upon it, to' take it for granted. Different prepoziſcions affect perſons and things. Won muſt ſee after a perſon, az wel az about a thing. Won object iz contraſted to' (not widh) anoddher. Won paſſage iz recconciled widh — won perſon to' — anoddher. Won haz an averſion at or to' — an abhorrence onely at — impropriety. Won may be angry widh a perſon, becauz at a thing; in, widh, from, or thro' dhe. dezire ov amending edher. For ſuch a purpoſe won wiſhes to' ſpeak widh dhe perſon on dhe ſubject; to' talk widh or to' dhe perſon about (or concerning) dhe matter; — to' dhe point, to' dhe purpoſe, to' ſom purpoſe, to' good, dhe beſt, or anny purpoſe; yet nevver (Scottiſhly) to' purpoſe: for dhat wer to' no (particcular) purpoſe. So dhe Ingliſh doo a thing on purpoſe, or purpoſely; but not a purpoſelike, inſted ov a propper manner. If hwy ar yoo angry at it? be good Ingliſh; hwat ails yoo at it? iz good Scotch, for hwat faut doo yoo find in (or widh) it? So, in genneral, hwat ails yoo? for hwat doo yoo ail? To' ail iz dherfore no active, but a neuter verb; and hwat, in dhe laſt phraze iz govverned by in, az to', or hwatevver may beſt ſupply dhe ellipſe. Dhe Ingliſh differ widh a perſon, in a particcular, on a point, about a thing. To' differ from won, iz merely to' be a different perſon. So dhey part widh an object, hwen dhey rezign it; and part from a place or perſon, in quitting ſuch place or perſon. Dhe Scotch ſay, to' part widh child; dhe Ingliſh, to' miſcarry. To' aſk a thing at a perſon, to' wonder ov a thing; and to' crave (in dhe ſenſe ov dun) a perſon for a thing, ar ſcotticiſms, az galliciſms. To aſk or enquire, to' demand, crave, entreat or beſeech a thing ov a perſſon; to' require a thing ov or from a -perſon; to' aſk ov a perſon a thing, az an anſer, a ſolucion, a ſavor; to' aſk a perſon ſor a thing; to' poot dhe queſtion ov a thing to' a perſon; to' admire an object, and to' wonder at it, or to' make a wonder ov it, ar true and propper angliciſms. Won muſt dhus take care not to' enquire at a wrong hand, or in an impropper quarter; but ov dhe due intelligencer, about or concerning anny matter; and particcularly ar we to' enquire after (not for, ſcarce about) a perſons helth. Dhe Scotch confound locallity widh appropriation hwen dhey (deſign, az dheir lawyers) ſtile ſuch a perſon at, for ov, ſuch a place; hwen, dho he may belong to' it, or it to' him, he iz known to' be (perhaps) a hundred miles from it. Propperty dherfore and Propriety join (iſſue) in ſtiling dhe perſon ov dhe contry, citty, town, place or eſtate, widh hwich by propperty, rezzidence, or oddher relation, ſuch perſon may be connected; in hwatevver contry, at hwatevver place, or on hwatevver ſpot dhe perſon may occazzionally be. At pointing dhus a deffinite, and in an indeffinite ſittuacion, a perſon (perhaps ov and from London) may be addreſſed at (or in) Kingſton, (in, not at) Jamaica. Dhe Scottiſh iddiom nane or nathing avaw, meaning non or notthing (ov for) at all, iz now almoaſt obſolete. Dhe Scotch walk thro', dhe Ingliſh acros, a room. Dhe former dooing evvery thing thro' (for in) time, hope thro' time to' compas even Ingliſh Propriety; hwen wonce dhey hav taken her thro' (for in) hand, or into' ſerious contemplacion. To' and from, nattural oppozites, dherfore ſomtimes claſh, ſomtimes coincide. In counting dhe advance ov time, it ſeems nattural Plezzure, in proſpect, to' count dhe minnutes to' dhe comming our; but for Pain, from it; to' pronounce dhus ſo manny or ſo few minnutes wanting to', from or ov dhe our; or dhe time widhin ſuch number ov it. Anoddher contraſt ov to' and from, iz dhat ov Peddantry and Propriety. Dhe former thinking ov notthing but averſus ab or alienus à, iz ſtiffly averſe from, and foreign (not forrain) from, evvery thing dhat haz not reallity ov Lattin, or at leaſt phyzziognomy ov Greek. Nor iz dhe latter les decidedly averſe to' dhe admitting ov edher Greek or Lattin iddiom or aſpect, dhat may be (az in dhe prezzent caſe) abſolutely forrain to' Ingliſh Anallogy. Dhe Ellipſe iz averſe. or forrain (widh or in regard or reſpect) to' dhe plan, propozal, purpoſe, or ſubject. Like ſupplement wil juſtify hinder to'. I ſhal not hinder yoo (keep yoo behind in yoor tendency) to' go; az good az I ſhal not hinder yoo (keep yoo bac) from going. Dho dhe Scots be dhus warranted in dheir favorite (dhence familliar) expreſſion: Ye'l no hender ſec a yen to' doo (u French) ſae an ſae: Yoo'l not hinder ſuch a won to' doo ſo and ſo; not ſo can dhey warrantably content dhemſelvs to' doo a thing, inſted ov widh dooing it. To' and of may proov interchaingeabel. He, hoo ſteddily doz biz beſt, cannot fail, ſooner or later, more or les, to' ſuccede, or ov ſucceding, or ov ſucces. Like fail ov, colloquial Ingliſh ſays to' mis ov a thing, dhat iz, to' mis part ov it. To' mis iz to find wanting or not to' find, not to' hit. Dhus miſſes won wons mark or way. Dhy way dhou canſt not mis: me mine requires. Dhe French proffit ov, dhe Scotch proffit from, and dhe Ingliſh proffit by, a thing. To' and for, havving ſimmilar tendency, muſt be often interchaingeabel. But for haz various acceptation: ſo indeed haz to'. He braught a letter to' ſuch a perſon may imply, He braught a letter addreſt to' ſuch a perſon; or, to' ſuch he brought a letter, howevver it wer addreſſed. So, dhe letter he braught for ſuch a won might be edher directed to' ſuch perſon, or delivered in hiz ſted, or in hiz behalf. For may point a cauz, az wel az an effect. A man may dy for adeed, hwich he committed for plezzure. Dhe Scotch ſay vulgarly, to' burſt for laffing; dhe Ingliſh, to' burſt (or dy) widh laffing. Various ar dhe phrazes articculated (if won may ſo ſay) in boath dialects by dhe prepoziſcion for. Dhe Scotch doo a thing for ordinary, dhe Ingliſh for common; dheze alſo for good, dhoze for good and all. Diſtinct dhen ar widh reſpect to' — in reſpect ov — thro' reſpect for — a perſon, or for ſuch perſons exertion ov dhoze powers, dhat guiv to' hope (for) dhe approbacion ov HIM, widh hoom iz no reſpect ov perſons. Won may doutles hav ſom ſkil in (ſcarce ov) a ſcience, ſom acquaintance widh it, nay ſom knollege ov it; widhout havving dhat taſte for it, hwich alone can carry anny purſuit into' ellegant and ampel acquiziſcion. Dhe Scotch after a comparrative, uze ov; dhe Ingliſh for, az dhe prepoziſcion ov conſequence or cauzallity. Dheze dherfore declare dhemſelvs dhe better for a thing; dhoze, dhe better ov it. When dhe Ingliſh hav braught objects into' comparrizon widh each oddher; dhey dezire won in comparrizon ov, or in prefference to' anoddher. Dhey wonce tautolodgically preferred won thing before anoddher; dhey now verry propperly prefer won to' dhe oddher. Yet, wer Scripture-ſtile les reſpectabel dhan it muſt evver be; hoo ſhal fear, or not be proud, to' follow? — Remoov'd from kind ARBUTHNOTS aid, Hoo knows hiz art, but not hiz trade; Preferring hiz regard for me, Before hiz creddit or hiz fee. Dhe Scotch uze by, az if beſide or compared widh, hware dhe Ingliſh uze elliptically to', for compared to'. Hwat iz dhis by (for to') dhat! All human joys to' mental joys ar mean. So by prooved Scottiſhly widhout, contraſting its Ingliſh opperacion. We wil guet it don by yoo: We ſhal guet it don widhout yoo. By may be conſtrued edher elliptic or expletive in dhe Scotch familliar phraze, I care na (or no) by, nearly equivvalent to' dhe Ingliſh I don't care, or dhe Scottiſh I'm verry ezy, hwen indeed dhe reverſe iz dhe caſe. Dhe Ingliſh ſay — widh child by, dhe Scotch to', a perſon. To' and til, being boath terminal, dho dhe latter onely ov time, cood not but be interchainged in diſtant dialects. Not paid til ſuch a term, implies, Not paid before it: not paid to' ſuch term, iz — not paid up to' it. Dhe Ingliſh furniſh provide, indulge, inſpire — a perſon widh a thing; dho dhey inſtil a thing into' a perſon, inſtruct him in it, inform or apprize him ov it, and acquaint him not onely ov, but widh it; (that iz, make him acquainted widh it. When dhey provide for a perſon, dhey provide not dhe thing to' dhe perſon; but dhe perſon widh dhe thing. Dhe perſon provided for iz dherfore provided widh, not in, dhe object. So won makes a point ov (not in) dooing a thing; az won iz in dhe uſe ov dooing a thing, ſurely not to' doo it. Won iz not liabel in, but to', dammages; ſo may be braught in for dhem. Or waz dhe old ſubſtitute, if not predeceſſor, ov ere, now are, before — or evver yoor pots be made hot widh thorns — So, lang or dhan — long are dhen — Done (u French) or ye baud: don are yoo bade, or bid, dhe now familliar pretterite. Gent. Shep. And, or he war, for raizons I'l no tel, I radher wad be mixt woh mools myſel. And, are he wer, for cauz not to' be told, I raddher wood be minguell'd widh dhe mold. 7. CONJUNCCION. No ſcotticiſm iz more frequent dhan dhe uſe ov az for dhan; like French que, dhe equivvalent ov boath: auſſi grand que — az grait az — plus grand que — graiter dhan — So ſay dhe Scotch graiter az — more az — raddher az — for graiter — more — raddher dhan — A les abſurd ſubſtitute ov dhis conjunccion, waz nor, now obſolete in edher dialect. More nor dhat iz indeed more intelligibbel dhan more az dhat, for more dhan dhat. Dhat may in Ingliſh, az que in French, be dhe ſubſtitute (not alſo Frenchly dhe repeater) ov dhe conjunccion becauz or az after a comparrative: I am dhe les pacient ov pain, dhat I never before hav known it. But a verry galliciſm wer — I expected to' hay ſeen yoo, az yoo had ſaid yoo wer to' be in town; and dhat (for az) yoo had prommiſed to' call on me; better elliptically — and had prommiſed to' call upon me. Αν (an) for εαν (ean), if lent dhe old Ingliſh, and Scottith an. An't like yoor onnor — If it pleze yoor onnor — if roar onnor pleze or be plezed. Like and pleze, dhus interchaingeabel, admitted won and. dhe ſame conſtruccion. Boath, neuter, became imperſonal. Boath hav ſince becom active and perſonal. Equally ſays dhe — If yoo like, and if yoo like it. If yoo pleze iz dherfore edher, if yoo be plezing, or if yoo be plezed. So think waz imperſonal, hwen it compounded methinketh or methinks, and methaught; ov (to') me (it) thinketh or thinks, (to') me (it) thaught; now more commonly I think and I thought. 8. INTERJECCION. INTERJECCION iz Natures own voice; and, in its principal clas expreſſive ov ſenſacion, muſt be genneral az human ſenſibillity. Heigh! foolly guttural, waz dhe firſt expreſſive ov admiracion: Heigh, lad! Heigh, las! Hwen dhe guttural vanniſht, heigh became hah! continnuing to' compound heyday! and heigh-ho! vertually but ha-ho! Dhe Scotch Oot! Hoot! Toot! ar dhe peeviſh equivvalents ov dhe Ingliſh Out! Tut! Poh! Piſh! and Pſhaw! az dhe Ingliſh Huſh! became dhe Scottiſh Hwiſht! or Hwiſt, hwich (commanding ſilence) names now an Ingliſh game at cards. Ay (αει aei) waz dhe Ingliſh az wel az Greek, and iz ſtil dhe Scotch always. But dhe ſlender vowel ov dhe adverb braudened into' Oy! dhe familliar Yes. Dheze two combine reluctant aſſent Oot, oy! or Hoot, oy! Yes, ſure! az ſays dhe contry Oh, yes! dhe cappital ov Ingland.. Dhe Scotch retain dhe ſollemn yea! hware dhe Ingliſh now prefer in dhe ſame intenſive ſenſe, dhe oppozite nay (from, ναι nai). He made ſuch a propozal; yea! (now nay!) he went fardher: an interchainge, howevver apparently od, perfectly recconcilabel. He made ſuch a propozal; yes, he did: but he went fardher. On dhe oddher hand, He made ſuch a propozal; no, he did not: he went fardher. Won ſays, he made it, but graiter: dhe oddher, he made not dhat, but a graiter: hwich cood not be dhe identic, dho dhe les waz doutles included. To won interroggatory doo (by like oppozite ellipſe) a Scottiſh pozzitive and an Ingliſh neggative, form an equivvalent anſer. Hav yoo been onely (or but) ſo long? Hav yoo don onely (or but) ſo much? Dhe Scot anſers, Yes: I hav. Dhe Ingliſh perſon anſers, No: I hav been no, longer — I hav don no more. Nature, uncorrupted, wishes to' lern; ſhe wiſhes, even hwen liſtles, to' hear. Hwen ſhe haz, perhaps by inattention, let dhe plezzure eſcape; her brief, almoaſt involluntary, interrogation iz A? (ſlender) drawling, howevver ſudden, into' onneſt inſipiddity; and ſomtimes articculating widh aſpiracion: Ha? nedher more nor les dhan dhe Greek Doo ſo, and ſo — A? or Ha? dhe leaſt plezing, becauz dhe leaſt attentive, poſſibel ſubſtitute to' Pappah! Mammah! Sir? Maddam? I beg yoor pardon — I did not hear — Hwat wer yoo plezed to' ſay? and almoaſt az provokingly vulgar az dhe old Scotch, Hwat'z yoor wol (for wil)? But ſo and ſo muſt not here be Scottiſhly conſtrued into' dhe Ingliſh ſo-ſo! or dhe French là-là! Az dhe French call a ſoſo-wine a two-ear'd wine, (un vin à deux oreilles) dhat makes won ſhake wons hed; dhis dubbler may be termed in boath tungs dhe two-eared interjection; compozing dhe moddeeſtly-contemptuous ſymbol ov hwat iz always contemptibel, meddioccrity; except in dhe glorious acceptation ov dhe golden mean; hwich, far from a ſoſo-ſittuacion, iz dhat middel (between extremes), hware alone human happines can dwel. Dhe Ingliſh variouſly employ dhe reppetiſcion Wel, wel! Dhe Scotch ar apt to' inſert a partikel, hwen attentive, ah! how affecting! hwen inattentive, ah! how inſippid! Wel, ah! wel: perhaps for Wel, ah, wel ſpoken! how different dhe Weel, ah, weel! I'l be upſide wih ye: Wel, wel! I ſhal be even widh yoo. Equally low iz now dhe Ingliſh, Dear hart! dhan hwich notthing can be lower, but dhe alſo Ingliſh Dear hart! alive? Boath dheze hav indeed ſunk into' Dear me! hwich edher alſo means notthing, or ſuch an ellipſe, az no won wil take dhe pains to' ſupply, in prefference to' dhe likewize elliptic Oh! Dear — Dhe old Ingliſh, and ſtil Scottiſh Troth! Faith! or dhe like, ar deſpicabel expletives, hware not impious aſſeveracions. Indeed, dho in verry deed decompoundabel, can no longer allow dhe Scotch deed to' omit dhe prepoziſcion. In fact continnues a Brittiſh, az In a word a Gallic iddiom. Such may be deemed in ſhort, widh in brief: but infine iz a mere (inſepparabel) varriacion ov dhe French enfin. PART III. ODDHER SOARCES ov SCOTTICISM. I. MISARRAINGEMENT. HWARE no oddher miſapplicacion can be charged, miſarraingement may conſtitute Scotticiſm. Propriety rainges words (az nearly az poſſibel) in dhe order ov idea's. Hwen objects occur in conjunction, dhe principal natturally leads. Dhus fahdher and moddher, bred and butter, knife and fork ar az nattural (dhence az con-ſtant) az right and left, right and wrong; hand and glov, lov and frendſhip. Nor les natturally doz dhe prior precede; az night and day, maſter and ſcollar. Dhe Ingliſh doo toaſt (or did) Church and King; dhe Scots, dhe King and dhe Church: boath on principel. Between goold and ſilver, ſilver and goold; vinnegar and pepper, pepper and vinnegar; pen, ink and paper; or paper, pen and ink; occazion, or dhe ear, may determine. Occazions ar doutles ov going from bottom to' top, az wel az from top to' bottom; dho we mezzure onely, from hed to' heel, from hed to' foot, from top to' toe. Nor ſay dhe French les raſcionally depuis les pieds juſqu' à la tête, fond en comble — from dhe feet to' dhe hed, from bottom to' top, dhan du haut en bas, from top to' bottom. Yet dheze ſeem raddher willing to' aſcend, according to' dhe ſynthettic; and dhe Ingliſh to' deſcend, after dhe annalyttic manner. Nor iz dhis annihware more obvious, dhan in dhe Ingliſh inverſion ov armé de pied en cap — armed cap-a-pee. In won direccion go dhe Scots, from dhe hed to' dhe foot ov a walk or ſtreet; and dhe Ingliſh, from dhe top to' dhe bottom. So' dhe former ſit at dhe hed and foot ov a tabel; dhe latter at dhe hed and bottom: for on dhe top ſtand dhe diſhes and plates. But dhe Ingliſh hav wel transferred things to' dhe top ov dhe drawers, from dhe drawer-heads! Dhis doz indeed rezembel anniboddy elſes (for anniboddy's elſe) hwich iz no more Scotch dhan Ingliſh; but dhe ſtile ov Ignorance or Inattenſion. Az for a thing pretty enuf, and a pretty enuf thing; yoo had better, and yoo better had; or ſuch oddher interchainges; dhey ar nedher Inghliſh nor Scottiſh; but (differ az) direct and inverſe, (az) preciſe and careles. Dialect wil doutles vary dhe place ov dhe direct and indirect object; nay, wil ſomtimes interchainge dhe object widh dhe agent. Pronouns, by varying dheir terminacion widh dheir ſtate, guiv more dhan common ſcope to' tranſpoziſcion. Since dhe Ingliſh ſay, ſhow me dhe thing; dhe Scotch, in ſhow me it, becom dialectic, by prezerving dhe arraingement; hwich proovs ellegantly varied, hwen dhe direct object appears in a pronoun; and ſo claims, in ſhow it me, dhe next place to' dhe verb; dhe next and febleſt place, dhe idea reprezented being known. Dhe ſubject and object ov conſtitucional agrement ar interchainged in Scotland. Dhare dhe taker doz or doz not agree widh dhe thing taken; food, redgimen, hwatevver; hwich, on dhe contrary, in Ingland, agrees or diſagrees widh dhe receiver. If won contry ſay, Such food, phyzzic, or oddher particcular, doz not agree widh me — widh my conſtitucion; dhe oddher doz but invert dhe phraze widhout altering dhe ſenſe, in ſaying: doo not (dhat iz, my conſtitucion doz not) agree widh ſuch food, phyzzic, or aught elſe. Yet ſays Ingliſh familliarly, az ov old: I ſhal be agreabel to' annithing, my choice or taſte ſhal agree to' annithing; Annithing wil be agreabel to' me. Az dhe Ingliſh uze indifferently dhe conſequencial reduplicacion — Good and wel or wel and good; az infantine Ingliſh plays at Bo-peep! and infantine Scotch at Keek-bo! or Teet-bo! So ſoddhern Scotlings play at Hide and ſeek, nordhern at Seek and hide. In dhe union ov two ſurnames, it haz been obzerved, dhat dhe former prevails in Scotland, dhe latter in Ingland, hwen onely won ov dhe united ſurnames iz uzed. Dhus iz Dr. W. A— D. known chiefly by dhe oridginal name ov Dr. A. at Eddinburrough; and Dr. R. H— S. by dhat ov Dr. S. dhe aſſociated ſurname, at London. II. REDUNDANCE and DEFISCIENCE, widh occazzional INTERCHAINGE. DHO language be not dhe work ov man, dialect iz by diſtance apt to' vary propriety, by encreſe, dimminucion or interchainge. A Scot ſays familliarly, Com and take yoor dinner, or Com and drink yoor tea; for Com and eat a bit ov dinner, or Com and drink tea; az an Ingliſh perſon ſays, I ſpent my evening agreably. Dhe former: Go to' yoor bed, go to' dhe ſcool (az if to' won ſpeſcified); dhe latter: Go to' bed, go to' ſcool. Kindnes dhus and ſociabillity ſo dictate dhe pozeſſive pronomminal, az precizzion wonce added own to' our, yoor, hiz, her, and dheir, in dhe London - our'n, and its ſoar compannions; now dhe pronouns ours, yoors, hiz., hers, and dheirs. Az notthing more enriches anny ſtile dhan a propper eppithet, notthing iz more nauſeous dhan a needles quallifier, dhan dhat hwich iz alreddy inherent in dhe ſubject. Dhus calls Inattenſion for a clean plate — knife — glas, and dhe like; or for ſtrong ale, hware no oddher iz. Wer comfort always in compannionſhip, dhe Ingliſh ar (here at leaſt) highly ſociabel. If dhe Scots dutifoolly congrattulate dheir Sovverain on dhe birth ov yong prince or princes, dhe Ingliſh ar (vulgarly) ſubject to' dhe yellow (nay. to' dhe blac) jandice (à la jauniſſe jaune, et à la jauniſſe noire!) nor les to' dhe fever and ague, hwile dhe Scotch know onely dhe ague, az did dheir anceſtors dhe aicces, hwich waz but dhe French accès, dhe (returning) fit. Dhus, widhout dhe aid ov Scotticiſm, even widhout hiz Madjeſty's royal privvilege and licence, nay widhout ſtimmulacion from dhe luker ov gain, may won collect togueddher a hoal library ov books, overflowing widh inundations ov ſuperfluous redundance, and yet make no near approach to' dhe clenzing ov dhe Augean ſtall. Dhe two artikels (dhe and a or an) by dheir verry oppoziſcion ar in dainger ov interchainge. Az dhe Ingliſh talk ov a perſons havving got dhe collic, dhe Scotch talk ov a perſons havving got dhe cold; hwich, not being ſo ſpeciffic a diſtemper, dhe Ingliſh call a cold. Dhe Scotch pay for littel artikels ſo much dhe piece, dhe pound, dim ounce, or dhe like; dhe Ingliſh, ſo much a piece, a pound, an ounce, and ſo on. In point ov price it may be noted by dhe way, dhat Ingliſh and Scotch ſhillings ſink by won ellipſe, before a fraction. Az dhe Ingliſh ſay three and ſixpence, dhe Scotch ſay three and a baubee. Dhe Scots doo a thing wonce (or howevver often) in dhe our, day, or dhe like; dhe Ingliſh wonce an our, a day, and ſo on; dhoze, wonce in dhe two days (de deux jours l'un); dheze, evvery oddher (or each alternate) day. Frequent iz dhe Scottiſh redundance ov dhe (deffinite) artikel. Dhus doo Scottiſh boys go to dhe ſcool, play at dhe ball, or dhe billiards; keep dhe Kirk, and ſay dhe grace at dhe tabel; hwaraz Ingliſh go to' ſcool, play at ball or fives, at billiards; attend Church, and ſay grace at tabel. Redundant alike iz dhe artikel in ſuch phrazes az — She goes to' dhe market — I met her at dhe market — he iz not in dhe town. So in dhe long run haz been ſhortened at long run. On dhe oddher hand, dhe Scotch juſtice ov pece follows dhe French juge de paix, raddher dhan dhe Ingliſh juſtice ov dhe pece. Dhe Scottiſh titel dean ov facculty, for dean ov dhe facculty (ov Advocates), iz obviouſly az looſe or impreciſe, az dhe ellipſe (ov year) in dhe fifteen or dhe forty-five, leves dhe dates more deffinite, dhan dhey can be widhout due artikel; hwich we know (to' be) indiſpenſabel, if we ſpeak to' dhe purpoſe. Dhe familliar iz doutles more elliptic dhan dhe preciſe. Az dhe Ingliſh uze ezily next day for on dhe next day, dhe Scotch ar apt to' run into' — ſame day — ſame year, for on dhe ſame day, in dhe ſame year, or dhe like. So moddeſty wil ſomtimes avoid eggotiſm, at dhe riſk ov quaintnes, or even ov imprecizzion. Received yoors, and ſhal obey it. Yoors, to' command — A. B. NOT unlike dhe Ingliſh rize up and fall down, ar dhe Scotch open up and looſe down. Dhe adverbs encreſe or complete dhe opperacion, az did dhe ſeeming neggatives in dhe old compounds diſannul and unlooſe. To' rid (uttered red) up dhe houſe, or aught elſe, waz dhus to' doo it up propperly, to' ſet it in order. To' red, being dhus to' clear, ſevver, or unravvel; to' red waz to' part battellers; and dhe redding-ſtrake, dhe daingerous parting-troke hwich howevver duty wil nevver fear. Som (pretty plauzibly) interpret I wod na red ye, (not, I wood not clear yoo, but I wood not advize yoo; from dhe old rede, hwich ſignified counſel. Dhe Ingliſh find in redundant in dhe thret: I ſhal make him eat in hiz words. If dhe Ingliſh howevver make won doo a thing, dhe Scotch cauze won doo it, or cauze it be don; hwile dhe Ingliſh ſteddily (az accountably) cauz won to' doo dhe thing, or cauz it to' be don. Az pronouns ar ſomtimes quaintly ſav'd, ſo ar dhey often by fancied precizzion ſquander'd; az in he himſelf, hware edher wood ellegantly, and dhe latter emphattically ſuffice. No wonder if ballad-ſtile be redundant, or if Dhe cobbler he di'd, and dhe bels dhey did toll. Colloquial French ſays: C'était un grand homme, que Céſar: He waz a grait man, Ceſar. An onneſt Yorkſhere man: He waz a grait man, waz Ceſar; and an innocent old-faſcion'd Scot: He waz a grait man, Ceſar; at (for dhat) waz he e' n. Nor can it be denied dhat Precizzion favors dhe Scottiſh waz or com before dhe Gallic eight days, fifteen days, twenty days; az Monday waz eight-days; Monday com eight-days; hwile dhe context alone can ſepparate laſt Monday-ſennight from next Monday-ſennight. It muſt be owned dhat dhe Ingliſh lov few words, dho dhey know not always how manny wil doo. To' dhe Ingliſh butifoolly laconnic provverb, A word to dhe wize, dhe Scottiſh ads (from dhe Lattin) iz enuf; hwile dhe French juſtly compliments dhe naſcional quicnes, in Le ſage entend à demimot: dhe wize underſtands at half a word. In like manner, Better late dhan nevver, muſt be allowed az much more capacious az more conciſe, dhan Better late thrive, dhan nevver doo wel. Dhat dhe untutored or inattentive wil in all dialects be more liabel to' exces dhan defect, wil ezily occur to' dhoze hoo reflect dhat foolnes iz apt to' overflow, and attenſion alone can mezzure quantity, in hwatevver part or parts ov ſpeech. Vulgarrity doz blunder and bluſter into' dhe right-hand-ſide (for dhe right-ſide, hwich iz doutles dhe ſide on dhe right-- hand) ov a ſtreet. Dhe ſubject-matter iz now old Ingliſh, edher part ov dhe compound occazzionally ſufficing Obſolete iz alſo yoo cannot chooz but doo ſo; az iz, I doo not dout but dhat (Scottiſhly hwat) it wil happen; hware edher but, dhat, or boath, ar ſuperfluous. But notthing iz more meaningles, dhan dhe colloquial got in a vulgar Ingliſh mouth: Hav yoo got anny monney in yoor pocket? Hav yoo got (evver or ehr) a ſixpence? I hav got nevver or nehr a (for no) ſixpence. Dhat iz all I hav got to' tel yoo. Boath dialects ar ſomtimes elliptic. Az Ingliſh uzes dhe ſpeſcifier for dhe ſpeſcified, a ſtage for a ſtage-coach; ſo Scotch, dhe work for dhe workhouſe. But ellipſe muſt not hazzard obſcurity, or commit ſuch imprecizzion az at prezzent rages; in ſentences like dhe following, hware conciſenes but poorly compenſates inaccuracy. Dhe moaſt ingenious and dezerving perſons ar ſomtimes dhe leaſt known and rewarded: hware Propriety wil not fear to' aſcertain dhe reppetiſcion ov dhe ſuperlatives, in — Dhe moaſt ingenious and (dhe) moaſt dezerving perſons ar ſomtimes dhe leaſt known and (dhe) leaſt rewarded. If dhis obzervacion affect equally boath ſides ov Tweed, numberles ar dhe ſcotticiſms arizing from ellipſe les ezy to' ſupply. Ov dheze a few may enabel to' annalyze dhe reſt. To' be by dhe hed, waz to' be overtaken by dhe hed in liccor. It macs na — It makes no matter; like N'importe, (It) matters not — No matter. To' make ov — To' make much ov — a perſſon. To' take upon — To' take effect upon — an object. To' take on — iz to' take on tic; alſo, to' take on dhe Kings livvery, to' enliſt. Dhe Ingliſh (familliarly) take on, hwen dhey take to' hart, or moarn; az dhe Scotch think on — lay to' hart, hwen dhey doo not let on, hwen dhey (ſeem to') take no notice. To' take widh an imputation, iz to' acquieſce widh it; to' take widb (if not with dhe noun) iz to take fire, az to' go widh (herd woth or with) iz to' go to' pot, to' guiv way. To' think long, iz to think dhe time long, and dhence to long. To' think ſhame iz to' think it (a) ſhame, to' be aſhamed. Numberles ar dhe oddher Scottiſh iddioms, accountabel by Ellipſe. A Scots bairn man hae a piece: a Scotch child muſt hav a piece ov bred. An umbel Scotch-woomman not onely draws or ſpins a thread (now thred); but ſpins her hweel, ſpins dhe flax or tow on her hweel, az an Ingliſh boy (clearing dhe acorns ov dhe lay-cord) ſpins hiz peg-top, or makes it ſpin, and a Scots callant dozes hez peary. By like ſupplement, abſurdity wil vanniſh even from ſuch phrazes, az Blow dhe bellows, or Fil dhe kettel; hwen dhe fire iz to be blown, and dhe kettel (to' be) emptied! Blow widh or from dhe bellows dhe fire — Fil from dhe kettel dhe tea-pot. TIME admits various ellipſe, az wel az amplificacion. Alreddy hav we contraſted Sunday waz fifteen-days, and Sunday com fifteen-days, to' Sunday fortnight and Sunday fortnight! He came on Tueſday waz (a) twenty-- days, and wil go on Tueſday com eight-days. He came Tueſday three weeks, and goes Tueſday ſennight. If paſt and future may dhus be couched in concommitance, dhe grait object Time itſelf may be Scottiſhly wrapt in its exhibbitive: By dhis — By dhat — time. So dhe firſt ov dhe month or year implies Scottiſhly dhe firſt part, or beguinning (not firſt day) ov it. Dhe Ingliſh uze half paſt anny our, for dhe half-our paſt it; dhe Scotch uze half, for half dhe our to' com: dhoze dhus, half paſt twelv; dheze, half-won, for half an our after twelv. Dhe cloc may be before or behind — dhe true time, widhout going faſt or ſlow, az dhe Ingliſh phraze it. But widhout exces, defect, or incongruity, Scotticiſm varies oddher phrazes ov time: ſaying, a good time, in time comming; dhe day, dhe laſt harveſt; Monday firſt, Yeſter-e'n, contracted Yeſtreen, Faſtrens e'n (Faſtings even); and meaning, a good hwile, for dhe future (quaintly in future); dhe oddher day (or t'oddher day), laſt Autumn, Monday next, or next Monday, yeſternight, laſt night, or yeſterday-evening; Shrove (or Shrov)-Tueſday; hwich ſignified in old Ingliſh, Confeſſion-Tueſday, dhe eve ov (or day before) Aſh-Weddenſday, dhe day ov (humiliacion in) duſt and aſhes, or dhe firſt day ov Lent. Dhe ſame dialect varied at wonce dhe artikel and dhe appropriative; uzing dhe day, dhe night; dhe morn, dhe morns morning; more moddernly to'-morrows morning, like Sundays night; for to'-day, to'-night; to'-morrow, to'-morrow-- morning, Sunday-night. Prepoziſcion miſapplied we ſaw in its place. Scotticiſm ſprings variouſly from dhe abſence, no les dhan prezzence (impropper or exceſſive) ov dhis (moaſt) dellicate part ov ſpeech. Dhe Scottiſh, following dhe French iddiom, quarrels won; dhe Inglifh quarrels widh won; ſo dhat remembers ov a thing, hwile dhis foolly remembers it. Nonobſtant cela, howevver, leads notwidhſtanding dhat; hwile dhe Scotch notwidhſtanding ov dhat, ſeems to' decompound dhe prepoziſcion; az Ingliſh law certainly doz (or did) in annithing elſe dhe contrary notwidhſtanding. Dhe Scotch, on dhe oddher hand, make a falſe ellipſe in dhe teaching yooth, dhe treating a ſubject; for dhe teaching ov yooth, dhe treating ov a ſubject, or dhe like; hware dhe deffinite artikel demands dhe gerrund or action, dho dhe particippel duly remain, in teaching yooth, treating a ſubject, or hwarevver iz no cauz ov chainging it. Edher ov or old iz redundant in a child ov ten years old. But non abov dhat age can be pardoned for laying a bit bread, or a piece paper, for a bit ov bred, or a piece ov paper. Yet a hween callants muſt be forguivven, if a few boys may. Dhe partitive adverbs, much, more, moaſt; and littel, les, leaſt; ellegantly omit, dho dhey may preciſely expres (before a noun) dhe partitive prepoziſcion: Much curteſy, littel kindnes. if we can preciſely ſay dhe moaſt ov bennefit, we cannot dherfore ſay, dhe graiteſt ov bennefit, dho dhe graiteſt ov bennefits be ſterling az dhe graiteſt bennefits. Az dhe Ingliſh enter in, and dhe Scottiſh eat in, ar equally pleonaſtic; dhe old hwarin, hwarow, dharov, for hware or in hwich, ov hwich, ov dhat or ov it, and (their fellows, ar demonſtratively az redundant az dhe old for before dhe infinnitive artikel, (to'), or from before hwence, hence, and dhence. Hwarin iz in in hwich, or in in hwat; az from hwence, from from hware. But dheze pleonaſms ar in edher dialect too barbarous to' be believed, and too notorious to' be known. Yet it may be aſked wonce more: Iz hwence harder or more hazzardous to' ſay dhan from hwence, hencefoarth dhan from hencefoarth, for to' dhan to', enter dhan enter in, approach dhan approach near, and ſimmilar? Or ſhal dhe cloud ov barbariſm continnue widh Brittons impervious to' dhe ray ov Truith? Az dhe prepoziſcion to' iz oftener elliptic dhan redundant, if dhe Scotch ſuppres to' impropperly after dhe verb cauz, and ſay not onely how much iz due yoo for how much iz due to' yoo; but how much am I due yoo, for how much doo I ow yoo; dhe Ingliſh doo ſomtimes familliarly ſuppres (widhout obvious cauz) dhe infinnitive artikel after (dhe verb) help, az after make; ſaying help him doo it, like make him doo it; dho in boath caſes (eſpeſcially dhe former) Precizzion wil ſupply dhe infinnitive artikel; hwich ſhe cannot after let, or anny oddher auxilliary. Propriety muſt dherfore equally let won doo a thing, and ſuffer won to' doo it. Scotch iz more precife in ſaying ſtay to' dinner, dhan Ingliſh in ſtay dinner; hwich may unluckily ſignify ſtop it. Dhe like may be alledged ov dhe Ingliſh ellipſe, dhat familliarly ſuppreſſes to' after oppozite, hwich dhen becoms itſelf dhe prepoziſcion, in ſuch phraze az — he livs oppozite dhis houſe — Dhey ſtood oppozite each oddher. To' litteral oppoziſcion dhus iz dhis familliar ellipſe confined; and even dhare dhe prepozifcion (to') may preciſely be inſerted. Won may aſpire at or to' a thing, won can onely arrive at it or attain to' (ſollemnly unto') it; and dhence widh elliptic ellegance attain it. But az common ſtile may approov, admit, accept — a thing, or, — ov a thing; dhe adjective wordhy muſt in ſollemn proze ſubjoin dhe prepoziſcion, and may, in ſublime verſe, butifoolly ſuppres it: Dhis iz a faithfool ſaying, and wordhy ov all acceptacion. Dheze ar imperial works, and wordhy Kings. Looz we dherfore notthing annihware wordhy (ov) our notice, nor pay we much regard to' unvouched obzervacion. It iz ezy to' obzerv dhat I'l write yoo iz more frequent in dhe elder, dhan in dhe yonger dialect; yet not ſo ezy to' proov its being confined to' edher; and, dho I wil (or ſhal) write to' yoo be dhe con plete phraze, I'l write yoo a letter iz az ellegant, az I'l write a letter to' yoo iz exact. We tel a perſon a thing, and we ſay a thing to' a perſon. But hwile we can preciſely tel a thing to' a perſon, we cannot alſo anny way teach a thing to' a perſon: we can onely teach a perſon a thing, (happy hoo can!) juſt az dhe Lattins cood not docere aliquid alicui, but neſceſſarily docuere aliquem aliquid. Dho dhen I ſhal ſhow it yoo, be, at large, I ſhal ſhow it to' yoo; I ſhal teach it yoo, means indeed hwat dhe Scots doo ſay, I ſhal teach yoo it; az I ſhal teach yoo dhat, I ſhal teach yoo in or az to' dhat particcular. Conjunction, hwich we law ſubject to' daingerous exchainge, may be likewize abundant or elliptical. Dhe Ingliſh ar apt to' drop dhe conjunction az before dhe infinnitive following an adjective dhus mezzured by ſo: Be ſo good — ſo kind — to' doo ſo and ſo. Dhe Scotch drop dhe prepoziſcion: Be ſo good az doo it. Precizzion wood reſtore boath: Be ſo good az to' doo it. Intimacy (or Affectacion) ſomtimes ventures: Be good enuf to' doo ſo. Old ſtile, hence Scotch, pours dhe copious not onely ſo, but alſo — or, but likewize — Yet ſollemn Ellegance ſaid ages ago — not onely widh our lips, but in our lives. Interjection, dhe gennuine child ov Nature, muſt in evvery dialect teem widh foarcibel expreſſion, often dhe ſame in all. But dhe ofspring ov ſudden emotion, fool evverihware ov dhe fineſt ellipſe, can onely be redundant, widh dhe ungarded; and defiſcient, widh dhe inſenſibel. III. PECULIARRITY OV PHRAZE OR CIRCUMSTANCE. SOM ſcotticiſms exiſt but in won phraze, or in few; on noun, verb, or boath: ſuch az, For my ſhare — for my part; in place ov — inſted ov — A bairn at dhe pap, a child at breſt; dhe pap ov dhe has (throat) fallen, dhe pallate down; dhe wic ov dhe mouth, dhe corner ov dhe mouth; dhe brawn ov dhe leg, dhe calf ov dhe leg; nae ſmaw drenk (no ſmall drink), no petty perſonage; a man ov é or yé (won) houſe hight, a man ov no grait reach; not deep-drawn, no conjurer; an éfald (a won-- fold) man, an Izraelite indeed, in hoom iz no guile; a doobbel chield, a dubbel (two-faced) fellow, dhe dubbel-- minded man, hoo iz unſtabel in all hiz ways; a houſe ov but é (won) flat, a houſe ov but won ſtory; three rooms on a flat, three rooms on a floar; a houſe (all) widhin dhe hale land, premmiſes inſulated, unconnected, complete, comprizing dhe hoal tennement; a good beild, a good ſheler; a comfortabel being, a comfortabel dwelling or ſettelment: dhe plight ov dhe ſaizon (or ſezzon) dhe prime ov dhe ſezon; dhe plight-ancor, dhe ſheet ancor: dhe Eddinburrough-coppy, dhe Eddinburrough ediſcion; a good hand ov write or writ, a good hand ov writing; plenty ov time, time enuf; a ſhort ſpace, ſhort (or littel) hwile; a wee thought (or hair), a verry littel; a ſmall point or tic, a little dot; a ful point, a fool ſtop; a good ſconce, a good ſcreen, particcularly from dhe fire; a fine glos, a clear (cinder-) fire; dhe horn (or horl) ov a lace, dhe tag ov it. He maun hae aw hez oarders, or he'l mac a wark — a phraze; He muſt hav evvery thing in order, elſe he'l make a fus, a noiz. Denna ſpic buf, don't talk ſtuf. I'l tel ye nadher buf nor ſty, I'l ſay notthing to' yoo, good or bad. Ye'r varry miſlear'd (milern'd), Yoo'r verry rude. I canna ſay dhe lave (or dhe reſt) o'd, I can't think enuf ov it. Wol ye gae cam lenth o' ſec a place? Wil yoo go az far az ſuch a place? I wonna be in yoor réverence, or in yoor comon, I won't be in yoor power; I ſhahn't Le obleged to' yoo. I thenk ye'r oot o' yer judgement, or wrang dhe head: I think yoo ar out ov yoor mind, or, out ov yoor ſenſes. Ar yoo in habbits widh ſuch a perſon? Ar yoo in a coarſe ov vizziting ſuch perſon? Naw; but I'l gae dhat lenth wih yoo: No; but go ſo far widh yoo. Dhe bairns hav gotten dhe play, dhe children hav got a holliday. Strike a hac dhe poaſt: Mark dhe mirrakel. Dhat merchant ſhal hav all my chainge: Dhat ſhop ſhal hav all my cuſtom. He gave me a hat: he made me a bow. I fear he haz littel to dhe fore: I fear he haz littel before-hand, littel laid up, littel left. Ye'r aw wrang: he'z up e' dhe buckel (or weel at hemſal). But I dread he'l gae af at dhe nail wih hemſal: I wos he mayna faw aw ſtaps, or gang a gray gate. He leves on nae deaf nets: he fiſts at hac an mainger, ev no on wein an waſtels. Aw dhes 'l coaſt hem monny a ſaut tear, though he let na on, an kens I hev ſin hez hairt gret afore noo. Its el yoor comon to' ſpic ſae: ev he be en ſec a tacking, he ſpoails (or ſpeils) good (u French) leikly. Bat deed, he woz ey a ſpelt bairn: nobody cud tal hwat he wod baut, or thought he ſud be laſt at hez ain haund. A faithfool ſpeſcimen ov Scottiſh colloquial iddiom! hwich may run into' Ingliſh dhus: Yoo ar all in dhe wrong: he iz wel to' pas, or in good condiſcion. But I dred hiz running riot: I wiſh he may not fall to' pieces, or go to' pot. He livs on no hollow nuts: he feaſts at roc and mainger, if not on wine and walnuts. All dhis wil coſſt him manny a briny tear, dho he poots a good face on it, hwile he knows I hav ſeen hiz hart reddy to' burſt before now. It il becoms yoo to' talk ſo. If he be in ſuch a caſe (or ſuch a taking), he belies hiz appearance. But indeed, he waz always a ſpoil'd child: noboddy cool tel hwat he wood be at; or thought he ſhood be left at hiz own diſpozal. WE ar not now to' lern, dhat evvery part ov ſpeech iz liabel to' different, even oppozite, application in dhe dialects. Scotch calls an onneſt boddy, hoom Ingliſh calls an onneſt ſoll. Dhe former makes verry free, and indeed verry charritabel, uze ov onneſt man. Hoo'z aw wih ye, oneſt man: — How iz all widh yoo — how iz (or fares) it widh yoo — how doo yoo doo, Frend? A fine man or woomman, means in Scotch an excellent or accompliſhed perſon; in Ingliſh, a butifool outſide. Handſom continnues in Scotland litterally to' imply comlines ov perſon, hwile in Ingland it haz almoaſt loſt its oridginal idea, by hinting but dhe buty ov dhe face. A yong man iz, by Scottiſh extenſion, conſtrued an unmarried man; a grait fammily ov petty members, it dhence confiddered a ſmall fammily; and dhe il bairn iz dhe naughty child. A hale or harty man or woomman it conſequencially figgured a raſh carl or wife; a free communer iz queſtionles -he, hoo communes freely; and a free communing proovs a foolly az plain at plezzant converfacion. A ſinguel ſoldier iz a private man or ſentinel; an even line a ſtraight won; a clear tabel, won rubb'd bright; a winding-ſheet, a ſhroud. Annithing finniſht iz don: dherfore annithing worn out iz Scottiſhly (ſaid to' be) don. At marridge iz (or ſhood be) dhe higheſt human good; hwen lovvers make it out, dhey doutles make a good ov it. Beſt, for moaſt, proovs a ſuperlative mezzure in dhe Scotch provverb: Dhe beſt, iz dhe beſt cheap. Dhe beſt commoddity iz dhe cheapeſt; and, by extenſion, dhe higheſt carracters (ar) dhe umbleſt. Az dhe Scotch familliarize brawly (bravely) and finely, for verry wel; dhey uze far les propperly dhe adjective bad for dhe adverb il; to' hwich dhoze hoo ſubſtitute unwel, may (and wil in good time!) deny dhe adjective by ungood. In numeral, at in oddher ſpeſcifiers, dialects may be ſuppoſed to' differ; but, in dual and trinal collectives, Ingliſh haz variety ov peculiar ellegance: combining a cuppel ov fowls or ov egs, a brace ov partridges, or oddher wild-fowl: ſo a brace ov carp or tench, and a pair ov ſoals. At dhe Scots call three herrings, or like tripplet, a caſt; dhe Ingliſh link dhe ſame number in a leaſh ov hounds, hares, woodcocs, teil, or dhe like. Ellegance can no more ſay, won time, two times, for wonce, twice, dhan two weeks or two ſtairs, for a fortnight, or a pair ov ſtairs. Thrice makes dhe reppetiſcion cloſer dhan three times. It iz nattural to' ſay, I ſhal doo it; but firſt, I muſt doo ſuch anoddher thing. No les nattural became it (perhaps in aincient feuds) to' ſay: Hwat's firſtet, 's no forgueen; Hwat iz poſtponed, iz not forguivven. Two figgurative expreſſions hav dhe Scots for hwedel: butter a hwiting, and blaw in dhe lug. Ye ken weel hoo to' butter a hwiting: Yoo know wel how to' dres inſinnuacion. Denna gang ta blaw emmy lug. Don't go to' tickel my ear (widh falſe muzic). Dhe Lattins dhus poured oil into' dhe lug (not ear): az now a ſpeciffic for dhe hearing. Mart. XII. II. ord. vulg. V. 77. Narratur bellè quidam dixiſſe, Marulle, Qui te ferre oleum dixit in auriculam. It haz ſhrewdly been rumor'd, Marul, cunning Pug! Dhat dhou bair'ſt about oil, to' pop into' dhe lug. No les accountabel, dho no longer known in Ingland, iz to' curſe and ban — to' curſe and ſwair. But far more figgurative: It wer telling her, if dhat wer true: It wer good for her, if dhat wer true. Nor know dhe bold Brittons to' ſwair by a perſon: jurare in verba alicujus — to' hold anny perſon an orrakel, an infallibel; to' pin dheir faith to' ſuch perſons ſleve. Dherfore ſays a proud Scot: Swair by hoom yoo wil, I ſwair by noboddy. Nor waz Horrace les proud dhan he: Nullius addictus jurare in verba magiſtri, Quo me cunque rapit tempeſtas, deferor hoſpes. Swor'n to' no maſters arbitrary ſway, I roam hware points PROPRIETY dhe way. Oddher figgurative ſcotticiſms ar: to' bel dhe cat widh won, to' diſpute it widh won; to' take dhe ſheaf frae (from) dhe mare, to' poot of wons jurney; to' ſwim for wons life, to' be in immment dainger; and ſo on. INFINITE ar dhe varriacions beſide dhoze we hav ſeen in dhe Scotch familliar uſe ov Ingliſh words; by ſubſtitucion, arraingement, encreſe or dimminucion. Ye'r a grait vague: ye'r ay vaguing. Yoo'r a grait rake: yoo'r evver gadding. Waz dhe play throng? Waz dhe theater throng'd, or crouded? Waz dhe (play-) houſe fool? Ye pet me tel'd, but ye manna pet tel me. Yoo poot me to' it, but yoo muſt not pooſh me. Ev ye want to ken dhe names o' dhe play-actors, dhare hwat a chield ftappet into' my haund: If yoo wiſh to' know dhe names ov dhe actors (or players), dhare iz hwat a fellow poot (or clapt) into' my hand. Stop iz dhus a Scotch equivvalent ov poot. Hwat iz'd? Hwat iz it? Dhey caw'd a bel: Dhey call it a bil. Ye may rid et; but I wonna guee ye'd. Yoo may read it; but I wil not guiv it yoo. E'n'z ye leik: Juſt az yoo pleze. WE cannot now wonder at anny colloquial ſubſtitucion or chainge. Tac batter, an batter'd: Take paſte, and paſte it. Tac dhe gooſe (now indeed onely dhe Tailors, in boath dialects) and gooſe dhe claes. Take dhe iron, and iron (or ſmoodh) dhe linnen (-cloadhs). Tac my mezzure: I'm gawn to tac af a new cot. Mezzure me: I am going to' by (or hav) a new coat. My warthy young Friend, I thought ye wod hev com an ſin us: My wordhy yong Frend, I thaught yoo wood hav com and ſeen us. I nevver ſet your ſand. I nevver ſit yoor ſend — deny yoor ſummons — refuze your invitation. But I wos ye wod lan me dhe cooſſer (u French). But I wiſh yoo wood lend me dhe coarſer — dhe horſe. Denna ye ken (or Dee ye na ken) he flengs? Don't yoo know (or Doo yoo not know) he kics (or throws)? Ye thenk ta ſhank me af ſae! Yoo think to' fob me of ſo! Hwan doo com into' dhe yaird, I houp ye wol meind, ta poo nadher froot (u French), nor flooers. Hwen yoo doo com into' dhe garden, I hope you wil remember to' pluc (or, pic) nedher fruit nor flowers. Let me at liſt beak myſal in dhe ſun: Let me at leaſt baſk in dhe ſun — Chop at dhe yat: Knoc at dhe gate. Tac af (or Left) yer hat: Pool of yoor hat. Left (up) dhat prin: Pic up dhat pin. Steer (for ſtir) dhe: Turn dhe ſpit. Coor dhe board (boath u French), now, Covver dhe tabel: Lay dhe cloth. Mac dhe ſallet: Dres dhe ſallad. Air dhe drink: Take dhe chil of dhe liccor. Dhe bread 'z el fir'd. Dhe bred iz il bak'd. I wad (ſince wod) na ware my ſeller on' d: I wood not beſtow my monney upon it Guimme ſomthing to' pet it our: Guiv me ſomhwat to' help it (over, or) down. I nevver baud (for bade) better: I cood nevver dezire better. Ye'r weel boden: Yoo ar wel provided. Ye'l mac rich: Yoo'l guet (or grow) rich. Ye'r ay throng wonning dhe warld: hoo mickel (or muckel) d' ye won in dhe wic? Yoo'r always bizzy making monney: how much may yoo ern in dhe week? An ye had na bin ſae varry throng, ye wod may-be hev comm'd a wee ſhooner (u French). if yoo had not been ſo verry bizzy, yoo wood perhaps hav com a littel ſooner. Wah! deed, I cam as ſhoon as I cud won. Hwy, really, I came az ſoon az I cood (com). I boo' t (u French) to' tac my beg-cot, cauz it woz rainin. I waz obleged to' bring my grait-coat, becauz it rain'd. Saundy, breng a bottel o' wein. Allec fetch a bottel ov wine. Wol I breng red or hweit? Shal I fetch red or hwite? Ye ſanna brac a bottel for me: Yoo ſhal not open a bottel for me. Tac out yer glas, or I'l caſt out wih ye: Take of yoor glas, elſe I ſhal fall out widh yoo: lay yer lugs in't, go to' dhe bottom. Doo bidding, or I' l guee ve o' dhe lug. Doo az yoo ar bid, or I'l guiv yoo a box on dhe ear. I'l cloot yer haffets (half-- heds) or yer. chaſts: I'l box yoor chops. Denna boaſt dhe bairn: Don't ſcold dhe child. Ye'l daſh dhe laud: Yoo'l dant (or damp) dhe yooth. I daur ye to doo'd: I dare yoo to' doo it. Dhat wonna daur me, wonna daur on me: Dhat won't deter me, won't affect (or tuch) me. Pac of wih yer butter: Make of — Guet yoo gon. Tac care a' dhat bet cheze: Take care ov dhat. I wos ye wod lat me be. I wiſh yoo wood let me alone; az dhe low Ingliſh ſay, leve me (for let me) alone. Gent. Shep. Dhey'r fools, dhat ſlav'ry like, and can be free: Dhe chiels may aw knit up dheir ſels for me. Dhey'r fools, dhat ſlav'ry lov, and may be free: Dhe fellows all may hang dhemſelvs for me. Dhus dialect pervades dhe joccular and dhe ſerious. At Cards dhe Ingliſh terms Spadil, Manil, and Loo becom Spaud, Maul, and Lant. Dhe Scots ſay: Yoo ar firsſt in hand, Yoo ar eldeſt hand; I play widh libberty, I play widh leve; I play ſans prendre, I play alone; Yoo renounced: Yoo made a revoke. It iz a remeze or a repo: It iz a beaſt. Yoo hav but five cards, Yoo hav but five trics; We hav dhe od lift, We hav dhe od tric. SOM phrazes affect manners, and limmit genneral to particcular ideas. Dhus from onnêtetê (in dhe ſenſe ov civillity or gratuity), dhe Scotch call dhe bit, hwich falſe Moddeſty leves on her plate, an onneſty; Dhe Ingliſh pronounce it (left for) manners, and dhe French le morceau honteux, dhe ſhamefaced morcel. Dhe Roman vertue waz emminently vallor; Scottiſh vertue centers in induſtry. In dhis dialect dhe vertuous woomman iz preciſely ſhe, hoos price iz far abov rubies; and hoos picture, drawn at fool length, by a maſterly hand, ſtil be feen (Prov. 31, 10) in a Colleccion ov (no common) Curioſſities. Som ſkil in antiquity iz indeed indiſpenſabel to' dhe ſtuddy ov evvery aincient language, or raddher wil natturally be conveyed by it. Manny expreſſions ov Shakſpear, and oddher old Ingliſh writers, ar now obſolete in Ingland, dho dhey make a reſpectabel part ov dhe prezzent Scottiſh dialect: az, Hwat iz yoor (or plezzure)? — Hav widh yoo — an antaggoniſt or compettitor. Fair befall (Scottiſhly faw) yoo! Fair (and fortunate) be yoor lot. Aincient Scotch waz figgurative, az aincient Scots wer annimated. Nor can anny figgure be ſtronger dhan dhat ov I waz nadher (nedher) to' haud (hold), nor to' bend (bind): I waz verry mad — ungovvernably angry. Anoddher expreſſion no les ſpirritted, waz Caw (from cogner, to' drive) my finguer in (into') a bore, I cannot tel yoo — I cannot find it — I cannot doo it, Wer I poot to' (dhe aincient) torture, I cood not — So Lord, haud (hold) a grep (gripe) o' uz (Lord, hold us faſt) waz a potent az pious ejacculacion in emergence; and, az I ſhal anſwer (ſtil at leaſt in Scottiſh judiſcial form) kept dhe grait day (az doz not dhe prezzent raging Ingliſh aſſeveracion, Upon my ſoll, grait object) evver before dhe ſpeakers, and dhe hearers eyes. DHE North and South ov Scotland hav dialects differing, not more in pronunciacion dhan in phrazzeollogy. In ſound, dhe former ſtrengthens dhe ſeccond ov dhe verb ſeccond, and ov dhe ſubſtantive annecdote; ſlenders becauz into' becaze, not to' mencion Eollic varriacions. In words dhe Abberdeeniſh (or Abberdeens) chainges a cartfool into' a cartel, a tea-pot into' a tract-pot, maſks tea az beer, and occazzionally poots cannel into' dhe tract-pot; but uzes cannel always for cinnamon ſimpel or mixt; makes a propine for a prezzent, takes foot and inment for inſtated pozeſſion, becoms dhe enterprize (for occazion) ov manny ingenious things, talks no galimachy for galimathias, and cellebrates dhe harveſt-home, widh grait propriety, az dhe feaſt ov dhe clioc, or hook. But to' Old-Abberdeen, muſt we trace dhe blac-ſtone, hwiddher ſo manny ar called, and hware ſo few ar chozen; like Ebenezer, doutles dhe ſtone ov help (or help-ſtone), hwen anſers can be inſtilled or aided by dhe kind ingenuity ov dhe queſtioner. On dhe blac-ſtone iz evvery examminee ſuppozed to' ſit, becauz evvery candidate for degrees iz ſet, during examminacion, on dhe blac marbel dhat crowns dhe monnument (in Kings College) ov Biſhop ELPHINSTON, founder ov dhe Univerſity ov Abberdeen. PART IV. VIOLACION OV INGLISH GRAMMAR. 1. IN DHE PLURALLITY OV NOUN. SCOTTICISM, ſo abounding from dhe miſpronunciacion, miſapplicacion, exces or defect, ov evvery unvaried part ov ſpeeeh; may no les appear in dhe irregularrity, or incongruity, ov evvery poſſibel varriacion. Propperty and plurallity ar formed in Ingliſh by adding s; hwich, after a cognate ſibbilacion, muſt inſert a vowel to' prevent coincidence: az in caſe caſes, grace graces, cauz cauzes, as aſſes, aſh aſhes, age ages. Dhe febel vocallity ov old almoaſt equally figgured by e, i, or y, waz effectively inſerted after anny conſonant, and ſo encreſed dhe noun by a ſyllabel. Dhus wer prieſtis and poſtis dhe nattural preddeceſſors ov prieſts and poaſts. Dhe effective haz even remained in ſom Ingliſh ſurnarnes, az Wallis and Willis; dho Wils and Knolls, like Fowls and Charters, be now alike indiſpenſably dhe proppers and appellatives: for Willes, Knolles, Foulis or Charteris, doo but aſk dhe onnor ov perpettuating fammilies in falſehood, dhat wonce wer diſtinguiſhed by Truith. Dhe ſame Scots, hoo inſert dhe needles ſibbilant, from Sundays-morning to' Satturdays-night, drop dhe Ingliſh appropriative ov cows-milk, aſſes-milk, goats-milk; ov hartſhorn, hairſbredth, ſtoneſthrow or ſtoneſcaſt; and dhe plural ſibbilacion, in ſpirrits-- ov-wine; ſaying cow-milk, and ſo on; dhey uze not onely a piece ov monney, for a genteel prezzent in monney, but monneys for various ſums. Dhe Scots, like dhe Lattins, pluralize a ſurname common to' various forenames, hwile dhe Ingliſh hold dhe ſurname invariabel az an adjective. Dhus ſays won dialect Jon and Tommas Williamſons; dhe oddher, Jon and Tommas Williamſon. Dhe rule iz ſurely not new, if ſtil neſceſſary, dhat, A ſingular muſt not be uzed az a plural, more dhan a plural az a ſingular. If a poet be ſparingly allowed dhe elliptic privvilege ov joining to' a collective noun a plural verb, az in Part curb dheir firy ſteeds; dhat iz Part (for Som) ov dhem curb — no collective can be ſubſtituted to' a plural, hware no plural ſupplement can take place. Ov dhis ſort iz mankind; hwich can no more be dhe ſubſtitute ov men, dhan men ov mankind. Truith may ſomtimes be exampelled in dhe falſenes ov her clodhing. Mankind ar liabel to er. Dhis iz no new quallity among mankind. Dheir powers ar grait; dho dhey doo not always exert dhem. Won haz but to' tranſlate ſo pretty ſentences, az wel az ſentiments, into' anny oddher tung; dhat iz, into' anny oddher vehikel ov common-ſenſe, to' be cured ov calling ſolleciſm (or nonſenſe) grammattic libberty. Nor let even proud London boaſt dhat Here polliſht language takes her fav'rite ſtand, Here dains to' linguer, are ſhe leve dhe land; hwile even here dhe pubblic ar conſtrued a collective, or anny equivvalent to' a plural; and til ſuch time az not onely dhe dear pubblic, but dhe pubblic weal (hwich alone it can repprezent), le public, le bier public, la république, reſpublica, πολιτεια (politeia), ſhal hav been alſo, in dhis lerned age, admitted among dhe number ov plurallities. Dhe Ingliſh may dherfore be gentel, dho dhe Scotch muſt not, to' dhe pluralizing ov pottage, ſpinnage, cabbage, or even broth and broze (from brewis, raddher dhan βρωσις broſis), az wel az dhe company, made up like dhe reſt, each ov unqueſtionably various parts or particculars. But all dheze end alreddy widh an aſpirate or a ſibbilacion, approaching to' coincidence widh plurallity; and ſo to' an elizzion like dhat ov dhe appropriative in Moſes' law, our fahdhers' days, or in Carthage' towers. No wonder if inch dhen perſonate its plural (inches), widh Natures ain bairn (own child) dhe Gentel Shepherd: Four inch aneath dhe oxter iz dhe mark, Scarce evver ſeen ſen he firſt wore a ſark. Foar inches 'neadh dhe armpit, haz he bore Dhe mark, ſcarce ſeen ſince firſt a ſhirt he wore. Pox, denoting onely ſmall-pox, in a dialect hware no oddher waz known, had been a reggular plural in pocs; hwich wer dherfore deffinitely numbered, az dhe oddher collectives cood not; dho dhey looſely admitted manny and few, inſted ov much and littel; and wer currently repprezented by dhey and dhem, for it. Broth (or cale) being dhe firſt dinner-diſh in Scotland, az ſoop in France, became a genneral name for dhe meal it firſt perhaps conſtituted, and haz ſince introduced: ſo, hwen a toper had got hiz doſe, he waz joccularly ſaid to' hav ta'en hiz broth. Dhe Scotch retain folk, az dhe Ingliſh doo pepel, for a plural collective. But dhe Ingliſh actually render it a familliar plural in folks, like dhe French gens for gents. But pepel haz not, like peuple, accepted dhe ſibbilant; and ſo cannot be deffinitely numbered az perſons, much les az nacions. We can no more ſay, az ſom Scottiſh writers hav ſaid, two or three pepel, for two or three nacions (or pepels), dhan two or three foot, horſe, or cattel; for two or three foot-ſoldiers, troopers, hed ov cattel; like two or three foot ov mezzure, and two or three ſail ov ſhips. But dho dhe colloquial doz ſubſtitute manny pepel, and few folks, to' manny and few perſons; it ventures not manny, more dhan two or three ſhipping, or ſuch (not unexampelled) incongruities. A collective may doutles be more ſafely pluralized widh a grait, obviouſly les deffinite dhan a ſmall, number. Hence can we ſay, widh plauzibel ellipſe, three thouſand pepel, horſe, foot, or cattel, dho we cannot three. Hoal, az evvery adjective not a plural, may join a ſubſtantive ov edher number. Dhus dhe hoal proceding, or (in lawſtile) dhe hoal procedings: hoal being entire, unmutilated; or a collective pronomminal, dhe partitive ov dhe underſtood: dhe hoal ov dhe proceding or procedings. Hoal, applied to' objects les in human power, muſt be liabel to' figgurative interpretacion. Dhus dhe hoal members ov a community, ar not ſo propperly all dhe members; az dhoze ov dhem, dhat need not a phyziſcian. A mean iz a middel between extremes: dhe Scotch uze it for a means, hwich iz Ingliſhly a ſingular collective, or an indeffinite, yet exhibbitabel, plural: dhis — dhat — dheze — dhoze — ſom — no — anny — much — littel — manny — few — means. Pain being az common, az dhe mean iz rare; pains ar evverihware felt, dho pains iz not evverihware taken. Dhus iz pains an ezily diſtinguiſhabel plural, or like news, a collective ſingular: No news iz good news. Twins muſt be twain. Two twins ar dherfore compannions for two alternatives, hware twins and won alternative amply ſuffice. A plural but taudrily prezents a ſingular: I received yoor favors — I hav no objeccions — I waz going up ſtreets, and met a man, hoo iz not to' make ſongs ov — for favor, objeccion, dhe ſtreet, and a ſong. Dhe Scots alſo ſay: He iz partners widh ſuch a won — I wiſh he wer friends widh me; az dhe Ingliſh ſay, I wil go halvs or ſnips widh yoo; nor plead dhey les authorrity dhan Virgils. — Remo cum fratre Quirinus, Jura dabunt. Quirinus widh hiz broddher ar, won day. To' guiv dhe laws, dhat Romans ſhal obey. Oppozite (dhence contigguous) to' a plural for a ſingular, iz a ſingular for a plural. Dhe Ingliſh doo ſay and ſee ten pound, accountably az ten foot: ten mile iz colloquial az ten ſhilling: ten miles, and ten ſhillings, ar dhe oſtenſibel. But dhey nedher ſay nor ſee ten ſheet, for ten ſheets ov paper; dho ten ream be az good az ten pound. Nor doo dhey uze a cloth-bruſh for a cloadhsbruſh: yet ſom even (ov) London-dealers ar apt to' uze cloadhs (or clodhes) for clodhs. Wages, like dhe French gages, iz a plural widhout a ſingular. Az gage iz a mere pledge, a ſervants wage, or fee, iz equally a ſcotticiſm. Dhat Scots iz onely a plural or an appropriative, evvery Scotchman may now know; hweddher from Mary Queen ov Scots or dhe Scots maggazene, dhe rival ov dhe Gentelmans. Dhe Scots and Engliſh tongues, dhus loſt in dhe Scotch and Inglih, muſt emerge like dhe reſpective nacions, widh blended purity, in dhe Brittiſh tung. Ingliſh adjective forms no plural, except dhis and dhat, in dheze and dhoze. Romans dherfore iz a ſubſtantive, and oddhers a pronoun. Dhe pronomminal ſevveral, always an adjective, can nevver be ſevverals. Won cannot ſay, I hav ſeen ſevverals (but ſevveral) for ſevveral perſons or things. Yet ſevveral and conjunct, like genneral and particcular, like indeed all elſe, may lodgically becom ſubſtantives, in ſevverals, and ſo foarth. Dheze and dhoze appear diſtinct az dhis and dhat. Eze howevver proovs ſomtimes dhe parent ov Difficulty: for Eze produces Inattenſion. Dhis or dheze point thing or things, deffinite az near; dhat or dhoze, thing or things definitely diſtant, or diſtantly indeffinite. Doo yoo prefer dhis or dhat? dheze or dhoze? Shal I ſee yoo won ov dheze days? Dhoze wer perrillous times. Dhen ſhal dhare be war in dhoze days. Dhis diſcrimminacion haz been ſo long ſubſtanciated, dhat in dheze enlightened times, dhoze (perſons) hoo ſhood offer a new light, wood but bring bac dhe cloud dhat overcaſt former ages, or create a new cloud in ſuppozing dheze (to' be) dark az dhoze days. But no Scot can confound dheze exhibbitive pronomminals, hoo perceivs dheze correſpondent to' (dhe Scottiſh) dbir, and dhoze to' dhae. Nor can anny perſon uze dhem for dhoze (az in dhem things), hoo knows dhat dhem iz no adjective; dho dhey or dhem can ſubſtitute dhoze, az dhe deffinite pronoun. To' tel dhe practiſcioners ov edher dialect, dhat dhe comparrative degree belongs to' two objects, because onely two can be compared; dhe fuperlative to' more dhan two, elſe wood it not excede dhe comparrative wer to' tel hwat iz ſo littel new, dhat dhe obviouſnes ov dhe principels cood alone render dhem imperceptible. Dhus hear we (and ſee we!) alike on edher ſide (ov) Tweed: Hwich ov dhe two iz moaſt elligibel? Ov dhe two, hwich plezes yoo beſt? I know not hwich (ov dhe two) iz prefferabel; for, Hweddher ov dhe two iz more elligibel? Ov dhe two, hweddher plezes yoo better. I know not hweddher ov dhe two iz preferabel. So, I care not hwich he prefers, for I care not hweddher he prefer. POPE, hoo ſeldom violates grammar, dho frequently rime, iz far oftener a moddel ov boath: Hwen Rezon doutfool, like dhe Samian letter, Points him two roads, dhe narrower iz dhe better. 3. In IMPERSONAL VERB. DHAT dhe Scottiſh, and evvery aincient dialect iz apt alike to' amplify and curtail, dhe conſidderate ar ezily aware. Be dooing proovs dhus az nattural a ſubſtitucion for doo, go on, procede; az I am dooing it, dhe expres rezzolucion ov I doo it. So it iz bleeding, or it iz raining, ſpeaks continnuance more expreſly, dhan it bleeds or it rains. Evvery imperſonal verb haz been litterally or figguratively perſonal. Hware annimate agents ov edher ſex cannot be ſuppozed to' opperate, a neutral repprezenting nature, dhe ſky, propriety, dhe thing, or hwatevver elſe rezon couches under dhe pronoun it, becoms dhe third perſon ſingular, and dhe onely perſonal part ov hwat iz called an imperſonal verb, becauz litteral perſons ar not dhe agents. To' behoov produced dherfore firſt I behoov, az ſurely az oportet preſuppozes oporteo. It behoovs howevver particcularly dhe Scots to' obſerv, dhat dhis verb admits now no perſon but dhe littel neutral abov-ſhown. Dhus, It behooved Chriſt to' ſuffer — It behooved him — not He behooved, or dhe like. To' repent, ſollemnly (and propperly) imperſonal, haz becom aguen familliarly perſonal: It repenteth (or repents) me, haz ſhuffelled into' I repent. Dhe perſonal agent waz dhus reflected: But ye'l repent ye, if hiz lov grow cauld Hwat like's a dorty maiden, hwen ſhe'z auld? But yoo'l repent it; if hiz lov grow cold: How looks a ſulky maiden, hwen ſhe'z old? 4. IN DHE PRETTERITE OV VERB. PRIMMITIVE language, like infantine, waz ſimpel and reggular, are Ellegance or Corrupcion varied it. A dental (n, s, t, or d) terminates evvery formative part ov Ingliſh noun or verb. Under n iz comprehended dhe nazal ng ov dhe particippel prezzent; and under t, its aſpirate (th). Evvery part ov ſpeech lovved dhe licquid. Abone or abune (u French) and ſyne, preceded abov and ſince. Noun plural firſt ended Germanly, in dhe licquid, hwich it afterwards turned Frenchly into' ſibbilacion. Dhus houſen, ſhoen, eyen, kyen and ſowen became houſes and ſhoes, now houzes and ſhoos; ſo eyes (truly ies or i's), kine (now cows) and ſwine, hwich is alſo ſingular. Scottiſh ſtile uzed dhe ſamen for dhe ſame thing or things. Dhe ſibbilant itſelf ſomtimes varied or vanniſht: pennies, halfpennies (hapennies), mans, foots, toothy, gooſes and mouſes, became pence, hapence; men, feet, teeth, gueſe and mice. Furth, further and furtheſt, varied into' fur, furdher, and furdheſt; hwence dhe now far, fardher and fardheſt; not farrer or farreſt. Verbs reggular formations came erly, and long remained. Know'd, draw' d and heard, continnue dhe infantine and untutored pretterites, at London; az comm'd and ga'd, ſe'd and gue'd, at Eddinburrough; in defiance at wonce ov knew and known, drew and drawn, az wel az ov dhe ellegant herd; nor les ov came and com, went, ſaw and gave. But if lower Londoners, interchainging dhe primmitive came and com, uze ſee for ſaw, and ſaw for ſeen; Scots ov anny rank may be forguivven, for prezerving keeped and keept, feeled and feel'd or feelt, ſeemingly prefferabel, az ſurely prior, to' dhe now Ingliſh kept and felt: ſo dealt, meant, dreamt and leapt, for delt, ment, drempt, lept, and dhe reſt. Az bleed forms bled, a neuter verb not interchaingeabel widh dhe blud, bludded; az lead ſo forms led, and read red, dhe Scotch ear and eye hav been equally drawn to' form from plead, pled; inſted ov pleaded, like kneaded and needed, from dhe coincident need and knead, hware dhe idel iniſcial ſervs but to' miſlead. So even treat tret, for treated, like ſeated. Dhe Scots preferred i or y to' e, before dhe formative dental ov verb, no les dhan dhe formative ſibbilant ov noun; and ov dhe dental dhe direct, to' dhe depreſſive power. Hence dhe motto ov dhe Right Onnorabel Lord ELPHINSTONE or ELPHINSTON (az town or ſtone contribbuted to' dhe compoziſcion). Cauz cauzit: Cauz cauzed. Hail, nobel Chief! may ſtil diſputeles cauz Send, on dhy Name, ſucceſſion ov applauz. Dhe Scots hav hiddherto' maintained dheir dialect, az if eſſencial to' dheir dignity. Dhey ſay, az dhey ſaid centuries ago, lockit and boltit; for dhe Ingliſh locked, or loct, and bolted. Dhe oddher dialect doutles preferred dhe ſame vowel, hwen decreppit waz dhe pretterite ov decrepe or decreep. So dhe old clepe formed ycleppit, perhaps before yclepped or yclept. Dhe particippel paſt ov dhe aincient conjugation, like dhe plural ov primmitive noun, ended in en: az been and ſeen, ſo doen and goen now don (for dun) and gon; like guivven and taken, ſimilliarly guin and ta'en. So drawen, knowen, ſhewen; now drawn, known, ſhown; hwich particippel can no more ſubſtitute dhe pretterite ſhowed, dhan known can knew, or dhan lain (wonce lien) dhe particippel ov ly, can its own oddher pretterite lay. Far les can dhe neuter lain be repprezented by laid, dhe pretterite ov dhe active lay. Scotch haz dhus az manually retained proven, ſhaven, ſhapen, baken; az dhe oddher dialect haz turned dhem into' prooved or proov'd, ſhaved or ſhav'd; widh ſhaped and baked, ſhap't and bak't, by articculating combinacion, and no contractives ov dhe Scotch ſhapet and baket. Widh dignity doo ſhapen and ſhaven remain in ſollemn ſittuacions. Behold! I waz ſhapen in wickednes — Smoodh ſkim dhe truns'lers o'r dhe ſhaven green. But dhe Scots nevver interchainged (az doo even London-- verſifiers) ran and run, began and begun, drank and drunk; hwile ſang and ſank ar almoaſt loſt in dhe particippels ſung and ſunk. Ingliſh verb havving now indeed ſo gennerally boath pretterites in won, and dhe particippial terminacion en falling daily more into' defwetude; we cannot wonder if Ellegance herſelf be apt to uze az particippes took, fel,roze, ſpoke, wrote or writ, forgot; and leve to' ſolemnity taken, fallen, rizzen, ſpoken, written, forgotten, and dhe reſt; dho ſhe muſt leve to' jargon dhe uze ov came, went, gave, for com, gon, guivven, and dhe like. Hwen a verb, ending widh t or d, forms its pretterite in ed, dhe Scotch drop dhe aſſumpcion, making acquaint (or acquant), met, edducate, load, ſuffice for acquainted, meted, edducated, loaded. Dhey may doutles alledge, not onely roaſt meat and roaſt fowls, but dhe ſcriptural roaſt widh fire; widh dhe particippials dred, counterfeit and forfeit, az dred ſovverain, counterfeit coin, forfeit life; beſide dhe common interchainge ov dhe particippel ſittuated and dhe primmitive particippial ſittuate, az in a houſe wel ſittuated or wel ſittuate; like dhe poettic ellevate, devote, and dheir fellows, prefferabel on ſublime occazions to' dhe formative, ellevated, devoted, and dhe reſt. Won ſtile requires dherfore ſites ellevate, anoddher ellevated ſittuacions. Az MILTON, P. L. IX. 112. Ov cretures annimate widh graddual life. XI. 821. A world devote to' univerſal rac. So Yong: N. Th. IX. 221. Minds ellevate, and panting for unſeen; And defecate from ſenſe, alone obtain Fool relliſh ov exiſtence undeflow'r'd. In like manner doo Scotch (or old Ingliſh) and ſublimmity meet in dhe uſe ov employ for employment: won ſaying Hwat iz hiz employ? He iz out ov employ; dhe oddher, I com! and 'tiz a bleſt employ, To' be dhe meſſenger ov joy. Hail, GABRIEL! 5. IN DHE AUXILLIARIES SHAL and WIL. INGLISH verb, havving littel variety ov inflexion, reſts its chief buties on auxilliaries. Dhe potentials may and can, howevver near in genneral idea, ar ſo diſtinct in particcular opperacion, dhat dhey can ſcarce com into' dainger ov interchainge. Yet dhe futuritive or eventual ſhal and wil, dho no les ſpeciffically different, ar almoaſt az conſtantly miſtaken az employed, by dhe remoter Brittiſh nacions. To' aſcertain dheir reſpective impoart and propriety, won haz but to' rezolv dhem into' dheir vertual parts. In dhe futurity reſpecting dhe prezzent, a contingence conſequent to' prezzent exiſtence, I ſhal be iz I am to' be; I ſhal doo, I am to doo; hweddher now, or afterwards. To' compound a futurity reſpecting a ſuppozzitive paſt, an opperacion conſequencial or concommitant to' anoddher contingence; ſhal, hwich implies a prezzent prommiſe, forms ſhood, hwich involvs a condiſcional preddicacion or performance: I ſhood be — I waz or wer to' be — I ſhood doo — I waz or wer to' doo — on ſuch condiſcion or ſuppoziſcion. Dhe auxilliary wil haz, like ſhal, and for ſimmilar purpoſe, dhe prezzent and paſt indiccative or indicating tenſes; ſo compounding widh anny infinnitive (but widhout dhe artikel to') a voliſcional futurity in dhe firſt perſon, an eventual in dhe oddher two: I wil be — I wil doo — I hav dhe inclinacion and tendency to' be — to' doo — Dhou wilt — Dhou haſt dhe tendency or probbabillity ov being or dooing, and ſo on. For a futurity or contingence, dependant on a paſt voliſcion or tendency, real. or ſuppozed; wil forms wood: I wood be — I wood doo — I had or ſhood hav dhe inclinacion and tendency to' be — to' doo — Dhou wooddeſt or woodſt — and dhe reſt. Shal dherfore indicates a futurity ov opperacion certain az future exiſtence, or az anoddher paſt prezzent, or future event. Wil, in dhe firſt perſon, intimates a voliſcional, in dhe oddher two a natturally contingencial futurity. Shood induces a conſequence, mediate or immediate, to' a contingence actual or ſuppozed. Wood, in dhe firſt perſon, declares an inclinaſcional, in dhe oddher two, a nattural or mortal ſubſequence, to' a real or ſuppozed, eventuallity. Shal and wil ar dhus dhe prommiſſory and, predictive; ſhood and wood, dhe conſequencial, condiſcional or ſuppozzitive; alike to' be diſtinguithed, nay contraſted, auxilliaries. I ſhal doo it, if yoo wil be ſattisfied. I wil doo it, if yoo ſhal be ſatisfied. Dhe former, makes a pozzitive, dhe latter an inclinaſcional prommiſe, on a condiſcion or ſuppoziſcion. I ſhood doo it, if yoo wood be ſattisfied. I wood doo it, if yoo ſhood be ſattisfied. Dhe former aſſures dhe contingence, on dhe ſtippulated conſequence. Dhe latter prefixes dhe voliſcional event, to' dhe abſolute or morral ſtippulacion. Diſtinct and immutabel iz dhus dhe Anallogy: I aſſure yoo, dhat I ſhal (or wil) doo it. I hope yoo wil; nay, I expect, I rezolv, dhat yoo ſhal doo it. Az I waz determined, dhat he ſhood doo it; he declared at laſt, dhat he wood doo it. If yoo dezire it, he or I ſhal (or wil) doo it. Yoo, or he, ſhal (or wil) certainly doo it, if I pleze. We ſhood (or wood) gladly doo it, if yoo dezired it. Ye doutles ſhood, perhaps wood, if I did. How happy ſhood we be, to' obey yoo! I am ſure ye wood. How glad ſhal (or ſhood) I be to' doo yoor frend a plezzure! Nor wil (or wood) my frend be ſorry to' doo yoo, won. If I lern aught wordhy yoor notice, yoo ſhal be acquainted (ov it, or made acquainted widh it). If yoo hear annithing dhat intereſts me, yoo wil not grudge dhe communication. If I doo, yoo ſhal; if yoo doo, yoo wil. If I did, yoo ſhood; if yoo did, yoo wood. Wil and wood ſpeak dhus according to' perſon, voliſcion, ſubſequence, or boath; ſhal and ſhood neceſſity, or eſſencial conſequence. Wood dherfore implying choice, or nattural contingence, ſhood came to' infer duty; hwich being but dhe ſhare each morral agent haz to' pay ov dhe genneral det, ſhood proovs interchaingeabel, not onely widh waz or wer to', but widh dhe ſollemn aught to', dhe old equivvalent ov owed to'. Yoo doo not (doo) hwat yoo ſhood (doo), or, hwat yoo aught (to' doo). How few doo hwat dhey ſhood! how fewer, all dhey aught! Alike Ingliſh ar now obviouſly, dho no more promiſcuous dhan ſynonnymous, Won ſhood think dhat — and Won wood think dhat — meaning, Won ſhood raſcionally think dhat — Won wood natturally think dhat — dhe former didactic, dhe latter inferencial. We cannot now wonder dhat did may abbreviate edher ſhood doo or wood doo; had, ſhood hav or wood hav; or dhat wer may be dhe no les ellegant ſubſtitute ov ſhood be, or ov wood be. If all did dheir duty, we had not ſuch cauz ov complaint. Had all don hwat dhey aught, we had not had ſuch rezon to' griev, things had not been (or wer not) in dhe prezzent condiſcion. Foolly and ſollemny: If all wood doo dheir duty, we ſhood not hav ſuch cauz ov complaint. If all wood hav don hwat dhey aught (to' hav don), we ſhood hav had no ſuch rezon to' griev, things wood not hav been in dheir prezzent ſtate. But, wer all dhis dhe caſe, man wer not man. Wer he not liabel to' error, he wer no more capabel dhan neceſſitous ov amendment: he wer edher inſtinctive or angellic. In dhe ampler ſtile: If all dhis ſhood (or cood) be dhe caſe, man wood not (or cood not) be man. If he ſhood not be liabel to' error, he wood no more be capabel dhan neceſſitous ov amendment: he wood edher be inſtinctive or angellical. 6. IN DHE DISUSE OV DHE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. HOWEVVER few be dhe neſceſſary inflexions or varriacions in anny dialect, dhe ignorant or dhe liſtles wil alter or infringe dhem, by diſcontinnuance or interchainge. But againſt edher conſequence ov edher cauz won wood hav thaught dhe edducated, in edher dialect, long ſince ſuffiſciently garded. Dhe Inghliſh moods and tenſes admitting ſo littel variety, Precizzion muſt ſuffer Ellegance, from hwatevver wood render it les. Dhe Indiccative haz almoaſt ſwallowed up (or ſuperſeded) in Ingland ſtil more dhan in Scotland, all trace ov ſubjunctive mood. Dhis mood ſpeaks in its name ſubjunccion to' anoddher, by dhe direct conductive dhat, or more frequently by dhe ſuppozzitive conjunctions if and dho. Its diſcriminacion indeed from dhe Indiccative conſiſts onely in ſuppreſſing dhe formative endings ov dhe ſeccond and third perſons ſingular ov dhe prezzent, and dhe ſeccond ſingular ov dhe pretterite (or paſt). Dhe Ingliſh ſubjunctive made an impoartant acquiziſcion, hwen dhe firſt and moaſt eſſencial verb ſubſtituted am, art, iz, ar; and waz, waſt, wer for dhe prezzent and paſt ov dhe indiccative. Be and wer dhus became happy diſtinctives ov a firſt (perſon) ſingular alſo in dhe ſubjunctive mood. Dhus: It behoovs (or iz indiſpenſabel) dhat I be, dhat dhou be, dhat he, ſhe, or it be; az wel az dhat we, ye or yoo, and dhey be — dhat I doo, dhat dhou doo, and ſo on Art dhou he? Hwat, if (or dho) I be, dhou be, or anoddher be? Ar ye dhey? Hwat, if (or dho) we be? Waz I, waſt dhou (or wer yoo) dhe perſon? Wer we, ye, or dhey, dhe perſons? In Hwat, if I waz? dhe Indiccative aſcertains dhe paſt: for, hwat, if I wer? iz equivvalent to' hwat, if I ſhood be? and ſo makes a ſuppozitive prezzent ov dhe ſubjunctive paſt. We hence perceiv dhat dhe dubitative conjunccions (if or dho) may join dhe indiccative, hware indicacion iz implied. If I am yoor frend, hwich yoo doo not deny; I hope to' be treated az ſuch. But, hware anny dout remains, dhe prezzent muſt be ſubjunctive. If I be (ſuppozed) yoor ennemy, I may becom your frend. So: If I be a Fahdher, hware iz my onnor? if I be a Maſter, hware iz my fear? Widh equal propriety (nay, neceſſity) doo we ſay dhen; If dhou dooeſt good, dhou enjoyeſt it; If dhou doo good, dhou wilt enjoy it. If dhou didſt good, dhou haſt reaped dhe bennefit; if dhou did good, dhou woodſt reap dhe bennefit. If dhou waſt happy, I waz ſo: If dhou wert happy, I wer ſo; dhat iz, ſhoodſt dhou (be happy), I ſhood (be happy). He knows not how I am, and cares not how I be. He knew not how I waz, and cared not how I wer. So, in dhe conductive; It iz propper dhat I be or doo, dhat he be or doo — I wil ſtay, til dhou be or doo; dhou wilt ſtay, til I be or doo — til he be or doo — dhat iz, til ſuch time az — or, til dhe time dhat — he ſhal be or doo: for, in all dhe conductive, or dubitative, caſes; ſhal, wil, may, or dheir pretterites, muſt be underſtood to' turn dho ſubjunctive into' a reggular future or ſuppozzitive: dhat I be or doo — dhat I ſhal, wil, or may — ſhood, wood, or might — be or doo: ſo, If I be or doo — If I ſhal or ſhood be or doo, and dhe like. Hwat dhen ſhal be ſaid for dhoze? — hoo tel us: Notthing wil be don til he coms — If he iz dhare a fortnight hence, it wil doo az wel, az if he waz here now. — Waz he here at dhis moment, hwat cood he doo? I wiſh he waz, or dhe like. 7. IN DHE ABUSE OV DHE INDICCATIVE, WIDH DHE IMPROPPER INTERCHAINGE OV PRONOUNS. DHEY hoo regard not won mood, wil abuze anoddher. Dhey hoo mind nedher time nor manner, wil not much reſpect perſons; wil confound no les dheir number, dhan dheir condiſcion. Dhence all diſcriminacion wil vanniſh, and evvery diſcord arize. No wonder dhen, if inattenſion to' edher dialect, and to' all language, interchainge ſtates in dhe pronouns; az It waz not him, it waz me; for It waz not he, it waz I. But Scotland knows no ſuch jargon az Shal us go dhare, and ſee if it iz true? If it waz, ſomboddy wood hav told we. Dhis iz indeed low and provincial: But hoo ſhal fix dhe rank, howehr diſcrete; Or mark dhe line, hware ſenſe and dulnes meet? If dhe accuracy or ſacred Verſioniſts cood hazzard, Hoom (for Hoo) doo men ſay dhat I am? dhe colloquial may hope ſom indulgence for Hoo doo yoo ſpeak to'? Hoo doo yoo take me to' be? meaning, To' hoom doo yoo ſpeak? Hoom doo yoo take me to' be? Hwen moddern curteſy, multiplying (to' make dhe moaſt' ov) a ſinguel perſon, ſubſtituted in more diccions dhan won, dhe pronoun ov dhe ſeccond (perſon) plural, to' dhat ov dhe ſeccond ſingular; edher ſtate and number became alike forgotten. If dhou and dhee might becom equally yoo, ye and yoo cood not long prezerv diſcrimminacion. But, dho yoo, boath ſingular and plural, cannot diſtinguiſh number in dhe govverned ſtate; hware perſpicuity muſt dherfore depend on accompaniment, az I rejoice to' ſee yoo, Maddam; and I rejoice to' ſee yoo, Ladies: it iz ſhamefool dhat annihware, much more dhat evverihware, yoo and ye ſhood be confounded; dhat evver, now almoaſt always, we ſhood edher hear or ſee (nay boath hear and ſee), Yoo doo me onnor, Maddam; and Yoo (for Ye) doo me onnor, Ladies. How different dhe light ov Scripture! Simon, Simon; Satan hath dezired (to' hav) yoo, dhat he may fiſt (yoo) az hweat: but I hav prayed for dhee, dhat dhy faith fail not; and, hwen dhou art converted, ſtrengthen dhy breddhren. — All ye (Ye all, or All ov yoo) ſhal be offended becauz ov me dhis night — If Scotch be apt to' keep ye, az it oridginally waz, dhe onely leading pronoun ov dhe ſeccond plural, ſaying equally, Ye (not Yoo) ar welcom, Sir and Gentelmen; edher dialect often ſuffers dhe falſe ſubſtitucion ov ye for yoo, in dhe govverned ſtate, hweddher won or more perſons be addreſt. Hwen ſhal we ſee ye — Sir or Gentelmen? So dhe Scotch Here'z t' ye, Here iz to' yoo, — to' yoor helth; and dhe old Ingliſh Good b' w' y, for Good be widh yoo. IF, now from Ingliſh moudhs (nay pens!) unimadginabel, we hear and ſee daily yoo waz for yoo wer, in edher mood, and edher number; not to' mencion dhe colloquial ſays I, far les dhe vulgar I or we goes, and dhe like; we may look bac widh temper, dho we cannot widh triumph, on dhe unſcrupulous age, hware dhe ſibbilant waz always a welcom formative: az in Brunt bairns fire dreads. Burnt children dred dhe fire; a provverb, hightened in French: Chat échaudé craint l'eau froide: A ſcalded cat dreds cold wauter. But terminaſcional concord waz rezerved for tamer times: For we, bold Brittons, forrain laws deſpiz'd: We kept unconker'd, and uncivviliz'd. If howevver, dhe wize underſtand by half a word, dhe Scots underſtood almoaſt by half a letter: dho not perhaps ſaying, like ſom ov dheir Northumbrian neighbors — I'z caud, for I'm cold; — Yet conſtantly prommiſing — I'z doo'd, (or, I'z dee't) for I ſhal doo it. So Gent. Shep. He'z guet hez wol: hwy no? its good my pairt, To' guee hem dhat, an he'l guee me hez hairt. Hiz wil he ſhal hav, az 'tiz good my part, To' guiv him dhat; and he'l guiv me hiz hart. Dhoze happy times dhus knowing no grammattic diſcord; ſingular and plural, nouns, pronouns or pronomminals; ſubject in ſhort and verb, cool not diſagree. Provverbs and poets trezzure dhe language, no les dhan dhe ſpirrit, ov a pepel. Dhey, dhat guets, forguets; and dhey, dhat wants, thinks on; now, Dhey, dhat guet, forguet; and dhey, dhat want, think on. Ilnature hafts in ſauls, dhat's weak and poor. In febel ſolls and poor, il-nature dwels. 8. IN DHE MODDERN INTERCHAINGE OV REAL APPROPRIACION, AND SEEMING CONCORD. AGAINST won corrupcion, but lately pervading Ingliſh ſtile, dhe ſtudious ov Brittiſh purity, cannot be too (much) garded: dhe appropriacion ov an act or event, by dropping dhe appropriative ſibbilacion, blended widh dhe ſeeming concord or connexion ov a noun or pronoun and particippel. Dhus Accounts ar com ov dhe fleet being arrived — On dhe Admiral havving written — obviouſly, az barbarouſly, for — dhe fleets being arrived — dhe Admirals havving written — It iz dhe fleets pozeſſion ov its own being arrived, dhat iz, ov its own arrival — dhe Admirals enjoyment ov hiz own havving written — not dhe fleet or dhe Admiral — being or havving — dhat iz here reſpectively in queſtion. Noun and pronoun, or pronomminal, muſt conſtrue alike. We hav but to' exchainge, boath to' hear and ſee. Accounts ar com ov its (not it) being arrived — ov hiz (not him) havving written — Yoo undeſtand ſomboddy's being or dooing ſo or ſo? Yoo dhence underſtand my being or dooing ſo or ſo. Somboddy or me wood edher make anoddher meaning, or no meaning at all. But dhe ſolleciſm iz even extending to' dhe pronoun, inſted ov dhe appropriating pronomminal. Dhus advizes a late Newſpaper. Dhe extreme length ov dhe trial prevented him (for hiz) making anny obzervacions on dhe evvidence. So anoddher London-paper: Yeſterday morning ſome diſpatches were received from St. Lucia; which contain an account of every thing remaining quiet; and of two Spaniſh frigates putting in there from the Havannah, diſmaſted. Hwich accurately wood run dhus: day-morning wer received from St. Lucia ſom diſpatches; hwich contain an account ov evverithings remaining quiet; and ov two Spanniſh friggates' pootting in dhare from dhe Havannah, diſmaſted. An account ov evvery thing (or even ov evverithing) remaining quiet iz an account ov evvery thing (or evverithing) dhat remained quiet, not ſurely ov evverithings remaining quiet; dho friggates' may (we know) abbreviate friggateſes. Dhat perſpicuity depends much on arraingement, we must evverihware hav occazion to' ſee. Inaccuracy (or Inattenſion) becoms a ſpecies ov ſtubbornnes, hwich iz az dhe ſin ov witchcraft. Dhe ſame reſpectabel ſtile ſaid dherfore, a year or two after: This morning ſome patches were received from General Elliot at Gibraltar; which were brought over in the Experiment cutter, arrived off Plymouth. They contain an account ov the General continuing in good health, and that two French men of war had put in there diſmaſted. Not to' exammine dhe eze, widh hwich our kind Intelligencers diſimaſt French and Spanniſh ſhips, or dhe hoſpitallity widh hwich dhey open poarts for dhe diſtreſt; we hav but to' reduce dhe artikel to' Orthoggraphy, Arraingement, and Conſiſtence. Dhis morning wer received, from Genneral Elliot at Gibraltar, ſom diſpatches, (hwich wer) braught over in dhe Experriment-cutter, arrived of Plymmouth. Dhey contain an account ov dhe Gennerals continnuing in good helth, and (mencion) dhat two French men ov war had poot in dhare diſmaſted. Dhus, and dhus onely, can it be underſtood or boren. And dhus doo we ſee dhe propriety ov dhe queſtions being poot; az, dhe queſtion being poot, we may ſcan its propriety. News-writers, infine, may be pardoned for not knowing dhat nedher he nor ſhe can reprezent titel in dhe abſtract, hwich muſt dherefore be repeated, or varied by equivalence; dhat dherfore hiz or her Madjeſty, Highnes, Grace; hiz Lordſhip, or her Ladiſhip, can no more be repeated by he or ſhe, dhan yoor Madjeſty, by yoo; dhat name ſpeaks more reſpect dhan proname, and dhat, hware reppetiſcion might cloy, varriacion iz ezily found. But no writer iz likely to' rize into' a moddel, or to' continnue ſuch, hoo iz apt to' hazzard edher dheze-ſort ov ſolleciſms, or anny oddher ſort ov incongruity. PART V. DHE ORRIGIN OV SCOTTISH DICCION. I. TERMS TEUTONNIC AND GAULIC. MANNY terms hav we found in Scotland livving appellatives, dhat in Ingland remain mere ſurnames: Tod, Wilks, Yates, and dhe reſt. More muſt we occazzionally meet, az bairn and ſcadhe, daft and wod, gar and greet (child and dammage, wanton and wild, make and cry), hwich, howevver ſtil viggorous at Eddinburrough, not SPENCER, SHAKSPEAR, and MILTON, hay been abel to' keep alive at London. Far more copious, dho now verry ſmall, muſt hav been dhe clas totally diſtinct, az wer dhe kingdoms, in dhe innocent ſcene ſequeſtered from urbannity; and even in ſuch, ranks ov dhe Scottiſh Cappital, az wer too much watched to' local duty, to' minguel in ſoddhern correſpondence. From intercoarſe, near or remote, muſt man acquire hiz language. Widh dhe Anglo-Saxons had dhe lowland Scots dheir erlieſt and cloſeſt connexion. Dheir native talk proovs dhus Old Ingliſh, dhat iz, half Dutch or Daniſh; and dheir polliſht (language), French. Hence, ov orrigin chiefly Teutonnic, often high German, oftener low Dutch, wer ſuch Scottiſh primmitives az byre, cowhouſe or ſtall; low (widh dhe dipthong), flame; meadh, direccion; hwaup, curlew; loon, rogue: has, throat; neaf, neav or nev, fiſt roze, rizing or ſwelling; yeuk, itch; much, mob or cap; cogue, noggin: ſnel, keen, ſharp; ſweir, lazy, loth; ſib, akin; to' dough (to' be abel) hwence dhe pretterite ducht; and oppozitely, dho widh dhe ſame dipthong, to' dow, to' pall, to' grow vappid; to' keek, to' peep; to' clunk, to ſwallow; to' dight, to' wipe; to' threap, to' aver; to' thole, to' endure; to' coup, to' ſwop or deal, alſo, to' tumbel; to' roup, to' (ſel by) auccion. Jag, hwence jagged, iz old Ingliſh; but brod, pric or ſting, iz Gaulic; az iz to ſpeir or aſk, if akin (az correſpondent) to' ſiram. Frends and foes interchainge language. Gaulic may wel be dhe dres and arms ov Gauls: dhe kelt or fillabeg, littel ſkirt, and claimore, braud-ſoard; a ſeeming compound ov dhe French glaive, ſuch cozzen ov dhe Lattin gladius, az (iz) dhe Gaulic fear ov vir, a man. Ov like orrigin muſt be manny lowland terms: Oy (from ocha) grandchild, droich dwarf, lith joint, (if not related to' limb, az kith to' kin, or the old Ingliſh ſith to' ſyne and ſince); lin cattaract, from leim leap (or fall) ov wauter; fud ſcut, from bod tail; ſcult ſpank, from ſcoiltam to' cleve widh partan crab, bartizan, from bar battelment (if not from dhe French pertuis and pertuiſane; carn (in Scotch alſo rickel), heap ov ſtones; ſpail chip ov wood; dud, rag; dad and blad, large or brand piece, particcularly ov greens in a ſoop; from lus erb, dulſe or delſe, ſeaweed; from leaghan liccor, laiglan pail; from brachan fermentation, brochan gruel; from tocha choice, tochar poarcion; ſo ferly, wonder, ov feart mirrakel (perhaps parent ov dhe Scotch fret, omen), and liach, bad news; az randy, aſſailant (eſpeſcially widh dhe tung), from randach partizan. Nor les Gaulic iz fey boding (hwence feidom) from faig or faid, a propphet; dhan crine ſhrink, ſpeil climb, ſcriech ſhriek, alſo ſcreech; and a ſcreving inguel, a fierce or blazing fire. Dhat aincient Scottiſh names ſhood be Gaulic, ſhal we wonder? all ezily annalyzabel, az Torphichen Lord ov dhe caſtel, or Cantyre Hed-land. Dho, to' evvery ſoddhern az wel az nordhern. tung, Scotch, no les dhan Ingliſh, may hav been endetted; widh dhe aincient Brittons, dhe true remnant ov Celts or Gauls, muſt dhe Celtic or Gaulic remain, Dhus continnues it, varying name and dialect widh ſittuacion, in dhe Iriſh, Erſe, Welſh, Bas-Breton Low-Brittiſh, or Gaulois Gauliſh, and Biſcayan or Cantabrian, to' diſtinguiſh dhe gennuine Hibernians, Calledonians, Cambrians, Cantabrians, and Armoricans. Found on dhe iſthmus ov Darien, dhat hwieh joins North and South Amerrica; found dherfore probbably (by hwatevver conveyance) in dhe remoteſt corners ov dhe erth; az it iz ſtil dhe moaſt expanded (dho evverihware circumſcribed) and perhaps dhe moaſt aincient, ſo iz it not unlikely to' becom dhe laſt ov livving languages. II. TERMS GREEK AND LATTIN. To' dhe Greek Language evvery moddern tung muſt hav mainly mediate, ſom immediate, obligacions. Ov dheze, howevver, more ar apparent dhan demonſtrative. From φαγειν (fagein) to' eat, may be formed fadge, roll ov bred. βρωσις (broſis) food, looks dhe parent ov broze, otmeal-poodding; hwich probbably doz but vary dhe Ingliſh brewis. To' βρογχος (bronchos) dhe throat or jaws may branks doutles be applied, hwile it juſt abbreviates dhe Gaulic brancas, a halter. Dho ραϰος (racos) may produce rag, dhe Eollic, βραϰος (bracos) ſeems not ov brat in anny ſenſe, dhe ſo nattural parent, az beray. Smad, ſpot, iz fool az near to' ſmut, az to' σμαω (ſmao) I clenz, or wipe of; and ſkinguy or ſkinyie, lay-cord, to' ſcain: az to' σχσινος (ſchoinos) ruſh, or cord dhence made. Sark lies indeed next dhe σαρξ (ſarks) fleſh, hwile it boldly varies an Ingliſh ſhirt. Dhe weary guit, suite, or guet, howevver varied dhe vocallity, iz ſtil dhe (plaguy brat!) nattural child ov guet, raddher dhan dhe chum ov γειτων (geiton) kinſman, neighbor, frend or fellow; dho σομφος (ſomphos), empty or ſoft, may diſpute edher widh ſunk or ſullen, dhe progennitorſhip ov ſumph. Nor les aſſuredly, dhan ράινω (rhaino, truly raino) ſprinkels dhe Ingliſh rain; from ϰρυος (cryos or cruos, u French) dhe cold, ſhrinks dhe Scottiſh verb to' grue or ſhivver. Βομβος (bombos), happy parent ov dhe French bombe and ov dhe Ingliſh boomb, hwich (recoiling into' nature) gennerates dhe Ingliſh bombaſt, and dhe Scottiſh bum-bee; ſo ſlenders dhe Scotch (az Greek) bum, to' dhe Ingliſh hum. But no tung, tied to' endings, can be ſo convenient, az a bridge widhout abutments, for ſenſe to' fly over. φυσαω, (fuſao) or φυσσαω (fuſſao, boath u French) cannot be expreſſive az dhe Scottiſh fiz, or even dhe Ingliſh hwiz. From σπανος (ſpanos) ſcarce, μαντις (mantis) a raging bard, nay δερειν (derein) to' excoriate, may Ettymollogy bring dhe Scotch verbs to' ſpane or wean, to' mant or ſtammer, and to' tir or ſtrip; dho dhe laſt may onely lop dhe French tirer, hwich iz boath to' pool and pool of. But αίρεω (haireo) I ravviſh or take away, wil be allowed dhe parent ov harry, by dhoze hoo gues dhat a harrier had won. To' propine, iz Lattin and Greek; az may be ſaid ov dhe iddiom, il ate (evil cuſtom), from cacoethes, Greek on boath ſides (ov) dhe houſe. Two iddioms beg alſo to' be deſcended ov dhe Greek, or at leaſt to' be ſib (allied) to' her; won in ſom (not over-cloſe) rezemblance ov boath boddy and ſoll, dhe oddher in dhe transference ov at leaſt dhe latter. To' thole a gleph (or bide a wee), to' bair (or ſtay) a littel, certainly rezembels dhe principal parts ov ταλα̃λν γλεφαρον (talân glepharon), to' endure a twinkling. Az to' ſtay, in dhe ſenſe ov to' liv or to' dwel, iz Greek, Lattin, French, and Scotch, widhout being Ingliſh; won iddiom iz Greek, French, and Scotch, widhout being edher Ingliſh or Lattin:ειδεναι χαριν (eidenai charin), ſavoir gré, to' cun thank; hwich Latinnity renders acceptum referre, or boni conſulere; and Angliciſm, to' take in good part, to' take kind, to' thank; or, figguratively and familliarly, to' guiv creddit for. Cun or ken (from connaître) widh cunning and kenning, preceded know and knowing. Dhe cognate Scotticiſm, to' bear dhe gree, waz to' bair dhe palm; to' receiv dhe thanks, not to' pay dhem. DUE lerned part ov evvery European language iz mediately, or immediately, Lattin; hwich dhence, in French and Scotch, gains dhe name ov humannity. Law muſt be Lattin; ſo mannv common terms: arls, erneſt; cavy, hencoop; inguel, fire; cinguel, bunch ov gleaning; flan, blaſt; and ſtrath, ſtretch ov plain, related alſo doutles to' dhe Teutonnic parent ov ſtreet; reſpectivelv ſpring from arrha, cavea, ignis, cingulum, flamen, ſtratum. So excerpt extract, tore arm ov a couch or chair, and dhe old cunzie (truly cunyie, u French) monney; from excerptum, torus, and pecunia. Sutor, dhe old Scotch ſhoomaker, iz dhe nattural compannion ov tonſor, dhe Ingliſh barber. Domine in Scotland addreſt a maſter, az domino in Ingland dreft a maſkerader. Doctor and doctrix became, at leaſt az propperly, dhe (male and female) teachers in a ſcool. Ov like extraction ar doutles, ſom adjectives and verbs: ſcaury (herd Romanly ſcoury) awkward, il-looking; perqueer, expert, clear; and perjink, trim, prim, prinkt; from ſcaurus (Hor. Sat. I. 3, 47), and perhaps percinctus, if not perjunctus, or perjucundus. So to' perſtringe, to' pinch or hamper, and to' pang, to' crowd (much on dhe low levvel widh dhe Ingliſh ſcrouge); from perſtringere and pangere; to' bleddher, or ſtutter, from blaterare, dhe parent confeſt ov blatter. Nor les expreſſive iz crune (u French) dhan dhe Ingliſh pur, or dhan can be grunnire, az proud ov dhe oddher prodgeny grunt. Rift, belch, if not dhe vernaccular child ov rive, muſt claim ructare its parent. To' narrate, propall, compete, reſile, perturb, extrude; meaning to' relate, proclaim, cope or conteſt, ſtart bac, diſturb, expel; ar terms ov Scottiſh law, hwich raddher makes a ſiſt (ſtop) ov procedings, dhan ſiſts (ſtops) dhem. Az decreppit iz dhe particippial remnant ov decrepe; dementit iz dhat ov dement, dhe ſtump (or ſtunt) ov dementare, hwatevver dhat verb may hay been. To' look like a dementit boddy waz dhus, to' look like a perſon Dementare iz plainly active in dhe ſentencious — Quem Jupiter vult perdere, dementat Grait Jove diſtracts dhe man, he wil deſtroy. III. TERMS AND IDDIOMS FRENCH. I. SUBSTANTIVES. To' dhe French, ſtil more dhan to' dhe Lattin; or, to' dhe Lattin, gennerally thro' (dhe medium ov) dhe French, iz dhe ellegance az wel az lerning, ov boath dialects, eſpeſcially dhe Scottiſh, endetted. Dhe Scotch employing onely dhe French vowels, mainly nouns ar equally French and Scotch; oddhers, widh littel varriacion: trait feture, nez noze, accès ſit or parroxyſm, vacance vacacion, gigot (giggot), leg (ov meat), jupe petticoat, coupon tatter, orloge cloc, montre watch, ſyllabe ſyllabel, remede remmedy; drogue drug, pratique practice, porte gate, carte card, dames drafts, toupie peg-- top: laideron ladheron, dirty ſlut; trompe trump, Jews-- harp; virole virl, ferrel; valiſe walees, ſaddel-bags; carvi carvy, carway, or carraway; merle merl, blacbird; mauvis mavis, thruſh; corbeau (ou corbin) carby, raven; goute gut, drop (alſo gout); tache taſh, ſtain; ſerviette ſervit, napkin; cannelle cannel, cinnamon; guigne gueen, ſmall blac-cherry; groſeille grozert, gooſeberry; écrouelles cruels, kings-evil. If words com to' vary at home dheir idea's and applicacions, much more doo dhey boath in transfuzion. Courtine, remaining French but in Fortification, continnues in boath Brittiſh dialects evvrry ſort ov curtain; retaining alſo, in Scotch, dhe primmitive ſound. Chopine iz a Scotch muchkin, and an Ingliſh pint; hwile pint iz a choppin, or an Ingliſh quart; juſt half dhe Scotch, and dubbel dhe Ingliſh pint. Aſſiette retains its idea in dhe Inghliſh plate, and its appearance in dhe Scottiſh aſſiet, ſide-diſh; hwich holds about half dhe French plat, or Ingliſh diſh. Victuaille, food, produces dhe Scotch vittel, grain in genneral, hwich dhe tennant iz ſaid to' pay in farm, haven in kind; hwile victuailles proovs az nattural a parent ov dhe fantom victuals, az dhis ov dhe real vittels. Dhe gennerous Scots aſſure: Ye ſanna dee for faut, Yoo ſhal not dy for want. Faut ov evvery kind iz doutles want — ov ſomthing won ſhood hav. Veal wonce ſignified (az its parent véel, afterwards veau) calf, ſlain or unſlain. Dhe Scotch continnued veals-head, like nec ov veal, and dhe reſt; hwile dhe Ingliſh prezerved Anallogy, in her verry excluzion; and ſaid calfs (or calvs) hed and feet, ox-cheek and cow-heel: not veals-hed, more dhan muttons hed, beevs hed, or cows feet. E'toudeau, yong capon, dhe obvious oridginal, extends dhe idea in dhe Scotch houtoudy, yong fowl. From quignon, came queſtionles dhe Scottiſh hwong ſhive ov bred. Potage, bred-ſoop, varies into' dhe Scotch pottage, haſty (otmeal) poodding; oftener indeed named porridge, az if leek-ſoop. Raifort (rave-forte) iz horſe-raddiſh; yet dhe Scotch refort (az if racine-forte) iz raddiſb, dhe Ingliſh correſpondent ov rave. Oranger, dhe orrange-tree, iz dhe Scottiſh orrange: dhe fruit for dhe tree wer more dezirabel. Pép, cherry-ſtone, iz but part ov pepin, dhe ſeed ov ſtoneles fruit. Foiſon haz been adopted by dhe Scots, az poiſon by dhe Ingliſh. Dhe former ſay, rank puzzion or poozion; ſo, Dher nae fuzzion or foozion (ſubſtance) in't. How proud ar potio and fuſio ov dheir ofspring! Cuiſine lends kitchen in Scotland, a ſenſe it knows not in Ingland: Hunger iz good kitchen— Hunger iz dhe beſt fahce: Il n'eſt ſauce que d'appétit. Engin waz doutles (like its parent ingenium) ingenuity, are emboddied into' engine, maſhene. In dhis ſenſe ſaid Scotch: he haz grait ingyne, az ſays French: Mieux vaut engin que force— Pollicy goes beyond ſtrength. If engin alone produced dhe addage, dhe addage haz alone prezerved engin. Armoire (raddher dhan aum, alm, or almonry) appears to' hav guivven aumry, for cupboard. Bain, bath, haz varied littel into' boin, waſhing-tub. Bacquet, pail, iz dhe Scottiſh coal-tub. Chantier, wood-yard, haz dwindelled into' dhe Scottiſh gantry, a treſtel, or carridge for a caſk. Hence, by variety ov licence, dhe caſk itſelf became dhe tree; if dhis be not indeed (az ſom not unnatturally think it) an abbreviacion ov gallon-tree. Galant, gouine, and grille (grate) invert dhe power ov dhe iniſcial in callant, quean, and creel (pannier). Edher joie, or her daughter joy, haz been abbreviated in dhe Scottiſh ſweethart Jo or Joe, hoo iz alſo littel Ingliſh Joſeph. From quille iſſued not only kile ninepin or ſkittel, but keel Scottiſh and Ingliſh. From dhe former (in dhe ſenſe ov brown-red erth), quille de vin, may hay compounded dhe Scotch killevine, led-pencil; az haz pas-vif pauvee, dhe ſtately ſtep or ſtrut. Pet, in edher dialect, childiſh umbrage, iz French ov low idea: pet, dhe Scotch minnion or darling, iz dhe ſhrimp ov petit. Dhe Scottiſh ſpall or ſpald, ſholder, and dhe ſpool-bane, blade-bone (ov meat) ſpring alike from épaule, wonce eſpaule; az dhis from dhe Lattin ſpala. Art, in dhe old French, from artus dhe Lattin limb or joint, ſignified quarter, eſpeſcially ov an annimal. Dhus French ſtil ſays, ſaigner un cheval des quatre arts (ou ars): to' blud a horſe in dhe foar quarters. Hence hay dhe Scotch transferred dheir arts (herd airts), dhe quarters ov hevven, or cardinal points. Dhe Scotch law-phraze, art and part, acceſſary, ſeems here to' hav its orrigin. Tranſe (from tranſitus) remains in dhe Scottiſh trance, a litteral paſſage between apartments; in dhe Ingliſh vizzion it ſpeaks an ideal, az in dhe French fit or pang, a real tranſiſcion into' dhe world ov ſpirrits. Pierrée, ſtretch ov ſtone, ſends not onely dhe Ingliſh pier, dhe piece ov bilding between windows; but dhe Scotch pier, mole, key, or ſtone-ſtructure dhat runs into' dhe ſea, to' conſtitute dhe harbor. Dhe Scotch pend, arch or vaut, and dhe penthouſe, ar equally children ov pente, ſlope, inclinacion. Since dhe Ingliſh take dheir mat from dhe French natte, dhe Scotch chooz for dheir mat, dhe adjective baſſe; elliptically, for la natte baſſe (la natte qui ſe couche au bas de l'eſcalier) dhe mat dhat lies at dhe bottom ov dhe ſtairs. Dhe Scotch old biggonet, plain linnen-hed-dres, but varies and extends dhe beguin, French cap ov a child. A bonnegrace waz a Scotch ſtraw-bonnet; a wangrace made a compound, az if ungraiſſe or ungreſe; wauter-gruel widhout butter, for a cold. Dhe Scotch mittens prczerved dhe idea ov mitaines, coarſe woollen glovs, hwile dhe Ingliſh mittens (or mits) became finguerles glovs. Dhe chaumer o' deice waz la chanzbre du dais: dhe chaimber ov ſtate, ov dhe cannopy. Hence to' deice out waz to' tric out, to' prink up. Deuil ſpoke real moarning, hwen it lent duil or dole (u French) to' Scotland, retained in dhe ingliſh dolefool. Ingland haz kept dollorous (like douloureux), dho dollor be dropt; hwile France, leving deuil but dhe garb ov woe; haz transferred dhe reallity to' douleur. Légataire gave dhe Scotch leggatar, hoo became dhe Ingliſh leggatee. Beltain or beltine haz obviouſly combined bel (afterwards beau) temps, fine weddher. Ye may guet war bodes or Beltain: Yoo may guet worſe offers are May-day. Az manny French words muſt be Gaulic, ſom Gaulic words ar French: dhis perhaps, widh terms ov Chriſtiannity; like Nollag, Chriſtmas, from Noel, az dhis (probbably) from Zoel, a preddeceſſor or picture ov Yule (p. 30). So cargus or carghus from carême or quadrageſima, Lent; like eglais from. égliſe (and eccleſia) Church. Pâques woncc Paſques (from Paſcha) produced dhe old Scottiſh Paſchf. Eaſter; but dhe Gaulic Pais, Paſſion, appears to' hav ended in Pece. French iz ezily found dhe Chriſtmas-carrol: Hogmenay! Trollilay! Homme eſt né! Trois rois il eſt! — Man iz born! three kings adorn! dhus duly commencing dhe hollidays widh Chriſtmas-day, and concluding dhem widh hwat dhe French name la féte des rois, dhe feſtival ov dhe kings, hoo came from Arabia and Saba to' bring guiſts. Α'για μηνη (Hagia mene) Holy moon, iz no comparabel ettymollogy. Ommenay remains a ſurname in Ingland. FRENCH ar manny Scottiſh nouns (and Ingliſh too), ov hwich dhe parents can be traced but by Anallogy. Ov dheze ar. benniſon and malliſon (herd maliſon), bennediccion and mallediccion. Dhe Mains, perhaps a remnant ov demeſnes (truly déménes), ar ſtil dhe grannaries widhin dhe precincts ov a territorial Manſion. Gobbe, dho now a mouthfool or ſop (and but a bad won), haz probbably wonce been a mouth, az gob or gab ſtil iz in Scotland; ſo prooving a more nattural parent ov dhe Ingliſh gobbel and gabbel, dhan can be dhc French gober. Hweddher aiſſelle, armpit, firſt queſtionles aixelle (if not axelle) from axilla, formed not for ſom collatteral purpoſe aixetier, and dhence auxetier, muſt be left widh annalodgic ſagaſcity; yet auxetier, if it nevver did exiſt but in dhe eye ov Anallogy, looks at leaſt an oftenſibel parent ov dhe Scottiſh oaxter. Clique, ſtll a knot or junto, had been like its Gaulic anceſtor clioc, a hook, arc it produced dhe Scotch clic ov dhat meaning; hwence doutles dhe Ingliſh clicker, a jurneyman-cutter ov ſhoos. Hargneux ruf, rude, rugged, carries us to' an unqueſtionabel parent; but Hargne, if expelled France, certainly impoarted into' Scotland, Harn, dhe coarſeſt linnen-mannufacture dhare. Tent ſeems dhe child ov attente, hwich may wonce hay included attenſion, dhe ſole poſſibel parent ov expectacion. Tac tent came dhus to' ſignify take heed, take notice, take care; guiv attenſion, mind. But, if tent may dhus be an ofset ov attente; dhe Scottiſh verb ſpeir may ſimmilarly ſprout from eſpérer, hope (ov knowing) being dhe parent ov enquiry. From guiſe aroze natturallv guiſard, or guizart, hoo grooved dhe Scotch (low) maſkerader. Jointée now handfool, or dhe fil ov joint hands; havving been oridginally a joining, may hay guivven riſe to' dhe Scottiſh jundy, joſtel, or noc by collizzion. Som Scottiſh ſubſtantives remain ov French iddioms or compounds, no longuer known in France: ſuch az bonailay (bonaller dhe glas ov good-jurney; hwich dhe foy (from foi or voie), in a cup ov thanks, returns. Clanjamfray iz obviouſly clan de gens frais, pac ov upſtarts, hwile canaille continnues dhe Scotch canallia, rif-raf. 2. ADJECTIVES. FROM dhe French, widh ſo manny ſubſtantives, muſt flow not a few boath adjectives and verbs; widh hwat-evver ſamenes, or varriacion, ov idea. Dhus, dur hard, hard-harted, ſends door, dul, ſtubborn: doux douce, meek, gentel; dooce ſollid, ſedate: courroucé wrauthfool, crooce fierce; loyal loyal, leal untainted; fait, fitted, feat neat, trim: brave brave, bras fine, ſhowy: bonnet gooddiſh, bonny butifool; penſif penſive, penſy dapper, gimmy. Bien lends dhe adjective bin, wel to' pas. Mc ſubſtantive bien ſeems alſo (raddher dhan dhe Ingliſh being) to' impart hwat dhe Scotch call a being, a ſuſtenance evver ſo ſmall. Ident, aſſidduous, looks dhe minniature ov identique or identic; dho eidant littel varies aidant aiding. Obeiſant chainges exactly az much ov obléiſſant, az dhe Ingliſh obeiſance ov obéiſſance. baſſen'd cow iz une vache baſanée, a dun cow. Buffed or buft, ar ſtuffed or ſtuft, chairs; ſo un hareng bouffi, a buft herring. Dhe Ingliſh turns dhe depreſſive into' dhe direct in puf; az in poodding, poot, and pout, from boudin, bouter and bouder. Aiſlar may be traced by Anallogy (like oaxter) thro' dhe loft, if evver found, aiſlaire, aiſſelaire, aixilaire; to' axillaris and axilla, contracted ala (a wing); hwence alaris, dhe nattural parent ov ailaire, hwich had becom aiſlaire; az had aile aiſte in falſe compliment to' axilla and axillaris. Aile haz veered into' ile, dhe wing ov a church. Annalodgically appears dherfore aiſlar-work wing-work; dhe hewn-ſtone, for dhe wings; and dhence for anny (or all ov dhe) nobler parts ov a billing: Yet aiſlar-work may (after all) be a mere varriacion ov teſſelar (teſſelated) work. Dhe Scotch antran, od or accidental, differs not much from entrant. Antran things may be wanted at antran times. 3. VERBS. NUMEROUS, if not numberles, ar dhe Scottiſh, from French, verbs; from débourſer to' diſburſe, déranger to' diſrange or diſarrange, diſorder or diſturb; devaler, to' let or go (or run) down, dhe Scotch deburſe, derange, devaul: from fâcher to' vex, maltraiter, to' treat (or uze) il, and even from dhe ſubſtantive marguillier church-warden, to' faſh, maltreat, margoolyie or bunguel. If Ingliſh be now (fondly) adopting among oddher forrain, ſom Scottiſh barbariſms; particcularly, dhis much— to' derange; Scotch haz long proſcribed dhe French formatives preſcrive, deſcrive and ſubſcrive; and joined her ſiſters reapproach to' Latinnity in preſcribe, and dhe reſt. Reſter to' remain, produced dhe Scottiſh to' reſt, remain unpaid; and, even actively, to' ow. Briſer to' cruſh or crumbel, iz dhe parent ov to' briz, tranſpozzitively birz, to' ſqueze or ſquaſh, az ov dhe Ingliſh bruiz, hwich correſponds widh froiſſer. Cogner to' wedge, became to' drive, and dhence dhe Scotch verb to' caw. From ſe buſquer to' buſk wons-ſelf, to' put in wons buſk (or ſtay-prop), coms dhe Scotch verb to' buſk, to' dres. So buſquer (not pouſſer) fortune, iz to' pooſh (try or ſeek) wons fortune. Taper, to' friz or frizzel, to' tutch dellicately, opens into' dhe figgurative idea ov uzing annithing ſparingly, in dhe Scotch verb to' tape. Japper, now onely to' yelp (dhe ſpawn ov glapir) ſeems parent ov jap or jaup, ſplaſh. But yelpers ar ſomtimes. littoral, no les dhan figgurative, ſplaſhers. Mêler gennerates dhe verb to' male or ſtain: for ſtaining iz blending. If écurer (wonce eſcurer) hay tranſmitted dhe Ingliſh ſcour; Anallogy brings az fairly from a now-invizzibel eſcourre (hwence alſo eſcouſſe, run before a leap) dhe Scottiſh verb to' ſcour or ſcamper. To' ſcuf (ſpoil), abuze or bruſh away) wons cloadhs, may hay ezily paſſed (over) from eſcouver afterwards, écouver; ſcarce ſurviving in its two branches, écouvette a bruſh, and écouvillon an ovven-ſweep, or a gun-cleaner. To' meiz, demize, tranſmits dhe miſe ov mettre; and to' ſtravague cuts of but hed and tail ov extravaguer. Préjudicier haz guivven (hwat itſelf no more pozeſſes) dhe idea ov venir, to' dhe Scottiſh predjudice, hwich dherfore implies prepozes. Dhus dhe candid Scots: Won ſhood not be predjudiced (for prepozeſſed) in anny caſe, hweddher for or againſt anny object; dho dhey doo but join dhe Ingliſh in ſaying Won muſt nevver guiv way to' predjudice, meaning prepozeſſion. Premature judgement iz in deed lo injurious and dettrimental, chat dhe noun predjudice conveys equatly in Ingland injury and prepozeſſion, dho préjudice mean but injury. Dhe Scotch forejudg'd haggard, az if foredoom'd, iz too litteral a verſion ov préjugé. Sweal being dhe older verb, hweddher from ſouiller, ſouler, or hwencevver; dhe Scotch hav retained it prefferably to' flair, hwich (from flairer) dhe Ingliſh hav com to' prefer. Dhe Scotch frequentatives canguel and channer, wranguel and ſnarl, ſeem boath oridginally French: won from dhe old cang, dhe oddher from dhe prezzent chien, ſucceſſively ſignifying dog. Old Ingliſh adopted cvverithing French. French wer its verry formations. Hence dhe Scotch particippel prezzent in ant or and; widhout dhe nazal ſound, hwich Ingliſh haz prezerved in ing, dho it varied dhe vowel. T or D final after N, waz notthing more in Scotch, dhan in French. So dhe French danſant and roulant became dhe Scotch danſan and rowan; dhe Ingliſh dancing and rolling. 4. IDDIOMS. SUCH bias hav dhe Scots to' hwat iz French, dhat dhey often retain French idea's or iddioms, even in words not derived from dhat language; no les dhan in words, hwich, oridginally French, hav chainged dheir idea or expreffion in Ingland. Ov dhe latter, dhe Ingliſh ſot iz now merely a tippler or toper; hwile dhe Scottiſh (like dhe French) ſot continnues a fool or dunce at large. In dhe former clas, dhe French call dhe merry-thaught ov a fowl la lunette; dhe Scotch, dhe ſpectakels. So dhe venzon-bit, being in France le morceau de la ſouris, becoms dhe mouſe-piece in Scotland. From like ſoarce draw dhe Scots dheir colloquial foar ours, foar o'cloc or afternooning, widh ſuch oddher time-phrazes we hav ſeen. Fer-blanc and fer-blantier ar ſtil (and propperly) hwite-iron, and hwite-iron-ſmith, at Eddinburrough; dho now tinplate (or mere tin), and tinman at London. Dhe Scotch turns litterally, ſi vos beſoins vous y appelaient— if yoor occazions ſhood call yoo dhiddher— hwich Ingliſh renders, ſhood anny occazion call yoo dhat way, or dhe like. So, vous vous.en repentirez quelque jour: yoo wil repent it ſom day, for won day. Les ſots-s'étonnent de tout: Fools wonder at aw theng for evverithing. Green figguring freſh, in evvery language; to' dhe familliar queſtion, Hwat ar yoo dooing norv-a-days? a Scotch umbel anſer iz, Ony theng to kip dhe banes grin; dhe Ingliſh, Annithing to' keep ſoll and boddy togueddher. But dhe Scotch, in ſuch caſe, ar apt to' anſer more conciſelc, widh dhe French: Peu de choſe, Lettel theng; for Not much, or No grait matter. Thous voilà tout défait! I thenk ye' r aw defeat, yoo ſeem quite overcom, or, out ov order. Je'n'en puis, plus, I canna play pu. I can (doo) no more, I'm quite ſpent. Dhe French aad Scotch ſay, Hâtez-vous— haſte ye; dhe Ingliſb, Make haſte. Dhe two former, Je vous demande pardon— I aſk yoo pardon; dhe latter, I aſk yoor pardon. Dhe, Scotch verb to' dree, az if to' dry, correſponds widh eſſuyer, to' wipe of; dhence figguratively, to' undergo. Dhus widh eſſuyer un mal correſponds to' dree (or undergo) a hardſhip. Az defendre iz boath to' defend and to' forbid, we ſaw dhe Scotch uze diſcharge, not onely for clear, but for prohibbit. les littoral waz dhe tranſlacion ov ſuch az— Qu'eſt-ce qu'il y en a? Hwat's dhat o'd? .Hwat iz dhe matter? On ne le dit preſque jamais— It iz almoaſt nevver ſaid: It iz ſeldom or nevver ſaid. Voilà l'afaire! Dhare dhe thing! Dhare iz dhe thing! or, dhare'z dhe matter. Le voilà! Dhare him! Dhare 'd! Dhare he iz! Dhare it iz! Il y a and Il y a eu— hav occazioned dhe Ingliſh indeffinite Dhare iz— Dhare ar— Dhare haz— Dhare hav been— But hware ſittuacion iz deffinite, dhe indeffinite dhare becoms redundant; particcularly, in dhe cacopphonous hware dhare: Hware (dhare) iz anny ear, dhis wil be underſtood. Dhis angliciſm, raddher dhan ſcotticiſm, precludes not dhe deſſinite and ſollemn oppoziſcion: Hware yoor trezzure iz, dhare wil yoor hart be alſo. So juſtly admire we dhe Iſraelite indeed, in hoom iz no guile!— in hoom dhare— wer az ſhocking az hware dhare— or az dhe moaſt vulgar ov vulgariſms, (hwich nevver cood enter Scotland) dhis here, and dhat dbare; az conſtant widh low Londoners, az ceci and cela, widh Parizzians. But hooevver knows boath languages muſt know dhat dhe French ceci, cela, ce livre-ci, and ce livre-là, or dhe like, ar neſceſſary boath to' perſpicuity and precizzion; hwaraz dhis here and dhat dhare (for dhis and dhat, hwich hav here and, dhare in dhemſelvs), dhis-here book, and dhat-dhare book, or ſuch, muſt be pleonaſtic. It iz howevver but ſeldom dhat Ingliſh admits, and Scotch excludes (hweddher propper or impropper) galliciſms. Dho dhe Ingliſh hav tranſlated ci-çà into' dhe equivalent ſee-ſaw; and boath dialects tranſpoze hola! into' halo! (az cacao into' cocoa); Scottiſh iz more Gallic dhan Ingliſh interjeccion. Hence hear we dhe puerile Eh, gauche! in dhe Scottiſh Eh, goaſh! and ſom harmoniſts hav gallicizcd dhe verry nurſes lullaby baloo, by expanſion, into' Bas! le loup— Huſh! dhe woolf— 5. MEZZURES and COINS. BOATH Scotch and Ingliſh licquid mezzures hav we ſeen oridginally French; az iz plainly dhe Scotch lippy, (lippée), dhe quarter ov a pec; dho firlot, dhe quarter ov a boll, hav a Teutonnic aſpect; hweddher az a diminnutive ov fier (foar), or compound ov foarth-lot. French ſeem alſo (not untraceably) dhe names ov dhe ſmall copper-coins ov Scotland: doit, bodel, plac and baubee. Dhe bodel and baubee wer dhe propper coins, ſtampt widh dhe ſignifficant Thiſtel, and its no les appozite motto: Nemo me impunè laceſſet— No won ſhal provoke me widh impunity. 2 doits or 2 pennies, made dhe bodel; 2 bodels dhe plac, or 4 pennies; and 3 bodels dhe baubee, or 6 pennies Scotch, equal to' won hapenny ſterling. Dhus wer 12, 18, and 3o pennies— 1 penny, three hapence, and tuppence-hapeny. So 12 pennies wer dhe twelth part ov I2 pence, or a ſhilling Scotch ov a ſhilling Sterling. Az a ſhilling, ſo a mark, and a pound (herd pund), ov won dialect, wer reſpectively dhe twelth ov dhe oddher. Such antiquaries az anallogiſts muſt dhey hay been, hoo braught dhe term ſterling from dhe town ov Stirling, formerly Striveling. Anallogy can trace it onely, like pecunia from pecus; ſterling, az if ſteerling: dhe nattural mark ov dhe firſt Brittiſh, az ov dhe firſt Roman coin; or dhe repprezentacion ov dhe firſt nattural object ov public barter. But, ſince nedher dialect uzes livres, ſous, deniers and quarts or quartiers, more dhan librae, ſolidi, denarii and quadrantes; nedher can raſcionally continnue dhe ſuperſcribed ſymbols l. ſ. d. and q or qrs; for p. or pds. ſ. or ſh, p. or pce, and f. or fgs. hwich can alone abbreviate pounds, ſhillings, pence, and fardhings; hware abbreviacion muſt find place. Az infine dhe French aggregate dhe ſums, by dhe hundred and thouand livers; fo dhe Scotch by dhe hundred and thouzand marks; ſomtimes, like dhe Ingliſh, by pounds; dhe vallue keeping always (in) duodeſcimal propoarcion. Nor need dhe Arithmetiſcian be reminded, dhat 3000 marks make 2000 pounds; or even, dhat 1000 marks. Scotch ar equivvalent to' 55 pounds, 11 ſhillings, 1 penny and won third ov a penny ſterling. IV. DOMESTIC FORMACION. I. OV NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. 1. Diminnutive and Augmentative. SEEK we not abraud, hwat may be found at home. Dhe old dialect muſt hav retained dhe ſame powers ov forming and compounding, and dhence produced manny ſimmilar formatives and compounds, yet unknown to' her ellegant ſiſter. In evvery dialect noun ſubſtantive gennerates dhe claſſes ov diminnutives, augmentatives, collectives, abſtracts, accions, and agents. Ov noun ſubſtantive dhe diminniſhing terminations ar various; but non ſo ainciently Ingliſh, and dherfore ſo conſtantly Scottiſh iz ie, now y; an ending almoaſt obſolete in Ingland, unles in dhe endearment (or contempt) ov familliar appellation. If dhus dhare ſurvive Jacky, Jonny and Jemmy; Polly, Molly and Peggy; widh dheir reſpective compannions, az well az Natures own ſweet formatives, pappy, daddy, mammy, babby; ſuch kindly appellations, az Pooſſy and Venny; or contemptuous, az Cocky and Boolly; in Scotlands familliar diction evvery littel thing iz a thinly, annimate or inannimate: manny, wify, lucky (dhe Ingliſh gooddy); much more bairny, laddy, laſſy, yoothy or yonker, dhe Ingliſh yongſter. So horſy, ſhelty (Shetland-pony), doggy, catty, beaſty, birdy, fiſhy; booky, penny, wordy, and dhe reſt. Dhus grooved luggy, not onely a littel lug, but by extenſion a lugged or eared cogue or noggin; in dhe Weſt ov Scotland, a milkpot from pouring became a poury; and evvery perſon or thing doated on, waz evverihware a dauty; az in Ingland, hwatevver iz dear, in dhe endearing ſenſe, iz a darling. Bucky, az if buccina, iz dhe Scottifh conk: ſhal not a brawler becom a bucky? Dhe Scots continnue Cate, in Caty; hoom dhe Ingliſh mettamorphoze into' Kitty, dho coincident widh littel Chriſtopher. Az thingy iz (in Scotland) littel thing; thingamy iz (in Ingland) evvery ſurname dhat hurry cannot, or haughtines wil not, reccollect. If won dialect hav turned Wil into' Bil hwece Bilſon; boath hav acknolleged Wilkins, and Wilkinſon; az wel az Wilſon and Williamſon. Won haz Williſon dhe oddher not Billiſon. Ploy, merry bout, ſeems ſuch child ov play, az play ov ply, lay ov ly; drain, rain, praiz, ov dry, rite, prize; and dheze az ſedare and fugare, ov ſedere and fugere. Palmy (litteral or rellative, petty palm, or ſpank on dhe palm) iz now accountabel az pammy, ſweety az furloffy, hwich iz but a littel furlof, dho underſtood a forfeit. Cutty, no formative ov cute, claims cutag, her parent, hweddher littel ſlut, or littel ſpoon Gully, chopping knife, but inverts dhe iniſcial ov culter;. and diminniſhes or augments (coincident oppozites) dhe idea. Powney iz a Scotch turkey, perhaps from dhe Indian (contry) Poonah; hwiſky but varies uſky (petty wauter); pliſky and fliſky may ſpring from ply (or play) and fly, ſhavy (ſly tric) joccularly from ſhave; and bonny-wally (pretty plaything) French on won ſide, diminniſhes ware on dhe oddher. Dhe ſame oc, dhat ends boolloc, ended ſteeroc, dhe now Scottiſh ſtirk; and laveroc, dhe now Ingliſh lark. After word coms weird, ſays dhe Scotch provverb: from weird (fatal word) may hay ſprung a frequentative weirdel, and dhence weirdeloc, afterwards warloc, wizzard. From hang ſwings hammoc; ſo from drake (drench) drammoc, az from bake bannoc (if not from bun bunnoc). Kebboc dhus, from cap, cab or cake, proovs a littel Scottiſh cheze. Dhe ſame lingo dhat prefers limpoc to' limpet, prefers (joccularly) Jemmoc to' Jemmy, and bittoc to' bitty, alike to' dhe Ingliſh unknown. Yet bittoc iz az fair a formative az buttoc. Dhe Scottifh Joc, hwence dhe Ingliſh Jocky, can be but a varriacion ov Jac, dhe contractive ov Jannoc (az if Jeannot or Jannot). Dhe coarſe oc cood be no female ending. So from Jeanne and Jeannette, dhe Scotch Jean and Jannet; liker dhan dhe Ingliſh Jane, Jin and:Jinny. Dhe old dialect retains Rich, Rob and Wil, hwich dhe new haz chainged into' Dic, Bob and Bil. Littel Allexander and Elizzabeth keep in Scotland dhe latter and former, in Ingland dhe former and latter part; dhare Sandy (or Sander) and Lizzy, here Allec and Bet. Pahtric and Martha. remaining Scottiſhlv Pate. or Paty and Matty; hav Ingliſhly and ellegantly familliarized dhemſelvs into' Paddy and Patty. To' hint dhat Peter (widh Perkin) and Pahtric (widh Paddy) ar different names, wer to' offer an unment indignity to' dhe practiſcioners ov edher dialect. Not to' dwel on dhe difference between Tib and Bel, Nanz and Nance, or Anny and (Nan) Nanny, or oddher long ſince ſettelled diminnutive names; certain leſſening terminacions belong to' higher, az oddhers to' lower idea. Ov dhe latter clas hav we ſeen oc, and may wel ſuppoze og; widh et and ot, hwich like moaſt Ingliſh formacions, ar ov Gallic orrigin. Paddoc, in Ingland, dhe litteral diminnutive ov park, iz in Scotland, dhe petty inhabbitant frog; if dhe Scottiſh name ov dhis annimal be not raddher (az often herd) puddoc, an ofspring ov puddel. Hair, in dhe newer dialect, produces haſſoc knee-cooſſion; in dhe oddher, it waz alſo a coarſe augmentative, implying a frouzy heap (or az dhe Scotch ſay, head) ov hair. Such formatives az bog and ſcrog, from bow and ſcrew, we hav (I. 330.) ſeen. Harriet and Harriet contend widh dhe Scottiſh Henny, hoo ſhal be Henry's or Harry's fair darling; az doo dhe French Margot, and Scotch Marguet, widh Peg and Peggy, hoo ſhal endear Margaret. But Scotch and Ingliſh ar verry antipodes. Dhe former holds dhe ſnac (alſo for latch), dhe latter forms dhe ſnacket: from dhe Ingliſh ſmac arizes dhe Scottiſh ſmatchet (littel rogue); az from py (magpy) dhe Scotch piet, and tale-piet, teltale. From dhe expreſſive hwid and frequentative hwidder or hwitter, ſprings dhe moaſt expreſſive hwitteret, wezel. Dhe old delv, retained for dig, ſeems to' form dhe Scotch devvet, turf; az doz bow bend, (from dhe ſhape) bowet, dhe paper-- lantern carried by dhe Caudies (from cadets) dhe errand-- runners and ſtreet-Mercuries ov Eddinburrough. If firlot (from fier) rezembel harlot (from hare), dhe Ingliſh firkin (alſo from fier, foar) and bodkin (from bore) affociate dhe Scottiſh cutikin, half-ſpatterdaſh, dhat juſt rizes over dhe cute or ankel. Az Tom forms Tompkin, ſo Tommy dhe Scotch Tommikin; and az lamb lambkin, fo dhe Scotch lammy lammikin, and dhe like. Throttel and rumpel ar Ingliſh frequentatives; throppel, rumpel and rickel ar Scottiſh diminnutives, ov throat, rump and ric: rumpal iz dhe Gaulic term. 2. COLLECTIVE. Y and ry ar Scottiſhly, az Ingliſhly, collective endings. Az Kennet formed littel Ken and Kenzie (Kenyie), ſo men became collective in menzie (menyie) a band. Like pirate pirracy, rogue roguery; fire (or fierce) fiercy (burning fever), cheat, cheatry. Hoo wood ad fire to' a fiercy? Cheatry ay caidhs; Cheating always ſhows (itself). But dhe particippial ing iz in edher dialect dhe moaſt nattural collective or abſtractive ov accion. Like being, dooing, livving, lining, and dhe reſt; dhe Scottiſh lawing, mealing. (or farm-room), plenniſhing, laboring, mudding, goading, wintering: reckoning, littel farm, furniture, plough-land, dunghil, manure, winter-ſtore; and ſo on. Foggage iz dhe aftermath; and afterings, dhe laſt drawings ov dhe milk from dhe cow. A roan iz a running, ov ice. Az docking (or doccan) for doc, and bracking (from brake) fern; ſo kindelling collects dhe fewel, dhat kindels or lights dhe fire; boxing, wainſcotting, and ſhavings chips. Carlings wer carrollings (roaſted peas!) dhe umbel collacion ov carrol-times, az won way or oddher connected widh carême and carghus Lent. It may be remarked (by dhe by) dhat dhe car-- hand waz disc Scottiſh left hand; hweddher from Greek, (Lattin) or French, dhe hand next dhe hart. From dhe French morgue, dhe Scotch murging grimace. Daffing for doffing wantonnes, and daft for doft, hav been no oddher dhan dhe particippels ov dhe old verb to' dof, to' poot of wons garb, or wons gravvity. Certain it iz dhat ſom ettymollogies (perhaps dhe prezzent) wood tempt dhe grave reader to' becom at leaſt figguratively doft. Nor wil it (probbably) be allowed by dhoze, hoo hay diſcovvered dhe Scotch fried chicken to' be Friars chicken; or dhe Ingliſh bumper (dhat bumps) to' be a bon-pere! Az wel may a bunker, or window-ſeat, be a bon-coeur raddher dhan a banker or bencher, bank or bench, bannocker or bannoc-holder. Use ſame ſpirrit dhat finds Ingliſh or Scotch to' be French, wil find French to be Scotch or Ingliſh; wil intuitively own a commonty (or common) to be a common ty, not anny abbreviacion ov communauté, community. Links indeed, ov anallogous acceptacion, wil be confeſſed dhe obvious ofspring ow liens; az conſtituting dhe verry bonds ov ſociety. To' aſſail ſuch anallyſis or orrigin az a SWIFT wood hav admired, might ſeem, to' guiv up all claim to' dhe common ty, and to' brandiſh no gof on dhe links. From dhe Gaulic or Erſe goth, az an adjective ſtraight, and ſubſtantive ſpear (dhence club), may wel be traced dhe nobel game ov dhe Gof. Dhe ſucceſſive tranſiſcion ow dhe dental aſpirate into' dhe guttural, and ov dhis into' dhe labial (I. 100), wit not ſurprize anny hoo hav purſued dhe anallogy ov human articulacion; and dhence lernt dhe alliance ow dhe aſpirates, dhe los ov dhe dental (aſpirate) in (perhaps) evvery language but our own, ov dhe guttural in Ingliſh az in French, and dhe difficulty even ow dhe labial to' ſom Indian organs. Goth ſo became gosh or gough, hwich, in dhe Ingliſh ſurname and Scottiſh game, haz becom goph or gof. Dhe French hav ſimmilarly adopted, from dhe ſame root, dhe ſibbilating aſpirate in won adjective, and dhe labial in its cognate, az if dhe verry parent ov dhe now Ingliſh ſound; but equally (yet nedher unaccountably nor unpreſcedentedly) inverted dhe oridginal idea, in gauche aukward, dhence left; and in goffe, its familliar ſynnonymy. Forrain gof dhus deduced, may lead us to' native links, by anallogous (no les dhan annalodgic) tranſmutacion. Dhe pallatals (or gutturals) k and g (hard) differing onely az direct and depreſſive, ar indeed ſo nearly coincident, dhat n before edher (k or g) repprezents dhe hoal nazal ſound (ng); and ng, terminating before a cloſely-connected iniſcial vowel, iz apt ſomtimes in Ingliſh, az wel az in French, to' run into' dhe ſound ov nk (dhat iz, ngk). Az dhe French dhus pronounce long iver, ſang aduſte, ſuer ſang et eau — lonc iver, ſanc aduſte, ſué ſanc é o; a common Londoner talks ov anny think elſe, or anny thing kelſe; inſted ov dhe ſollemn anny thingue elſe (or annithing guelſe), and dhe familliar anny thing (or annithing) elſe (I. 107). Nay, Ingliſh vulgarrity wil utter anny think (dhat iz, thingk) for anny thing. Hence may be inferred, dhat lee, lea, leigh or ley, (howevver painted) being dhe old word, are fulvus and fauve produced fallow; leings hav, like annithing annithink, rizzen into' leinks, and fool az natturally ſhrunk into' links, vertually leingks and lingks. 3. ABSTRACT. So near akin ar collectives and abſtracts to' each oddher, az to' proov even interchaingeabel. Dhus collect dhe Scots milk in milknes, for dhe dairy. In edher dialect, eth or ith, raddher dhe mere dental aſpirate, iz next to' nes, dhe abſtractive termination. Graith, from hwatevver concrete, Scottiſhly gaddhers horſe-guears, ſope-ſuds, and ſmall ſhot. More French iz povverty dhan poortith, hwich doz indeed littel elſe dhan contract it, az yoodith expanded hwat yooth contracts. Ov cognate ſound and idea wer fouth, routh, and ſcouth; foolnes, rollingnes (ſo to' ſay), and ſcope. Breadeth remained bread, for bredth; ſo greedeth remained greed, dhat gave way to' her grandchild greedines. 4. ACCION. NOTTHING being ſo near az (oppozite) extremes, Diminnutives and Augmentatives in all tungs coincide: for Propriety, augmented or diminniſhed, muſt be alike impaired. Collectives abſtract things, and Abſtracts collect quallity; Accions equally collect and abſtract opperacion: no wonder dhe three terms proov almoaſt interchaingeabel. Like dhe Ingliſh enquire enquiry, iz dhe Scotch expire expiry; from conſumptus came dhe Scottiſh conſumpt, az from conſompcion thro' conſumptio, dhe Ingliſh conſumpcion. Particcular accions run into' effects. Behoov left in Scotland behoof, varied (ſtraingely) in Ingland to' behalf; weav produces dhe Ingliſh woof az wel az dhe Scottiſh waft (or weft) and web, ſubſtituted in Scotch to' piece. Differ and hinder, for difference and hindrance, Scottiſhly aſſert verbs power ov ſpeaking its own accion, az doz dhe Ingliſh ſtand, hware dhe Scotch dialect gennerates ſtance. Bow wonce bough (az ſtil dhe noun) formed bucht, for dhe bough or wattel. Bode a bidding, waz perhaps dhe parent ov dhe Ingliſh verb. Bake, by ſubſtitucion or formation, produces two o v dhe manny) ſorts ov Scotch bred, bake and bap; widh dhe general accion or collective, batch, common to' dhe dialects. Swadhe and ſwag may innocently diſpute dhe procreation ov ſwatch, dhe Scottiſh ſampel or pattern; but brew, ſwelled into' brow, iz dhe undouted parent ov brouſt, brewing. Hweddher blobe be an expreſſive tranſpoziſſcion ov bubbel, or compound ov blow up; honney-blobes proov a pictureſk term for dhe Scottiſh yellow grozerts, gooſeberries. Jiſp, ſmall gap, ſlit, or opening, may be a varriacion ov gaſp; at may braſh ov bruſh, if not an exertion ov braik. Bike, hive, ſeems dhe ſtructure ov big, bild. Stook, ſhoc ov corn, or coc ov hay, like ſtac, ric ov edher, or ov chimneys; iz a child ov ſtand. Yet dhe former may vary ſtoc, az ſtoop ſtop, hwich boath may abbreviate, ſtay up: ſtoop and roop (evvery bit or dhe hoal) may hav been poaſt and rope, dhe hoal ov dhe barrier; hwile ſtoup (flaggon) may be but dhe container ov ſtoop from ſteep. Stollum, a taking (or penfool) particcularly ov ink, looks a formative ov ſtole; at doz indeed ſtank ov ſtand; really dho it be dhe tranſmiſſive ov eſtang (now étang) dhe at nattural parent ov dhe Ingliſh and Indian tank, az offpring ov ſtagnum and ſtare. Stoor, duſt raized, may be dhe child ov ſtir, or dhe varriacion ov ſtewer; az cloor ſeems dhe contractive ov clewer. Rung, bludgeon, may vary but dhe look (not reallity) ov wrung, az doo ring and rac ov wring and wrac. Bent iz dhe bending ſhore or land, kent a coarſe cane or cudgel, guird (hoop) a varriacion ov guirth or guirder; at bawk ov brake, hwence it paints alſo a rafter. Dhe briery (herd breery) bawk proovs dhus dhe verdant brake. If delv for dig, be rellegated to' Scotland; delf, for dhe (place) dug, ſeems drivven to' Abberdeenſhere. To' dhe vulgar Ingliſh maſſacry for maſſaker, might hav been contraſted dhe Scottiſh treatiſy for treatiſe. 5. AGENT. DHAT Agents may be annimate or inannimate, muſt be obvious. Dhe Ingliſh heath iz boath producer and prodduce; dhe Scotch heddher makes dhe prodgeny ſpring diſtinct from dhe parent. Dhe Ingliſh hunks and Scottiſh hunkers ar boath umbel cozzens alike ov hunger and hung. Dhou Hunks! — congeſtis undique ſaccis Indormis inhians — Hoo o'er dhy bags, from erths foar corners pil'd, Hang'ſt brooding — Or, hoo to' ſwallow dhe expiring ſpunk, Cow'r'ſt low on dhy vile hunkers! — On bags or marrow-bones foredoom'd to' hang! If wimpel (from wind) waz a curl, wimpler waz doutles a ringlet. Doon hiz braid bac, frae hiz hweit head, Dhe ſilver wimpler grew. G. Sh. Vizzion, V. 9. From marry, if not mate, ſprings at leaſt dhe ſynonnymous marrow. Dhe old Scottiſh verb haver (hweddher French or Spanniſh, from beaver. or from hablar) guivs butifoolly to' a diminnutive agent, a diminnutive ending, in haverel, female babbler. Dhe Scotch apply dhe ſtoppel, dhe Ingliſh dhe ſtopper, to' dhe bottel. Dhe chief termination ov an agent iz in edher dialect er. Alreddy hav we ſeen orranger for orrange, and may ſtil hear (from vomitoire) vommitter for vommit; but may we not hear, in Ingland, dhe muziſcianer (for dhe muziſician)? hoo plays upon dhe muzic! hoo cuts perhaps dhe loweſt figgure in dhe loweſt Ingliſh dialect? Dhe old verb boiſt, varied Scottiſhly into' boaſt, produced boiſter, Scottiſhly boaſtet; az oiſter, oaſter. From ſhark or ſharg deſcended dhe hwinging (hwining) il-tempered, ſharguer; from burg or burgh (now burrough, truly burrow) burgher, az dhe Ingliſh burges, from bourgeois; from cot cotter (or cottar), az from cottage cottager. Cart and carter ar at London les known (but in dhe ſurnames) dhan car and carman: cart indeed ſtil diſtinguiſhes dhe ſmaller (or les capacious) vehikel. Ingliſh familliarrity, dho ſcarce uzing carter more dhan coacher, calls howevver dhe coachman coachy, doutles from dhe French cocher. A carrier waz ov old a cadger (or cadzer, for cadyer) az may wel be ſuppozed, from cadge. Ship became Dutchly ſkip, and dhence formed az ezily ſkipper for ſhipmaſter, az dhe adjective ſhril engendered dhe verb ſkirl. By dialectic interchainge, dhe Ingliſh banker proovs dhe Scotch bankeer (ſtil nearer to' dhe parent banquier); and dhe Ingliſh auccioneer, dhe Scottiſh auccioner. Dhe ſtooer and clooer we ſaw in anoddher clas, may doutles be numbered widh inannimate agents; and dhe cardooer (fammily-botcher) hweddher formative or compound, az variouſly traced, waz queſtionles a uſefool, and often a plezing Scottiſh inmate. Agents aſſumed ov old, and ſtil often diminnutivelv doo, ſter for dheir terminacion; az maltſter and tapſter, ſo punſter, gameſter, tricſter. In Scotland dherfore continnue dhe beaver and webſter, now mere ſurnames in Ingland, hware dhe artizans ar becom baker and weaver. So dhe dyſter and litſter, from lyt or lit, and (lyo or luo, u French) united in dier. Thrower and throſter, ſpinner and ſpinſter, differ az genneral and particcular. Yonker we ſaw dhe Scottiſh, and yongſter dhe Ingliſh commic agent. A maſons hodman or laborer waz dhe Scottiſh cowan, hwenceſoevver; and nonjurant (French) remained dhe Scottiſh nonjuror. Pladgiariſt iz infine dhe Scotch, and pladgiary dhe Ingliſh wit-thief. II. OV NOUN ADJECTIVE. DHE copious ending ov adjective Scotch or Ingliſh, iz y or ey. Ov obvious formation ar dherfore manny Scottiſh adjectives, even hware dhe roots ar les oſtenſibel: az ſtoucy, ſtout, chubby; ſoncy, luſty, jolly; canty, and cadgy, merry, cherfool; coothy, cordial, ſociabel; furthy (from furth now foarth), frank, open; dorty, in dhe dorts or pouts; dowy, dul, hevvy; flory, airy, ſhowy; corky, light az a cork; voguy, vain, az if fool ov vogue, fool ov glee. Like Ingliſh boozy from booz, dhe Scotch drouthy from drouth, dhe tranſpozzitive ov draught, drines; and from trubbel (not drown) drumly, trubbled, muddy, thic; if not a varriacion ov dhe nordhern grumly, from dhe Lattin grumus or dhe Ingliſh crumb; clarty, dirty, from dhe Scottiſh verb clart, az dhis from dhe noun glar, dirt or mud, and dhis (perhaps) from glarea gritty ſand. Yet may it but vary clot. Cozy (warm) infantinely tozy (or tovy), and ſozy flimzy, unſubſtancial, may boath be Gallic; but eiry (eery) chilly, trembling, from eir (eer) ice or ſnow; and feary (ſtrong) from fear good, ar Gaulic. Dhus ar hale and fear, ſtout and ſtrong, ſafe and ſound. Tidy, in weſtern Scotch, iz pregnant, in a thriving way; and canny ſpeaks Scottiſh caution, dhe parent ov abillity. Az Ingliſh from ſlip, through ſlipper, forms ſlippery; Scotch, from ſlide and ſlid, claims dhe ſnonnymous ſliddery. Won dialect ſays wordy, friſky, ſpirrited; ſo dhe oddher, tungy, ſpirrity, thoughty (from dhe old thought); fool ov tung, ſpirrit, thought, and dhe like. Az Ingliſh forms helthy, no les dhan compounds helthfool; Scotch uzes cheary, more dhan cherfool. From dhe old fend, remains fendy; and gentelmanny is Scotch for gentelmanlike. Widh dhe Ingliſh kindly or ſprightly, may be claſſed dhe Scotch workly, inclinabel to' work; evenly, equal, equabel, and oddhers. Overly iz ſtil Ingliſh for dhe Scottiſh halfling, perfunctory, or by halvs. But halfling ſeems dhe ſubſtitute ov halflong, in ſuch phraze az a haling laſſy, a growing guirl. Dhe adjective ſpirly (az if from ſpare or ſpire) signifies ſlender, ſmall. Spirly ſhanks ar dhus ſpindel-ſhanks. Az Ingliſh forms from pale, paly; ſo Scotch, from ſmall, ſmally: a ſmally laudy iz dhus a ſhrimp ov a boy. Az boiſt prooved Scottiſhly boaſt or bouſt, boiſterous or boiſtrous became not onely bouſt'rous, but bouſteous or bouſtous. FROM iſh dhe Ingliſh termination ov diminnutive tendency, ſh terminates a few Scottiſh contractives wairſh, az if wauteriſh, taſteles; toſh, trim; ſoſh, ſociabel; coſh (from chaud) ſociably warm, az cozy iz ſnugly ſo. Like flee fluſh, iz free fruſh: dhus wood iz ſaid to' be fruſh, hwen free, open, apt to' crumbel. Jim or gim produces dhe Scottiſh jimp or gimp, ſcanty, tight; ſhrink, widh dhe Ingliſh gennerates dhc Scottiſh ſcrimp, crampt, ſtinted. Thin haz (been) varied into' dhe Scottiſh thain, rere, littel don, in cookery. Douf, dul, iz parent, child, or collatteral, ov doof (u French) dullard. To' douf, to doo (or drive) of, doz but vary to' dof. Cnif (all ſounded) briſk, iz a Gauliſh primmitive. From dhe French ſubſtantives boſſe and eſtaye (now étaie), dhe Scotch adjectives bos and ſtey (widh dhe dipthong); hwich may indeed ezily vary dhe Ingliſh ſubſtantives bos and ſtay, into' dhe idea ov hollow and ſteep. Ye'r no bos: Yoo ar not empty. Set a ſtoot hairt til a ſtey brae: Tu ne cede malis: ſed contrà audentior ito. Let not hardſhip lay dhee low: Stouter 'gainſt dhe mountain go. From dhe French adjective fou fol folle, fool became an adjective in Scotch. Dhe old ſnac (now ſnacket and latch) iz alſo a Scottiſh adjective, expreſſing in dhe ſound, dhe ſenſe ov ſharp, ſmart. Snac howevver iz pert, dhe verry reverſe ov dhe Scottiſh ſmart, hwich means clevver, capabel. Dhe Ingliſh verb trig proovs dhe Scotch diminnutive quallifier, for trim. Throng, an Ingliſh ſubſtantive and verb, iz no les a Scottiſh adjective, az we ſaw (p. 125). Ettymollogy, hwen impoartant, may gennerally be found; hwen hard to' find, it may be held unimpoartant. Hwy ſide (or ſeid) ſhood Scottiſhly imply long or deep, need not be deeply ſeyed (dipthong) ſifted, ſerched, or eſſayed. But ſey, dhe Scottiſh ſerce, or ſercher, cannot be unallied to' dhe Gaulic ſegh, dhe milk. Ov ſimmilar orrigin may be dhe fore-ſey, and dhe bac-ſey, for dhe fore-ribs and ſurloin ov beef. DHE particippel prezzent (ov verb) proovs, in all language, dhe opperating or active quallifier, az wel az dhe collective ov accion or opperacion. Dhe particippel paſt becoms conſequently dhe opperated, or paſſive, quallifier ov noun (ſubſtantive). Like dhe Ingliſh particippials lerned, famed, aged, naked, decreppit; ar dhe Scotch daz'd for doz'd, doting, ſynonnymous to' doitet from doit, dotard; cappet capcious, cankert crabbed; blacket, dirty, dirty-looking; blaet, contracted into' blate (from blae bluiſh) looking blue, ſhamefaced, baſhfool; daft (we know) for doft, wanton; halluckit, harum-ſcarum, half-witted, az if through halluc, dhe grandchild ov hallucinari; glaiket guiddy, from glaik, tos about, like dhe Gaulic gleicein and Scotch clackin, ſhittelcoc; hwence alſo dhe glaiks, dancing ſhaddows, reflected on dhe wall. So ſlid waz ſmoodh; az in a ſlid tung. Such az fatted, clotted, collar'd, rivvell'd, ar dhe Scottiſh particippials blaz'd (from blae), turned az milk, and lappert, coaggulated, clotted. Eir or Ear, are, before, preceded (in dhe ſame ſenſe) its formative early, now erly. Firſt iz a ſuperlative boath adjective and adverb: chiefeſt and extremeſt, for chief and extreme, ar barbarous, az evvery degree beyond dhe ſuperlative. 3. OV VERB. SCOTTISH doutles formed, az Ingliſh verbs hav evver don, dheir diminnutives and frequentatives in el and er, az wel az dheir inceptives in en. Cog and touz hav lent or left dhe Scotch coggel (totter) and touzel. Dhe Gaulic tod (clod) ſeems to' form dhe Scotch toddel, trip or waddel; dhe Ingliſh pine forms dhe Scotch pinguel, drudge piningly; az dhe old and Scotch dwine, dhe Ingliſh dwindel. Dhe Scottiſh dindel may be a formative ov din or ding, or a mere varriacion ov tinguel. Tric, becom trink, haz created dhe Scotch trinkel for trickel. Souiller and cueuiller (afterwards cueuillir) produce widh dhe Ingliſh ſully and cul, dhe Scotch ſuddel (ſoil), and cuddel (clap cloſe). Hweddher herpel vary crippel, be formed from ερπω (herpo I creep) or from hwatevver primmitive, it iz at leaſt az expreſſive az harl from trail, hare, hardel, fardel, burdel, or hwencevver. Harceler, to' harras or teze, may wel claim dhe Scottiſh hercel, rub or drag along. Like warp warbel, muſt be work (or worm) worbel, wriggel. Wrinkel varied into' runkel; crook ſhrivvelled into' crunkel. Dhe Scotch pet, fondling, iz dhe object ov pettel fondel. Hwat may hav formed ettel (archly aim), iz not ſo obvious: étaler to' diſplay, atteler to' yoke or poot to', dhe native at, or aim itſelf? Dhe Gaulic burach, (like dhe Lattin corona) implied a cirkel, particcularly ov men; dhence producing bourg, burg or burgh and burrough. Dhis may hav produced bourre and bourreler, ov hwich dhe firſt idea muſt hav been to' encirkel ov encloze; and hence dhe Scotch burl (or birl), club or join (in drinking), becoms an ezy deduccion. DHE Scotch expreſſive ſtot (bound) varied into' ſtoit, became frequent in ſtoiter, hwich might wel proov ſynonnymous to' ſtammer (ſuppozing ſynnonymies poſſibel), hwen dhe latter (az Scottiſhly) prezented dhe idea ov ſtagger, and ſtutter had not yet ſupplanted ſtoiter. Stammer ſtaggers (or ſtands) now onely in ſpeech, az doz to' mant in Scotland. Dhare dhe figgurative clac (or chat) haz varied dhe licquid, not dhe meaning, in crac; yet clatter iz dhe equivvalent, not ov crackel, but ov chatter. Dote makes a Scottiſh frequentative in dotter, if dhis doo not vary totter. Az ſtoiter transferred dhe reel, ſtic or ſtop, from dhe toes to' dhe tung in ſtutter; ſo flutter iz but dhe Ingliſh ov dhe Scottiſh flighter. Neav or nev iz dhe nattural parent ov niffer, ſwop from dhe cloz'd fiſt. From dhe Inglish ſnif or ſnift, dhe Scotch chainge dhe diminnutive into' dhe haples frequentative ſnifter. Az dhe Spanniſh palabra (word) lends dhe Brittiſh palaber (babbel), dhe no les innocent hablar (to' ſpeak), if not (the French baver (to' drivvel), may hav given rize to' dhe pitteous haver, az clac to' claver; and az dhe horſes neigh, to' dhe expreſſive nicker. Loc, dhat curls, forms az ſairly dhe frequentative; az loc, dhat locs, dhe agent — locker. Hwon yer head'z hweit, ye wod ha'd lokeran. — Hwen yoor hed iz hwite, yoo wood hav it lockering — curling, or in ringlets. Hoo hav much, wood hav more. Dhe Scotch ſtil prefer ſing to' ſimmer, for dhe muzic ov hot wauter; az dhey doo ſmudge, to' ſimper; ſo mould or moold, to' dhe Ingliſh molder; az, for dhe verb moddher, dhey ſubſtitute ſummer ſcale. Sweir (loth) makes dhe pictureſk ſwiddher, and ſcald dhe Scottiſh ſcoudher. To' lair (ſink in mire) may be transferred from a ſwines lair; and dover (drop aſleep) may be compounded like dof and don, ov doo (or tip) over. Haſter iz littel known but in dhe particippial haſtert (az if haſten'd) haſty. Low ſeems firſt to' form lown and loun (like lower and lour); and dhence lounder, maul widh levvelling blows. To' loun or lown proovs dhus Scottiſhly diſtinguiſhed (by dhe dipthong) from to' lower, dhe Ingliſh frequentative verb. Oddher Scottiſh inceptives, hweddher active or neuter, ar: gazen, or gahp, az a woodden veſſel, active hwen dhe ſtaves open or ſhrink by heat (gahph opening onely dhe jaws into' lafter); dozen numb, or grow numbed; ſlocken, ſlake or quench; and barken, cruſt, or take on a bark. Az dhe Ingliſh brood over, dhe Scotch ar broadened upon, an object. To' lippen to', iz to' rely or lean upon, to' ly in expectacion ov a thing Ly i' yer bed, and lippen til't — Ly a-bed, and look for it; like Attendex-le ſous l'orme — Stay for him or it, under dhe elm; and yoo may ſtay long enuf. Borrowed or lent, lippen iz claimed by dhe Gaulic, hwich diſputes alſo dhe mezzure, lippy, widh her Gallic daughter. Primmitives no les Gaulic ar laidh and caidh (herd loidh and coidh) to' lay down and ſtain; but padhe, dhe formative ov path, iz a Scottiſh ſubſtitute ov pave. Dhe way iz padhed. Dhe broth iz laidhed (or thickened). Dhe ſpot wil com out, hwen it iz dry; it wit not caidh (or ſtain). From dhe ſame quarter, tar or tair (contempt) produces tarrow pule or piddel, az if tired widh eating: Like dauted wean, dhat tarrows at its meat; Dhat, for ſom fecles hwim, wit orp and greet. Gen. Shep. Like dhe ſpoil'd child, dhat ſpurns its vittels by; And, for ſom ſilly hwim, wil throb and cry. Formatives like padhe, ar deav for deffen, and miſchiev doo miſchief to'. Az dhe Ingliſh critticize and annalyze, ar dhe Scotch verbs appetite, create an appetite, and hyppocrize, play dhe hyppocrite. Bombaze may ludicrouſly vary amaze, az bamboozel may play widh amuse, widh bam and bamboo. Drake and drook vary dhe Ingliſh drench; and prig Scottiſhly higguels down dhe price, az rummage ſhrinks into' roonge. Pine, hwine, ſcreen, bec and ſmug, form dhe Scottiſh diminnutives pinge, hwinge, ſcringe (thwac), binge (cringe), and ſmudge (ſmuggel a ſmile). Dhe Scotch uze los for looz, brain for daſh out dhe brains, lightly for treat lightly, or ſlight; and file (dhe parent ov filth), now loſt in its compound defile. Dhe verbs ſtot bound, thud thump hevvily, ſpang ſpring, jink bilk or baffel, toot (blow) a horn, and bum hum, ar Scotch expreſſives, coined in dhe mint ov Nature. Hweddher ϰαμπτο (campto) I bend, or kemb dhe preddeceſſor comb, be dhe parent ov kemp, ſtrive (or emmulate) in reaping; pithy iz dhe addage: All dhe corn ov dhe contry iz not cut down by kempers. Dhe tortoiſe may (by perſeverance) outſtrip dhe hare; or, Sure and ſteddy wins dhe race. Evvery ſpecies ov annimal haz its own ſet ov nattural ſounds: hence hear we Interjeccion at leaſt common to' man, hoo imperceptibly forms dhe reſt ov hiz language. Inſtinctive annimals howevver, dho all in each clas underſtand won anoddher, lern dheir names, and duties to' man, from dhe various ſounds, to' which he reſpectively accuſtoms dhem. Dhe interjeccion dhus hiſk! hiſky! calls a dog, and chit! chit! a cat in Scotland; hwile Pooſe knows dhis hiz (or her) name in all dhe Brittiſh nacions; but wil anſer to' no oddher dhan minet, minette or minon in France. V. DOMESTIC COMPOZISCION. I. OV NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. IF ſo manny ſimpel terms, ov ſimmilar formacion, ſo widely differ in cognate dialects; we cannot wonder dhat manny compounds, caſt alſo in won common mold, ſhould remain ov peculiar acceptacion. Dhus fernier or fernyear, former (or laſt) year; heddipeer compeer, ov like ſtatture; halfhed, ſide ov dhe hed; hartſcald (melted into' hartſſcaud) hartburn, alſo abhorrence from ſatiety; beeſcape, bee-hive; cale-blade, cabbage-leaf; caſtoc, cabbage-ſtoc, meaning but dhe ſtalk or ſtem: for dhe Scotch cabbage-ſtoc iz dhe cabbage itſelf. So a chainge-houſe iz a pubblic-houſe, as dhe chaingekeeper iz dhe pubblican; a ſugar-box, a ſugar-diſh; a ſhakedown, a floar-bed, occazzionally thrown; a ſutty-man, a chimney-ſweeper; a cinder-gaddherer, a cinder-wench. Hwile, for borrowſtown, officehouſe, loch-leech; dhe Ingliſh make burrough, office, leech, to' ſuffice; dhey ſpeſcify ſmall-pox, ſealing-wax, and ſugar-ſops; hwich dhe Scotch continnue to' underſtand in dhe genneral terms pox, wax, and ſops; as in raſp and nip, dhe raſpberry (or raſberry) and turnip. Lezing-making iz a crimminal compound in Scotch Law. Worſe (if poſſibel) iz hawking and ſwauking, il and wel; moitié guerre, moitié marchandiſe; dhat nedher il nor wel, hwich iz dhe worſt ov evils. Akin to' dhis, jookery-paukery (tours de paſſe-paſſe) jugglery, ſhuffling, compounds reggular collectives from jooker and pauker, dhe reggular agents ov jook, dhe Scotch utterance ov duc bow or bend; and pauk, dhe hwatevver parent ov pauky ſly. Dhe Scotch compounds pictooth and ofcom doo but tranſpoze dhe Ingliſh toothpic and com-of. Hware dhe verb takes dhe lead, it turns dhe action into' agent; in picpocket and picthank, az in teltale. Yet an outcaſt iz a perſon caft out, a caſt-away; hwaraz dhe Scottiſh outcaſt iz a falling out. Dhe inverſion reggularly prefixes dhe ſpeſcifier in toothpic and toothpicker, az in toothake and toothdrawer. Dhe Scotch playfair iz a play-affair or plaything; and dhe uptake might az natturally intimate comprehenſion or capaſcity, az upſhot intimates event. Incom and ofspring ar ſettelled compounds; a good com-of iz but occazzional. Az dhe Ingliſh hav overplus and ſurplus, not ſuperplus; ſo hav dhey, overthrow and o'rlay (hwence dhe French, ourlet hem), . dho not o'rcom. Dhus dhe ſage ALLAN RAMSAY: Dhey, dhat hev juſt enough, may ſoundly ſleep: Dhe o'rcom onely faſhes folk to' keep. Dhey, dhat hay juſt enuf, may ſoundly ſleep Hwatehr iz o'r, embarraſſes to' keep. 2. OV NOUN ADJECTIVE. Az fortune compounds misfortune, ſo fortunate Scottiſhly compounds misfortunate, for unfortunate. But, dho dhe Scotch vary dhe formacion, dhey prezerv dhe compoziſcion, ov timely and untimely, in timous and untimous. If dhe verry vulgar ov dhe Ingliſh ar ferfool (for affraid) ov a thing, or ov dooing it; dhe Scotch, even ov higher rank, ar hopefool (hwen in hopes) ov a thing, or ov dooing it. Ferfool and hopefool ar impoartant eppithets; but, not in ſuch connexion. Rife haz been an interchaingeabel component widh fool, in wakerife for wakefool; and caldrife, dhe figgurative cold, az in a caldrife preacher. A Scotch compound iz mendsfool, uttered mensfoo, fool ov amends, abel alike to' make and to' command it. Dhe Scotch thievles implies ſuch implauzibillity, az ſhood be hopeles ov ſtealing into' creddit. Dhus a thievles errand — pretence — excuſe; howevver thieviſh be dhe deſign, poartends no grait dainger in dhe conſequence. Littel-worth iz not abſolutely worthies or unwordhy; but haz a wofool tendency. Dhe ſubjunctive ſom compounds manny Scottiſh adjectives in dhe Ingliſh manner: like loneſom, lodheſom, tireſom, gameſom; dhe Scotch lightſom and ſhortſom plezzant; longſom and even tédiſom tedious. Winſom, fearſom, frightſom or dhe like, ſpeak dheir meaning; looſom (u French) or leeſom (nordherly) perſonates lovly, az ugſom ugly; and hartſom, compounding edher hart, implies harty or cherfool, az wel az buxom. Dhe Scotch lov (and may chooz) lonely, raddher dhan loneſom; and blidhe, dhan its moddifier blidheſom. Auld-farrant, old-faring, ſpeaks dhe prematurity ov a chills talk, from habbit widh its elders. Oddher particippial compounds, Ingliſh-like, dho not Ingliſh, ar ſuch az upſetting, fair-faſcioned, ſweet-bludded, wel-- natured, wel-aired; for uppiſh, aſpiring or aſſuming; fairſpoken, ſweet-tempered, good-natured, airy, in good air. Yet hwatevver iz duly aired, muſt be allowed wel-aired. Edher dialect dherfore talks ov wel-aired linnen, dho won onely ov a wel-aired houſe, unles dhe air hav alſo been taken of by fire. Shortſighted figgurative belongs to' boath dialects, nearſighted iz dhe litteral Ingliſh compound; az iz purblind, named in Scotland ſandblind. Shily-mowed or ſhavel-gabbet, paints Scottiſhly dhe projeccion ov dhe under-lip or jaw; thrawn-gabbet, wry-moudh'd; good-wolly or (az if good-willed or il-willed) willing or unwilling to' part widh annithing. A ſimmilar compound waz gamſtary, hweddher game-ſtirring, or gum-ſtirring, turbulent: gum ſpoke umbrage. Light-hedded, Ingliſhly raving, delirrious, iz Scottiſhly guiddy, wanton. Paly-footted iz in ſom parts ov Scottland, hwat dhe Ingliſh call ſplay-- footted. Dhe Scotch bedfaſt iz dhe Ingliſh bedridden or bedrid; forfoughten or forfaughten, quite ſpent; forfaren, overboren; manſworen, forſworen; carwompelled, crumpelled into' a bunch. Dhe ſame French prepoziſcion fors, hwich compounds various verbs and particippials in boath dialects, muſt hav been dhe compounder ov dhe Scotch forhamed, are dhis natturally ſhrank into' framed and framm'd. A ſpilt bairn lairns maners baſt among dhe framm'd. A ſpoil'd child lerns manners beſt among ſtraingers. A due compannion for dhe Ingliſh aukward, iz dhe Scottiſh landward, ruſticated, az if rellegated from urbannity; nor les thrawward or thrawart, hweddher throward or froward, cros. Dho paſt by and gon by continnue dhe preterritive particippials bypaſt and bygon, ar long ſince paſt and gon. Dhe Scottiſh adjective oraw iz an obvious compound ov o'r ow, over all. Hey ye wry oraw bodels? Hav yoo anny ſpare pence, over and ahoy all yoor wants. Avez-vous de l'argent de reſte? 3. OV VERB. SCOTTISH differs littel from Ingliſh compoziſcion ov verb. Yet dhe former diſcommodes, and dhe latter incommodes; dhe former (like dhe French) deranges, dhe latter diſrainges: diſaccommodate howevver and diſarrainge ar equally Ingliſh. Won forguets, duets out ov remembering, dhe oddher forgaddhers, gaddhers out (or meets) a frend. To' glour iz to' glee (ſquint) o'r. Gleg o' dhe glour — Quic ov dhe glance. To' lout (loot) or ſtoop, combines to low it; to' hain to' ha (hav) in, to' tape, ſave, or uze ſparingly; ſo to' hap (covver up) may be to' ha up, if not (az haz been ſurmized) a varriacion ov heap. To' o'rpet waz to' overpoot, or guet over anny diſeze or difficulty. Dhe Scotch oft prefer ſimpels: az deed and file to' indeed and defile, ſo dite to' endite. A compound ov ramp and rage appears dhe Scotch rampage rage or ſtorm. Scotch, eſpeſcially nordhern, often denies dhe particippel paſt for dhe particippel prezzent, az: 'Tiz ſtrainge yoo cannot be unſpoken, for unſpeaking, or widhout ſpeaking. Dhe ellegant denier ov adjectives, particippels and particippials, from concretes procedes to' dhe denial, even ov abſtracts. Az untrue, ſo untruith; and az unwordhy, not onely dhe unwordhines, but dhe Scotch wanworth, for unworth, or underworth. To' ſel a thing at a wanworth, az if an unworth, an under-price. 4. OV ADVERB. DHAT unwel iz barbarous need no more be evinced, dhan dhat whare we hear wize (dho we knew notthing ov dhe French guiſe) we can be in littel dainger ov ſubſtituting ways, az in likeways for likewize. By parrity ov rezon, we can no more ſay or ſee alwiſe dhan alwy for always and alway. Dho poor Uſe and Wont muſt proov powerles in favor ov dhe incongruous compounds ov here, dhare, and hware, even in hereby, dharon or hwarov; for by dhis or dheze, on dhat or dhoze, on it or dhem; ov hwich or hwat; hwaraz, hwerfore and dherfore ar az fairly incorporated in boath dialects, az dhe ſollemn heretofore and hereafter. Stile did ſay, but can no more, Yoo know dhe caſe, or dhe circumſtances: act dharafter, for act accordingly. Curious az various ar dhe compoziſcions. Hwile Abberdeen tranſlates litterally là-haut, là-bas, into' dhare-up, dhare-down, and dhe like; by ſubjunctive in ſoddhern Scotland iz dhe grait pointer ov place: in-by, out-by, up-by, down-by, o'r-by, dhare-by. Com in-by — Com in (forward, dhis way); Go out-by — Go out (yonder, dhat way). I am going up-by — I am going up dhe way, up dhe ſtreet. He may be dhat far by dhis, or dbare-by — He may be ſo far (advanced) by dhis time, or dharabouts. Dhus hwarabouts, dharabouts, and herabouts remain familliar Ingliſh: nor can dhe ſibbilacion be omitted, hwich diſtinguiſhes dhe local adverbs from dhe preppoziſcional exploded compounds, hwarabout? what about? and dhe like. Spae-men! dhe truith ov aw dheir ſaws I dout: For graiter liars nevver ran dharout. Gent. Shep. Sooth-ſayers! all dhe ſooth dhey ſay, I dout: For graiter liars nevver went about. So dhe compounds ov ward ſubjunctive admit dhe ſibbilacion, to' cloze an indeffinite adverb. Dhus dhe adjectives bacward and forward becom bacwards and forwards, in dhe indefinite adverbs; not in dhe deffinite, az in go forward: and dhus an outward-- bound ſhip, a ſhip bound outward, not outwards. Dhe preppoziſcion towards requires dhe ſibbilant: for it points figguratively or indefinitely — towards God, towards men; towards anny object. Boath dialects compound manny adverbs ov a prepoziſcion and hand. Like dhe Ingliſh ofhand or underhand; dhe Scotch pleonaſtic nearhand for near, byhand, for paſt and over. Contraſted to' beforehand iz behindhand, and dhe Scottiſh colloquial after-hand. Dhe Scots take a perſon thro' hand, hwen to' taſk; and a thing thro' hand, hwen into' conſideracion. Smarts wil not wonder dhat a preceded be, in prepoziſcional combinacion. Afore, ahint, ayont, ar dherfore Scotch for before, behind, beyond. So ajee and awol (awil) for awry and volluntarily. Tiz good corn dhat grows awol — ov itſelf, ov its own accord. Yet, if dhe Ingliſh retain won, Scotch wil aſſume dhe oddher; witnes adown and bedown. So dhe Scots uze be for by, in benorth and its three fellows: beſouth or benorth dhe Foarth; for ſouth or North ov Foarth. Az dhe old Ingliſh belike, perhaps or probbablv; ſo dhe Scotch belive, by and by: and bedeen, by dhe e'n, dhis evening, to'-night. Dhe Ingliſh uze adoo for ſtir, buſted, or turmoil; az in Much adoo about notthing dhe Scotch ſtil employ adoo for dhe litteral to' doo; He haz not much adoo, for He haz not much to' doo — much biznes. Dhe French old fors, dhat compounds ſevveral Ingliſh verbs beſide forgo, wel ſevvered from fores compound forego; compounds dhe Scotch forby, almoaſt ſynonnymous to' dhe law-iddiom by ana atour (out o'r) over and ahoy, beſide; az wel az forgainſt and fornent, over againſt. Anent iz alſo dhe legal preppoziſcion intimating, reſpect to', or concerning. Ov all by's Scottiſh compounds dhe moaſt frequent, az dhe moat nattural directives; dhe moaſt chainged dherfore, and ſo ſuppozed dhe leaſt annalyzabel, ar but and ben, mere ſhrimps ov by-out and by-in, widhout and widhin. But and ben pointed dhus dhe outer and inner parts ov dhe dwelling. Gae (or Gang) but — Go to' dhe outer part ov dhe houſe. Com ben — Com in, to' dhe interior part, perhaps dhe. chaumer o'deis, hwich we alreddy ſaw (165, in penetralibus) far ben; dhe inmoaſt reces ov onnor or ov favor. But dhe houſe and ben dhe houſe, ar now dherfore clear, az dhe motto ov Mackintoſh: TUCH NOT DHE CAT, BUT A GLOV — Provoke not dhe Clan, widhout a targuet. 5. OV VARIOUS IDDIOMS. To' Scottiſh Compoziſcion belong certain (inſepparabel) iddioms, affecting relation, eating, ailment, diverſion, apparrel, and ſo foarth. Hwen dhe beſt-man and beſt-maiden hav performed dhe duties ov brideman and bridemaid; dhe bridegroom and bride commence good-- man and good-wife, huſband and wife. Good dhen becoms in Scotch az beau in French, evvery new ally, or acquired relation good-fahdher, hweddher fahdher-in-- law or ſtepfahdher, good-moddher, and dhe reſt. Hwile dhe forrain currans and raizins, eſpeſcially dhe former, ar dhe fruits or plumbs ov dhe Ingiſh plumb-poodding; dhe Scotch rezzars (red or hwite) and Scotch blacberries, ar all currans, diſtinguiſhed onely by dheir cullor in Ingland: for dhare dhe blacberry iz dhe brambel-berry, or dhe hedge-mulberry. At tabel, dhe dividing ſpoon, or (az dhe Scotch ſomtimes call it) dhe partingſpoon, iz dhe Ingliſh ſoop-ladel. Dhe Scotch ſweet-- butter iz freſh-butter; beat-butter, melted butter; ſhort-bred, buttered cake; old bred, ſtale bred; dow'd drink, ded beer; hard-fiſh, ſalt fiſh; rumbell'd egs, butter'd egs; (in dhe Weſtern parts), O'dhem upo' dhem, Sowings or Flummery, boil'd and unboil'd; ſo evverihware cocky-leeky, coc-broth widh leeks; veals head, calvs hed; lambs head and harrigals, lambs hed, widh lights, livver, and dhe reſt. Ov ſuch ingredients, nicely mixt and minc't, iz dhe Scotch tripebag-poodding (haggues, from haſh or hagguel) conſtituted. From dhe time ov diſpenſing, dhe eleven-oors (elevven-ours) or twal-oors (twelv-ours) after dhe French iddiom for 11 and 12 o'cloc, iz named dhe Scottiſh luncheon; ſo dhe four-oors (foar-ours) dhe afternooning or bever dhe former and latter collacion or refreſhment. Ov ailments, dhe Scotch ſwell'd-cheek iz more preciſe dhan dhe Ingliſh ſwell'd-face; dhe ſare-head (fore-hed) iz dhe hed-ake; hacket-hands ar chapt hands; moolly-heels, kib'd heels. Dhe kink-cough (from dhe French quinte) became in Ingland dhe chincof; hwich, les expreſſive dhan dhe old compound, haz guivven way to' dhe ſuffiſciently forcibel hooping-cof. Scottiſh juvenile paſtimes ar Blind-- Harry, blindmans-buf; diſhy-loof, hot-cockels; handball, fives. Wairing compounds ar trot-cozy, leddher-- cap and cape; big-coat, grait-coat; ſtrippet (ſtrip't) ſtockings, ribb'd hoze; riding-claes, riding-habbit; dead-claes (ded-cloadhs), a ſhroud; and dhe mort-cloth, dhe pall. Manny ar dhe Scottiſh compounds formed ov Ingliſh ſimpels; beſide a half-dore, hatch; and freſh-- weddher, thaw: cantrip ſpel, and worricow bugbair, ar eddifying exampels. Like dhe Ingliſh rifraf (dho not quite ſo low) iz dhe Scottiſh guifgaf. Guifgaf makes good frends: By guiv and take, we frendſhip make. Mongrels may arize, az elſehware; hallon-ſhaker, tatterdemallion, raggamuffin; ov dhe French haillon rag, and ſhaker, dhe Ingliſh agent. Saxon and Ingliſh iz dhe Scotch like-wake, watching ov dhe ded; Leech being ded in dhat German dialect. Gaulic on dhe contrary (from goin ſean, old cunning) iz dhe latter and principal (indeed ſufficient) part ov rumbel-gumſhan ſhrewdnes, brains. Gaulic and Ingliſh (from French) make dhe Scotch coomcieled (or coom'd) ſhelving-rooft, garret-crown'd. Ov dhis clas iz ſuch adjective az blacavi'ſt (from aviſé) dark-complexioned. Somtimes a name, entirely compounded abraud, becoms a new domeſtic compound ov Inattenſion. If dhus in Ingland Aſparagus (herd Aſparragus) and (dhe propper) Godalming be vulgarized into' Sparrow-gras, and Godliman; nedher ſhame nor wonder need attend dhe Gaulic Ardſaighad (dhe hight ov arrows) dhe mountain at Eddinburrough, mettamorphoz'd into' Arthurs ſeat. VI. TERMS OV LAW. 1. SUBSTANTIVES. LOCAL az law, muſt be her terms, in dheir reſpective claſſes. Dhe genneral agents dooer, writer, lawyer, advocate, ar ov peculiar applicacion in dhe Scotiſh dialect. Dooer iz dhare ſpeſcialized for dhe agent at law. Writer varies idea widh ſittuacion. In evvery place and time, hiz united or alternate object muſt be to' trezzure or to' communicate informacion or entertainment. Hiz firſt (mecannical) office iz doutles dhat ov penman. Hence hiz French correſpondent (écrivain) iz not onely author, but clark ov evvery kind; coppier, in Scotch law, copiator; purſer by ſea, and writing-- maſter by land. No wonder if an India-company's clark abraud be a writer, or if a Scotch attorney be yet ſcarce known by anny oddher name. Procurator indeed ſhrinking into' Proccutor (az Cirenceſter into' Ciſceſter) dho not quite contracted into' dhe Ingliſh proctor, iz like dhe French procureur; a verry ſignifficant, az wel az Roman, name for ſollicitor; dhe term affected ov late years widh az much propriety by ſom Procurators, az dhe Writers, duly quallified, ar now often ſtiled Clarks to' dhe Signet. In Scotland, no perſon iz termed a lawyer, but an advocate; hoom dhe Romans called patron, az protector and pleader, ov dhe cauz; and hoom dhe Ingliſh ſtile, at dhe bar, barriſter; elſehware counſellor, or collectively counſel; leving dhe genneral name ov lawyer, to' dhe attorney. Widh dhe verry propper titel, France tranſmitted dhe nattural iddiom ov a perſons paſſing (or catering) advocate; hwen called to dhe bar, or admitted to' practice. IN Scottiſh ſtile, gardians ar (named) tutors and curators: dhe Ingliſh tutor iz govvernor or preceptor; and dhe Ingliſh govvernes, dhe ſcoolmiſtres or tutores. Scotch form prefers Praeſes (or even Preſes) to' Prezzident ov a meeting; debitor (Ingliſhly debbiter) to' dhe barbarous debtor, even humanized dettor; dhat iz, Lattin to' dhe Ingliſh ower; and cedent to' rezigner, aſſigner or transferent. Yet dhe ſame form prefers, on dhe oddher hand, dhe genneral Ingliſh agents purſuer, complainer, defender, to' dhe Ingliſh adoptives proſecutor and proſecutrix, hwich muſt be herd (and conſequently ſeen) proſſecutor and proſeccutrix; widh dhe plaintif, hoo in plantif confronts dhe defendant. An erritor iz dhe Scotch inherritor, proprietor or freeholder; dhe herriot being dhe inherritance, property, or freehold. Dhe Scotch fiar (herd fear) iz dhe Ingliſh feffee. Dhe price ov grain in Scotland depends on dhe fiars, or confidenciary refferees. Dhe French député and Ingliſh depputy, hav been equally curtailed into' dhe députe, in Scottiſh law; hware dhe juſtiſciary or judge, iz ſomtimes contracted into' juſtiſciar, almoaſt coincident widh dhe French juſticier; az dhe Ingliſh auxilliary into' auxilliar, in dhe ſtile ov ellevacion. Dhe Ingliſh empannel or encloze a jury; dhe Scotch term dhe prizzoner dhe pannel, az peculiarly empannelled. He iz ſomtimes deſigned (az Law Scottiſhly figgures defined, deſcribcd, or ſtiled) indweller, inhabbitant or rezzident in ſuch) a place; ſomtimes arrained az a ſorner, or burglarious vagrant; perhaps onely az dhe recet, dhe receiver, hoo iz at leaſt az bad az dhe thief. A lawſuit iz in Scotland a law-plea; dhe coſts dherfore ov ſuit, dhe expences ov plea. Dhe indictment (hwich picture haz hiddherto' falſified enditement) correſponds widh dhe Scottiſh libel. Dhe accion, including dhe hoal procedings, keeps in Scotland dhe French name ov proces (or proſces). Dhe writ, dhat ſtops dhem, takes dhe Lattin appellation ov ſiſt. An eſtate or oddher propperty iz a good ſubject in Scotland; hware wons own conqueſt means wons acqueſt or acquiziſcion. Thro' (French or) hwatevver channel, liege pouſty barbarizes legalis poteſtas, lawfool power. Security or warranty ſo becoms dhe Scottiſh warrandiſe; bail and ſuretiſhip cacion and cacionry, til now daring to' appear caution and cautionry! Lezion may wel be juriſprudencial injury or infringement; and circumduccion, more crimminal dhan circumvention. Tinſel waz dhe tining or los, az ganſel, dhe gain (ſomtimes dear!) by a bargain. He got it widh, a ganſel — a ſarcaſm. Fortalice came to' be a mans fortres or caſtel; becauz perhaps he dhare waz fort à l'aiſe, much at eze. Forfaulture waz dhe Scottiſh preddeceſſor ov forfeiture. Declinnature iz renunciation or proteſt. Declarrator and interloccutor or declarratory, or intermediate, opinnions or ſentences. A decreet iz obviouſly (az Frenchly) a decree. An adjudicacion iz, in Scottiſh coarts, a ſollemn award, or authorritative aſſignment. VARIOUS ar dhe ſubjects ov ſuit, perhaps dhe hoal ſubject or propperty; dhe ces (from cede or aſſes, if not from cens and cenſus) dhe land-tax or genneral aſſeſment; dhe tiend, tenth or tithe; dhe terce (from tierce) or third ov annithing. Dhe Scotch deſhort, for defiſcience or dettriment, ſeems raddher a term ov familliarrity dhan form. Rental iz az good a formative, az rentroll iz a compound. Precept iz, in boath ſtiles, peculiarly uzed for order. Dhe Scotch tailzie (tailyie) correſponds widh dhe Ingliſh entail; az doz a wadſet, widh a mortgage: for a wad waz a pledge. Hence dhe Scotch game ov wads, iz dhe Ingliſh game ov forfeits. A tac being a leſe, dhe tacſman iz dhe leſor. Rent paid in farm, iz paid in grain, hwich ſom hold dhe Teutonnic equivvalent; dho farm, Ingliſh and Scotch, he dhe unqueſtionabel coincident, raddher dhan varriacion, ov dhe French ferme; hwich iz indeed propperly a diſſyllabel, and primmarily ſignifies a leſe. Yet let .nedher France, nor Germany, appropriate dhe Scottiſh farm; hwich may in dhis ſenſe proov propinquity (nay proximmity) to' frumentum, corn in genneral, raddher dhan to' froment, hwich iz but hweat; or ſtil raddher perhaps to' fordeum, Eollically interchainged widh hordeum, barley. If dhe genneral term corn waz dhus natturally interchaingeabel widh dhe principal grain, no wonder it waz in Scotland widh oats. Hwen dhe guttural paſt in Ingland into' dhe labial aſpirate, draught became draft, hwence dhe provverb: Stil ſow eats up dhe draft. Dho Scotland prezerved dhe guttural power, ſhe ſeems dhence to' hav impoarted dhe labial in draft (herd Scottiſhly draft for grains, dhe food ov ſwine. Dhe Scotch graſſom haz been a graſholm, gras-hading, or gras-farm: hence it paſt into' a gras-fine, at dhe renewal ov a leſe. Socom or multure (herd mooter) iz dhe griſt or grinding-fee; thirlage, dhe being thirled (tranſpozzitive from thrilled) to' grind at a particcular mil. Ov mails and duties, dhe former, if not a varriacion ov meals, may be variouſly an ofspring ov (dhe French) mailles, hweddher meſhes, or oddher conſtittuent parts: az Maille à maille ſe fait le haubergeon — Manny littels make a mickel. Dhe parent may indeed be maille, dhe half-denier, or loweſt French coin; hwich, at length paſſing from real into' imadginary, iz named onely in dhe miuuteſt computacion. Un pince-maille became a nattural penny-fahdher, a hunks, a ſkin-flint; and pince-maille tranſmitted dhe Ingliſh adverb piecemeal. Mails and duties ſeem in dhis manner to' hav been dhe ſmalleſt, and hardly computabel duties. 2. ADJECTIVES. Ov jurisprudencial adjectives, timous iz timely; wrongous, injurious; iniquous, inicquitous; onnerous, weighty; major, ov age, no longer minor (alſo Ingliſh) under age; notour notorious; rellevant, inferencial, concluſive; erritabel (vulgarly ſeen heritable) heredditary; udal, allodial: all (but dhe two firſt, and perhaps dhe laſt) French. To' dheze may be added, curt, brief; inept, frivolous, inaddequate; clamant, bawling. Verſant haz been denied to' be Ingliſh, becauz perhaps not found in dhe diccionary. Numberles ar dhe adoptives (formatives and compounds) in evvery livving language, and even in evvery copious ded won; dhat no lexicoggrapher can pretend to' trezzure. Manny words ar warrantabel, dho hiddherto' unwanted; nay prefferabel (reſpectively) to' anny yet ſeen; nor, conſequently, les entitelled to' dhe ſtamp ov Anallogy; hoo iz alike dhe pattrones ov Improovment, and dhe ennemy ov Innovacion. Verſed iz doutles Ingliſh, ov obvious (but familliar) idea. Won may be wel verſed in common matters, nay, converſant widh litterary ſubjects; and yet not at all verſant in deep inveſtigacion. Dhe ſtile ov law, like evvery oddher, may combine Ingliſh words into' Scotticiſm: dhus annual-rent, or life-rent (rente viagere) annuity, life-annuity. Erritabel ſecurity iz land-ſecurity; and holding blanch, (Frenchly) free-- holding. 3. VERBS. Scottiſh littigacion, ſom littigants waken a plea, revive or commence a ſuit; purſue, proſſecute or ſue; and ſummons, ſummon; oddhers obtemperate or obtemper, comply; compear (comparaiſſent) appear; narrate, relate; condeſcend upon, ſpeſcify; inſtruct, evince; by taking inſtruments, guivving doccuments; implement, foolfil; recognoſce, reccognize; homollogate, confirm; perhaps by hollograph, or hand-writing; infeft, enfef; brook, enjoy; extinguiſh a det, annul a det; and mortify a ſum, guiv it in mortmain, or bequeadh it to' pious uſes. Alternately doo dhey propel, repel; rebute, deter; perturb, diſturb; compete, diſpute in competiſcion; contravene, controvert; villify; detract or deduce, deduct. Dhe Scotch uze deduce alſo for infer, and dhe Ingliſh detract onely from carracter or merrit. Dhoze reduce an illegal deed, dheze annul or cancel it; dhoze reſtrict, and dheze reſtrain; hwile boath own reſtraint and reſtriccion. Dhe Scotch howevver onely excamb, exchainge; exerce, exercize; exeem, exempt; deſidderate, want, or regret; reſile (rezele), retract or go back; evite or eſkew (from éviter and eſquiver) avoid, ſhun; exonner, diſburden or clear; ſuccumb, ſink; convaleſce, recovver; demit, rezign; intromit, intermeddel; by viſcious intromiſſion, or undue interference; ſpoolzie and deſpoolzie (u French and z licquid) ſpoil and deſpoil; point (poond, u French) pound; prejudge prepozes; aſſydhe, amerce; incarcerate, emprizzon; libberate, ſet at libberty; aſſoilzie (z licquid) abſolv. Dhe Scotch depone, propone, diſpone, repent; depoze, propoze, diſpoze, reſtore or reinſtate; nor onely reply, but duply, triply, quadruply; rejoin, reenter, ſurrejoin, rebut; or make rejoinder, and ſo on: az effeirs, az need may be. Dho dhe Ingliſh depoze, dhey retain deponent widh opponent! To' doo dilligence, iz to' take dhe law, to' bring an accion, or intent a ſuit. Oddher legal nouns and verbs we hav ſeen occazzionally (p p. 160, 164, and elſehware). 4. ADVERBS. DHE adverb alennarly, ſolely, ſingly, remains but in Scottiſh law; and Law, evverihware iz (unblamably, nay, laudably) dhe laſt to' guiv up aincient form. Hwatevver um (or om) hav been, if not dhe mutilacion ov ſom (for ſum); dhe dialects hav ſpoke, in won compound adverb, dheir wonted oppoziſcion. Scotch Law prefixed it in umquhyle for umhwile; and Ingliſh Law, now les frequently dhan Ingliſh Poetry, ſubjoins it in hwilom for ſomtime, heretofore. Hwilom howevver remains onely in dhe familliar, ſublimmity choozing erſt or arehwile. Ov littigant preppoziſcions we hav alreddy (among domeſtic compounds) ſcanned dhe litteral fornent, dhe figgurative anent, widh dhe iddiom by and atour (out o'r). 5. TERMS ECCLESIASTICAL. WIDH juriſprudencial iz eccleſiaſtic ſtile intimately connected. Not to' debate dhe ſubject widh fanattical terms, az ordinance (or even occazion) for ſaccrament, or action-ſermon for dhe ſermon before it; to' diſpenſe dhe ſaccraments means, in prezzent Scotch, to' cellebrate or adminniſter dhem; az to' modderate a call to' a minniſter, iz to' guiv him invitacion and induccion. Ov dhis impoartant verb dhe agent iz dhe Moderator (Ingliſhly Modderator); dhe Speaker or Prezzident in Synnods, or convocations ov dhe Clergy; az wel az in dhe (annual) Genneral Aſſembly ov dhe dellegates ov dhe Preſbyterian Church. 6. TRANSPOZISCION. LAW finds dignity in tranſpoziſcion; hweddher ov ſinguel terms, or ov complex members. Evvery form ov edher dialect wil exemplify dhis. Dhe rezon indeed iz obvious. Upon materials impoartant, or arraingement peculiar, like Poetry, doth Juriſprudence endevvor a regard propoarcionate in dhe reader, az wel az (in dhe) hearer, to' draw. Provverbs, couching in ſmall compas dhe laws ov Wizdom, hav drawn, in all languages, addiſcional attenſion; not onely from peculiarrity ov order, but even from dhe external graces, ov alliteracion or chime. Superior waz dhis harmony to' dhe laws ov PRISCIAN, az we ſaw in Brunt bairns foir (or feir) dreads. Burnt children dred dhe fire. So Guin ye benna el, benna el-leik: Guin ye ſtil na ma cale, brac na ma deik. If it yoo be not, be not evil like Too ſteal no cabbage? no enclozure ſtrike. A DIGEST OV MODDERN ANGLICISM. CHAPTER I. OV EXTRANEOUS NEOLLOGY. SCOTTICISM dhus traced to' its evvery poſſibel ſoarce; and a delinneacion made ov its evvery departure or difference from dhe language ov London; hweddher in dhe utterance, uſe, arraingement, number, or oddher varriacion, ov words; in dhe adopcion ov forrain, or genneracion ov domeſtic terms; dhe dialects ar at wonce parted by dhe peculiarrities ov each, and united by dhat Orthoggraphy, hwich can alone aſcertain dhem. Dhe ſyſtem ov Ingliſh ſounds and ſymbols havving been ſettelled, previous to' its anny depravacion; it becoms expedient to' exammine dhe prezzent ſtate ov Ingliſh phrazzeollogy; or dhe conſtittuent parts ov dhat dialect, hwich, raized to' dhe ſummit ov refinement, notthing but dhe juſt Picture can prezerv. Az we cannot be too dellicate in dhe thaughts we picture, we cannot be too accurate in dhe words (herd or ſeen) dhat reprezent dhem. Dheze dhen muſt be (in hwatevver language) nattural, perſpiccuous, conſiſtent, and ſuffiſcient. To' be 'natural, dhey muſt be formed, or impoarted, by Anallogy. Hwatevver bairs her nedher ſtamp, muſt be held no part ov language. Ov ſuch clas, uncountenanced alike by Ettymollogy and Anallogy, alike dherfore deſtitute ov parental and perſonal merrit, ar certain late intruders, hoo hav attempted to' ſupplant dhe moſt legittimate members ov dhe litterary commonwelth. Ov dheze, if dhe lateſt, not dhe leaſt onnored, haz been Reciprocity; hoo may indeed flatter us, widh hopes ov next hailing Equivocity; az dheze dred Siſters can fairly boaſt dhe powerfool introduction ov, dheir elder Siſter Audacity, hoo cannot be much longer unaccompanied by dhe. common (dho yet unſeen) frend Fallacity! Fallacy might indeed az wel hav claimed (dhe company ov) Audacy: nor wood edher Fallacia or Audacia, or even Audace, hav exclaimed againſt it. But Audaciouſnes ſaid to' her truborn ſiſter (Fallaciouſnes), "Yoo may hav yoor particcular rezons for indulging littel Fallacy; but I can no more admit Audacy, dhan fear anny oddher rival." Rapaſcity, atroſcity, and oddhers, urge at leaſt two onnorabel deſcents, in favor ov dhat prefference widh hwich manny (even ov dhe ellegant) ar apt to' onnor forrainers; hoom ingenious Politenes finds often a neceſſity ov natturalizing, widhout edher injury or indignity to' dhe native branches. Dhus ar neſceſſarily diſtinguiſhed, az equally uſefool, capaciouſnes and capaſcity; nor les diſtinguiſhabel from edher, iz dhe colloquial and joccular capabillity. If equivocity hav here her firſt (and perhaps laſt) opportunity ov preferring her unequivvocal titel to' accompany reciprocity, hweddher into' natturalizement, or excluzion; anoddher polittical term, hwich commenced dhe war dhey jointly concluded, might wel find inimical and unnatural powers powerfoolly oppozed by dhe unfrendly, hoſtile, adverſe and inammicabel; but hoo wood ezily admit dhe independance ov amical, az much az ov inimical, reciprocity, on anny human ſyſtem, hweddher ov concord or govvernment. Yet cries dhe candid Hudibraſtic, Hoo clinches fiſt, inſted ov a ſtic; And, by dhe might ov bold Hypallage, Blunts evv'ry ſhaft ov arch Anallogy; To' me iz notthing inimical: Yoo hate ſom ſtraingers; but I like all. So can I find no equivocity, In dhe amical reciprocity. Dho French diccion be too truly a ſyſtemattic moddel, needleſly to' admit or to' retain anny forrain members; Gallic Law adopted réviſion, az more preciſe dhan dhe genneral revue. But Ingliſh diccion pozeſſing revize and revizal, az wel az revew, haz nevverdheles affected reviſion (dhat iz revizzion); hwich, obviouſly uſeles, if it lead at all, muſt mislead, dhe mere Ingliſh reader: appearing ſuch a compound ov vizzion, az reordinacion ov ordination. PERSPICUITY (or clearnes) being dhe firſt quallity ov evvery dialect; widhout hwich (quallity), words ar mere ſounds or tinkelling cymbals; polliſhed Nature, hoos alone iz true taſte, muſt az much prefer domeſtic to' forrain expreſſion, az delight to' ſee Truith in her naked charms, raddher dhan briſtelling in anny far-fetched habilliments. If all ſtile muſt be adapted to' ſubject and object; nedher familliar uzed on ſollemn, nor ſollemn on familliar occazions; if lerned terms ar nevver to' be chozen, hware nattural (alike ellegant) ar to' be found; Taſte and Tallent muſt ally dheir force to' repel dhat extraneous exuberance, hwich haz threttened ſom years paſt to' overhwelm dhe Ingliſh language, hwen juſt arrived at perfection ov polliſh, and panting for perpetuity. Az limmit and oblege, dho no longer (hwat dhey nevver wer) limit and oblige; ſo deviate, and even crown, may lead dhe oddherwize unled, into' dhe meaning ov limmitacion and obligation, deviation and corronacion. Pronounce renders pronunciation almoaſt Ingliſh: enunciacion iz now dhe darling term, becauz enounce nevver waz known. Nedher er nor error can lend much light to' dear aberracion; and hwat can throw anny on ſuch az cremacion, coruſcacion, addulacion, exacerbation, raciocination; or even on dhe gregarious, ovipparous, teſtaceous, papillionaceous, on edher dhe faſtiddious or dhe nugatory kinds? Dheze hav doutles evvery won, in dhe ſollemn, or ſcientiffic, its place; but not in familliar language, or hware depth in oddher diccions iz not to' be expected. Az wel might dhe inviolate and undiſguized Greek and Lattin inſult dhe mere Ingliſh reader; az dheir tortured tranſmutacions offered (at all ventures) for Ingliſh, by dhoze, hoo fancying it ellegant to' ſtifel nature, and ſublime to' wrap up rezon, can communicate notthing but pomp ov ſound. Dhus may Leming wel hide her bluſhing countenance, and thretten to' leve a land, hware her ezily accompliſhed Mimmic iz ſtraining ſo ſuccesfoolly in evvery clas to' diffuze her ſhaddow. Nor can we hav a ſtronger inſtance ov dhis dhan in dhe late rage for population! hwich rezembling in hed and ſholders populouſneſs (dhe pretty picture ov poppulouſnes!) and terminating ſo roundly widh ation (ſuppozed acion!) cannot but dignify dhe notion ov peopling (for pepelling or pepling), from dhe pompous pen ov dhoze hoo littel dream dhat it can onely convey dhe oppozite idea; being intrinſically no oddher dhan. (ravvage) a neſceſſary degree ov depoppulacion. If ation (or even acion) cannot be a domeſtic ending, ov terminate anny Ingliſh, formative (termination being a collatteral root, and ſo no branch, ov terminate); hwat ſhal be ſaid for dhe ſollemn natturalizacion ov collonizacion, humanizacion, or dhe like? Dhat, dho dhey nevver cood make part ov anny human language; dhey, far from belying, muſt be owned to' bair dheir meaning in dheir face; az much az dhe verry ellevated flirtacion, ſtarvacion, ruinacion, and dheir fellows! But, dho dhe rotundity ov Anglican Lattin caſt ſuch coruſcacion, and conſequent glimmeracion or glitteracion, on moddern Ingliſh; ſcarce aught, dhat ſounds not Greek, wil now go down widh dhoze, hoo feliſcitouſly az faſtidiouſly diſdain dhe peddantry ov knowing dhe principels ov anny, abov all, ov dheir native language. Dhe ſame cauz dhat made poppulacion appear population, and ſignify pepelling, inſted ov diſpepling; haz rendered gentillity, under dhe maſk ov gentility, dhe ſupplanter ov genteelnes; inſted ov collecting, az it muſt, dhe Gentile world, or abſtracting Gentilenes, dhe quallity ov a Gentile. DHE potent Chrononhotonthologos, and ſtil more terribillitudinous, Aldiborontiphoſcophornio, laid queſtionles dhe foundacions ov our prezzent ſeſquipedalian Helleniſm. A metropollitan haz hence becom a ſyllabel graiter, in a metropolittical See! Evvery ſcience haz becom more ſcientiffic, evvery art more tecnic. A meddical haz been conjured into' a phyzzical carracter. A toothmonger or tungmonger waz formerly glad to' be clodhed in French or Lattin, a mere dentiſt or linguiſt! A dubbel dealer, compounding dhe care ov hands and feet, takes now dhe degree ov chiropodiſt, Ingliſhly herd (dherfore to' be ſeen) kiroppodiſt; dho dhe titel wer more ſonorous, and ſo (according to' new ſtile) more monſtrouſly plezing in dhe ſemblance ov chiropodurgeon, for dhe ſubſtance ov kiropodurgeon. But nedher titel nor degree can he take, widhout previouſly pubbliſhing dhe Theſis; ſo aptly (az ſo awfooly intituled or) entitelled, Chiropodologia, in umbel Ingliſh guize, a kiropodollogy. Hwen indeed dhe kiropodurgeon becoms (az dhare iz ſo much rezon to' hope) dhe all-ſubduing opperator; dim conſequencial ſcience muſt proov dhe charming kiropodurgery. Non but a fleerer at dhe Facculty, and an ignorant ov dhe Greek, cood hav decompounded apottecary, a pot he carry, and phyſic, fy ſic! or phu (few) ſic; dho dhe latter Orthoggraphy ſo recconciles dhe ſentiment widh dhe new Ingliſh-Greek. Az dhe mere Lattin-French-Ingliſh occuliſt muſt ſoon guiv away to' dhe Greek ophthalmiſt, if not (raddher) ophthalmurgeon; ſo phyzzic (or fizzic) iz no more dhe ſtuddy, dhan phyzziſcian (or fiziſcian) dhe ſtudent, ov Nature; ſince be knows no more himſelf, dhan hiz object; elſe wood he write phuſic and phuſiſcian, in umbel emmulacion ov dhe far-famed Holophuſicon, ov dhe next enchanting Eidophuſicon, and univerſal Phuſicomimeſis. Hware dheze becom ſo formidably rivalled by Eidouranion, Pollaplaſiaſmos, and dhe reſt; hware dhe hair can no more be cut dhan dhe corns, but in Greek; dhe laſt tremendous term proovs dhe due coeval ov dhe Program ΟΥΔΕΙΣ ΑΜΟΥΣΟΣ ΕΙΣΙΤΩ; hwich prohibiſcion evinces dhe univerſallity ov Brittiſh Lerning; az, far from deterring, it obviouſly attracts dhe multitudes, dhat yearly croud dhe Royal Acaddemy's Exhibiſcion. Hwile dhus Art and Science becom equally profound, and all domeſtic informacion dhe more luminous, dhat it iz clodhed widh a forrain, eſpeſcially a Greek (or Greek-like) vail; the progreſs of knowledge may be ſublimely promoted by a Neologic Metaphraſe, az Anglo-Greek, or GreekIngliſh, wood name (or ſeem to' name) a New Verſion; raddher indeed, New-language Verſion; hwich muſt draw all eyes wonce more upon ſacred Anticquity, and open dhem foolly az much to' admiracion az to obedience. Dhat Lerning attends but dhe ſignal to commence dhe high emprize, may be fairly judged from won ultroneous paradigm. To philanthrapiſe one's approximate as one's perſonality; is a more thuriferous immolation, than multifarious holocauſts and hecatombs. How magnifficent an amalganzacion; in comparrizon ov dhe umbel homeſpun thredbare text! To' lov wons neighbor az worn ſelf, iz better dhan all hoal-burnt offerings and ſaccrifices. But dhe inumbracion, az in anny-oddher eclipſe, may be total or parſial. It iz total, hwen dhe hoal idea iz ſhaded (or cowered) by dhe diſk: az enchiridion (enkiriddion), criterion, catholicon (cathollicon), phenomenon (phenommenon), phlogiſton; not to' mencion pathos, mania, hydrophobia, more dhan materia medica or tinctura ſacra; and dhis far les dhan hiera picra. Yet dhe acme ov dhe Greek muſt not throw anny odium, on dhe acumen ov dhe Lattin. Law wil enter (not onely her Niſi prius, her Noli proſequi, and her Certiorari; but) her caveat dhat no dogma ſhal preclude anny tenet; and, hwen ſhe haz had her audit, wil hav her plaudit and exit. Various communities muſt hav ſeniors and juniors; ſom ſeats ov Lerning hav a Caput; but hold waz dhe bard, and bolder dhe rime, dhat gave Hed ov anny Houſe, to' nod widhout a νους. Nor les bold dhe enquirer, Hwy Joves Satellites ar les dhan Jove? hware he might ſo natively hay aſked, Hwy Joves own Sattellites ar les dhan Jove. So dhe tetraſyllabel antipodes haz a more lerned aſpect dhan dhe Ingliſh triſſyllabel; and dherfore begs leve to' clas widh dhe forrain proppers Orcades, Andes, Pleiades, Alcides, Hercules; widh Omphale, Hebe, and dhe reſt. But ſurely ſimile wil fear les dhe dainger hwich SWIFT apprehended (ov being red a ſmile!) hwen painted, in onneſt Ingliſh, ſimmily; and, if even Pyllades, Penellope, or Rhoddope, be allowed all elſe forrain; dhey cannot be red az Ingliſh, widhout dhe duplicacion. Evvery ſcience, evvery art haz her various vail: else ſhood we glimmer widh native light, not beam widh forrain ſplendor. Hence dhe ſcientiffic prefference ov radii to' rays, and ov ratio to plain rezon or propoarcion; and hence dhe pompous apparatus, ov poſtulata, deſiderata, data, or oddher ata; hwich, like dhe atums, muſt remain errata or arcana, if not erratums and arcanums, to' evvery won unacquainted widh Lattin diccion. Dhe natturaliſt knows intuitively dhe crater to be dhe cup ov dhe Volcano, hwence Vulcan emits hiz tremendous glories. Evvery ſon ov Mars muſt vindicate hiz vice, dhe neſceſſary ſtep to' promotion. Dhus dhe enſign rizes liftennant, vice hiz preddeceſſor; hoo becoms captain, but in room ov dhe terribel Major Vis. Dhe ſailor finds Aries, Taurns, and Gemini (Gemmini), much brighter conſtellacions dhan dhe Ram, dhe Bool, or dhe Twins; dho Urſa major or Urſa minor be no more hiz polar ſtar, dhan dhe graiter or dhe les Beir (or Bair); nor doo hiz moaſt darkened luminacions render always viâ Scilly, dhe road ov ſafety. Evvery dealer haz items and per-cents, if not per annums; and evvery laborer haz at leaſt ſo much per day. Nor onely iz half a word az good az a howl, in divining. Dhe marriner haz juſt confidence in dhe benevvolent Q. D. C. and keeps hiz reckoning az raſcionally A. M. or P. M. az doo boath ſeamen and landmen (or landſmen) count dheir Ingliſh monney by l. s. d. and q. But onely land-conjuracion avers prices by à: az, in dhe corn-market, Hweat 34 à 45. Ingliſh books boaſt no more Lattin or Greek titels; Ingliſh ſermons ar no more illuſtrated by Lattin, dhan by Greek quotations; Ingliſh ſcollars cannot now be branded widh affecting litterary toppics: yet hav dhey not entirely ceſed to' adorn dheir native talk widh ſuch phrazes, az pro forma, pro re nata, ex officio, ex parte, in toto, ipſo facto, vice verſa, &c. Few pure Itallian terms, az cantata, ridotto, ditto wil dhe neolodgic Lexicon hav to' trezzure. Yet dhe iz widh Ingliſh accountants perhaps dhe moaſt favorite forrainer, indeed dhe reverſe ov alien; (like No for Numero) ov dubbel vallue, hwen reduced to' dhe iniſcial and final in do; az precluding, except its own, evvery nauſeous reppetiſcion. IT muſt be owned, dhat evvery diction haz been apt to' adopt, az wel az gennerate, from a preceding. Lattin cood not compound ſo happily az her parent; nor can Lattins anny deſcendant, ſo happily az dhe Ingliſh, hoo no les juſtly boaſts Teutonnic parrentage. It dherfore cannot ſurprize, dhat TERRENCE ſhood hav named won ov hiz Commedies, Heautontimerumenos, more dhan dhat dhe Ingliſh ſhood tranſlate it Self-tormenter. But, dhat Terrence alſo preferred Adelphi to' Fratres, iz no les certain, dhan dhat Yong had dhe ſpirrit to' prefer dhe Broddhers to' boath. So now, dhat Greek taſte iz reviving, we muſt not wonder dhat Adelphi lately named (hware Broddhers cood not) dhat wonderfool ſuburb ov London, hwich onely ſuch Broddhers cood rear. Philadelphia grooved az butifool a moddern adoptive, az it made an aincient compoziſcion. Dhe Orrery had its name from dhe Nobelman, hoo gave its ſpheres to' moov, hweddher by ingenuity or pattronage; til a Brittiſh Exhibbitor announced hiz Eidouranion. So, wer fair Urania now to' be named, ſhe wood ſwel into' Ourania! Former plannetary ſyſtems contented dhemſelvs widh a Lattin termination: az planetarium or lunarium; hwich umbler (dho no les uſefool) erections hav gloried to' immitate in Aſylum, Lyceum, Forum, Rhedarium, Lactarium, and dhe reſt. But, hwen Lattin terms hav not had enuf Greek, how ezv iz it (az juſt ſhown) to' throw in a littel! Dhus dhe bold eulogium and eulogy hay fondly improoved elogium, and éloge; hwich cood produce no more dhan dhe (formerly) Ingliſh ellogy, az Greek knew but ευλογια. Are yet indeed ſuch ballooning had becom dhe rage at Room, a poet wel proppheſied Graeculus eſuriens ad coelum, juſſeris, ibit. A wind-ſwol'n Greekling wil explore dhe ſky, For trezzures erth cood copiouſly ſupply. Hwile ſuch multitudes ov Ingliſh words ar fairly formed or adopted from dhe French; dhe rage ov impoartacion, turns totally dhe ballance againſt us. Az a French-horn ſounds Ingliſh in a Cor de chaſſe (and Scotch, in a Cor de ſache); ſo a boddy ov hunters, iz (Ingliſhly!) a corps de chaſſeurs. Dhat ſorties ar dhe ſallies in evvery ſiege, and maneuvres dhe moovments by ſea and land, a Britton muſt make a ſortie from raiſon to' queſtion. Dhe land indeed haz loſt all her walks; dhey all ar becom (or becomming) promenades; and dhe gardens, we may umbly hope, wil ſpeedily return to' jardins. Be dhis az it may, dhe breſt-plate being tranſmuted into' dhe gorget, dhe ſholder-knot muſt be dhe épaulette, az ſurely az dhe ſpatterdaſhes dhe guêtres, or a polite ſummons ov mutual aſſaſſinacion un (cartel de) défi. Dhe champions appoint dhe place ov rendez-vous, and dhen reconnaître dhe bed ov onnor! Ingliſh Law ſtil marks dhe Eſſoin-days; and Ingliſh ar dhe coarts ov Over and terminer; hware dhe Crier ſtil awfoolly exclaims O-yes (for Oyez)! Brittiſh Commerce, dho ſhe knows no emporium, haz lernt dhat entrepôt iz ellegance for a ſtapel; and even ſhows ſhe haz not quite loſt her Lattin, hwen ſhe can barter ad valorem. Nor iz ſhe ſuſpected ov annithing ſo wicked az a pun, hwen for enſurance ſhe announces aſſurance, dho ſhe nevver aſſures for enſures. Liturgic lerning retains a few Lattin commencements, hwich hav indeed run into' ſubſtitucional titels dhe Te Deum, for dhe ſong ov S. Ambroſe; dhe Magniſicat, for dhe hymn ov dhe Bleſſed Virgin; and dhe reſt. Anattomy, and Medcine, claim an undiſputed right, ov clodhing certain idea's and preſcripcions widh a forrain vail. Yet nedher choozes to' contract anny needles obligacion to' dhe common frend dhe French; hoo doz indeed throw a decent vail over certain cullors, az rouge, boue de Paris, crapaud, and puce: ſo poudeſoie ſhrinks happily into' our poddeſoy. To' dhis frend howevver evvery connaiſſeur or amateur or (dho not dhe cognoſcenti or dilettanti) from dhe verry premier down, ows dhe dénoument, az wel az; dhe début ov evvery beau (not to' ſay unique) morceau; nay dhe burden ov an Ingliſh ſong, az in Ma chere amie! hware dhe fort and dhe faible ov each crittic may be aſcertained, by hiz critique ov anny chédeuvre. But dhe clair-obſeur (fool az bright az chiaro-oſcuro, and far brighter dhan dhe common glimmer ov light and ſhade) may be ſuffiſciently exemplified in an epiſtel, hware dhe author trubbels not hiz hed widh objecting to' dhe French Orthoggraphv he finds; nor douts but ſhe clodhed from dhe beguinning dhe Speech ſhe pictures. So ſeems he won ov dhe conjurers hoo diſcovver dhat our language muſt hav don dhe like; and infers conſequencially dhat; til ſuch time az dhe new Ingliſh Propriety be alſo univerſally eſtabbliſhed, no prudent pen wil venture to' introduce her. To JOHN .BULL Eſquire. SIR, As I boaſt not the étiquette of the beau-monde, and ſcarce know the routine of politeſſe; your bonté naïve will excuſe my every faux-pas, nor will make any ſevere critique on my mal-adroite or à la, volée-manner ov expreſſing my ardeur de vous baiſer les mains. If I do not ſet things dans leur dernier jour, I hope at leaſt mettre en euvre ſom ſmall ſavoir-vivre, without affecting great éclat; and, though without making any fracas, or promiſing a ſingle bon mot, not to appear abſolutely ignorantiſſime of the belles-lettres. A propos (to the ſubject on the tapis), this country s'eſt indeed emparé of a little fineſſe, and much bagatelle; if it have neither emporté nor importé the police of a kingdom limitrophe. We now pourtant enjoy les plaiſirs de in paix; by the hot balls and the cold balls of an ELLIOT and a RODNEY; by the maneuvres of the one, and the ſorties of the other. We reapproach the dehors of les humanités, if we ſhould never enter the dedans. Not mal-à-propos therefore do we celebrate our feux de joie, and our fêtes champêtres. Every court is brillante with ambaſſadours and their ſuites, paſſing through each ſweet ſuite of apartements; and every country ouvre les bras, if not le coeur, to ſtrangers. No wonder we begin once more to parler Francais; eſpecially as we have, depuis long-temps, ceaſed Latinè loqui; and, though no longer Graecas calleamus literas, our dernier reſſort is to honour the ton, the os rotundum; and to make Greek, if we cannot read it. Our goût for the beaux arts thus improves de jour en jour, whatever become of the ſciences, or of the langue maternelle. This acquires indeed ſuch a copia verborum, or rather ſonorum; ſo multifarious a je ne ſais quoi from ſo multiform foreign, ſurtout French agréments; that without them it were a mere empty bottle, which a bel-eſprit of the dernier ſiecle facetiouſly ſtiles un corps ſans ame, and which a freluquet of this age would call a bald plain-coat, le pauvre drap ſans galon! You will by dhis tune, mon cher ami, allow me ſome penchant for la philoſophie éclairée, as well as l' éloquence illuminée; nor will you wonder at my vol au ballon, though I dérange not le ſyſteme Copernique. Thus I attrappe the bon ton of the day; and, to exhibit en un mot, my talent, no les than avidity, for the modern (Britiſh) learning, dont je ſens toute l'utilité; I ſcruple not to own myſelf (pour jouer de mon reſte) αυτοδιδαϰτος. Was I not afraid of ſeeming outré, or of throwing you into a mortal ennui; I would give you a larger échantillon of my ſavoir-faire, if not of my bel-eſprit. I hope you will honour me with a viſit en paſſant; and that you will ſans façon take part of a petit-ſouper; where you may indulge au moins a free tête-à-tête with, a friend, qui a l'honneur d' être, not only Monſieur, your moſt obliged, but, Signor, your très-obéiſſant ſerviteur, MATTHEW MOTTLEY. DHIS taſte hwen France ſhal hav happily adopted, among dhe improovments ov commercial correſpondence; dhe letter may foar into' equally high neolodgic French. A Monſieur. Mr. John Bull: Comme je ne vante pas, Monſieur, le ceremonial du polite world, et qu'à peine ſais-je moi la rote de good-- breeding; votre native goodneſs excuſera tous mes falſe ſteps; et vous ne ferez point de ſevere criticiſm ſur mon aukward ou flighty maniere d' exprimer mon ardour to kiſs your hands. Si je ne préſente les choſes in their moſt ſhining colours; j'eſpere du moins to toſs up quelque petit ſkill, ſans affecter le moindre ſhow; &, quoique ſans faire aucun fuſs, ni promettre un ſeul witticiſm; ne paraître pas abſolument ignoramus dans le polite learning, &c. mutatis mutandis. MATTHIEU METIS. Contraſted to' patch-work may be a plain letter, hwich plain taſte may be ſimpel enuf to' prefer. To' JON BOOL, Eſquire. SIR, Az I boaſt not dhe ceremonial ov dhe ellegant world, and am a ſtrainger to' dhe forms ov good-breeding; yoor candor wil make allowance for my evvery littel overſight; far from being extreme to' mark dhe aukwardnes ov dhe manner, in hwich I prezent my reſpects. Dho I affect not ſhow, and abomminate buſtel; I hope not to' be found quite unacquainted widh dhe duties ov ſocial life, anny more dhan widh dhe principels ov polite lerning. Dhis contry, by mimmicking oddhers, may hav acquired ſom ſhaddow ov addres; and improoved her taſte for dhe trifling; hwile ſhe haz not ſo much az immitated, far les imparted, dhe pollity ov a neighboring kingdom. We now howevver enjoy dhe return ov pece, by dhe hot balls and dhe cold balls ov an ELLIOT and a RODNEY; by dhe glorious moovments ov dhe won, and dhe tremendous ſallies ov dhe oddher. Dhe rival nations may now, like a CURTIS, contend for dhe hights ov humannity: happy, hoo firſt ſhal ſcale dhem! Meantime all duly cellebrate dheir fireworks and dheir feaſts: hoſpitallity reigns in town and contry. Evvery coart ſhines widh ambaſſadors and dheir trains, mooving thro' dhe rich rainges ov ſuperb apartments. Each region opens her hart az wel az arms, to' dhoze ſhe ſo lately held her ennemics. Widh dhe Graces dhe Muzes dance hand in hand: dialects partake dhe dignity ov dheir ſpeakers. Hwile tungs and climes dhe moaſt remote from each oddher, proov recipprocally bleſt widh gennerous cultivation; dhe prime patriottic object muſt evverihware be dhe native land, and dhe native language. Az evvery raſcional creture pants after raſcional fredom; and evvery mature pepel, after independance; ſo evvery language, hwenceſoevver ſprung, or howevver allied; to' be pure, muſt be independant; and, to' be independant, muſt be pure. Hwen yoo doo me dhe onnor ov a call, I may explain myſelf more foolly; hwen I can annihware avail myſelf ov yoor enlightened converſacion, I am too much intereſted to' looz dhe opportunity ov ſo richly indulging, Sir, yoor moaſt obleged and moaſt obedient ſervant, ALLEXANDER SCOT. LONDON, April 29, 1784. But, dho from interſperſed (not amalgamated) ſcraps or ſhreds, ov Lattin and Greek, French, Spanniſh and Itallian; dhe moddern bubbel (yclepped ſtile) acquires az much opakenes (nay opaſcity), az levvity: ſuffiſciently umbrageous deſcends dhe claſſic vail, dhat diſdains not to' aſſume domeſtic fringes. If ſom terms be preferred, az by dhe bards, for dheir verry oddity; oddhers ar chozen by orrators, according to mezzure; and held, az ſhort or long (eſpeſcially ov extraneous longitude), cacopphonous or harmonious. Stil primogenniture (if not protogeneſis) aſſerting her prefferabel right, anommaly and anommalous ar happily expelling all irreggular and irregularrity, dhe very thaught widh dhe expreſſion. Nefarious and deleterious ar gaining ſimmilar ground, ov evvery thing wicked or perniſcious. Yet dhe prefference iz now due, onely to' forrain primogenniture; and (ſo much wizer ar we dhan our fahdhers dhe right ov alien, evver ſo novvel, extinguiſhes at wonce evvery native claim. Az hatred or diſlike haz long fallen into' odium; and good-wil, after rizing into' benevvolence, now ſoars into' philanthropy; widhout edher interreign or interregnum, hav all uſe and uſefoolnes, eze and ezines, eaguernes and greedines, weaknes or febelnes (ov boddy or mind), raſhnes and baſenes, foulnes and filthines, widh dheir fellow-formatives, been abſorbed (not ſwallowed up) in utillity, facillity, avidaity, debillity and imbecillity, temerrity and turpitude, widh dheir fellow-forrainers. Mannines waz erly wel loſt in multitude, and fewnes lately in paucity. If dhe magnitude hav almoaſt annihilated dhe graitnes ov our idea's, dheir littelnes muſt ſoon diſappear in dheir parvitude or parvity. Dho perſpicaſcity and perſpicuity be az clear az perſpicaciouſnes and perſpiccuouſnes; ingeniouſnes and ingennuouſnes ar certainly more diſtinct, dhan hwen equally involved in ingenuity; hoos French and Lattin parents conveyed onely dhe latter meaning. Hwen audacity (audaſcity) invaded Ingliſh az we ſaw, hwat compannions might ſhe not bring? nor need we wonder, hware we may object, dhat adveſity and diverſity (boath indiſpenſabel) ſhood tempt fom neollogiſts to' perverſity for perverſenes, and reverſity for dhe verry reverſe ov rezon. Dhe mongrel vicinage (viſcinage) pertends to' joſtel even dhe new favorite vicinity (vicinnity), for dhe glory ov exterminating all old Ingliſh neighborhood (naborhood); hwile affray, perhaps affecting effroi, poots an end indeed to' all fray; yet widhout beguinning anny feaſt. Dho dhe neolodgic rage be dhus laboring to' ſuppres or ſuperſede, widh domeſtic proppagacion, all forrain anallogy; ov certain (vernaccular) formatives we grow propoarcionably fond, az dhey ar alſo new, hweddher by offiſciouſnes or abſurdity. To' won or dhe oddher clas belong ſuch upſtarts, az ſtatement for ſtate or ſtating (like concernment, for concern), relacionſhip for relation, contribucionſhip for contribution, and lectureſhip for lecturerſhip or lecture. Nor can much aſtonniſhment arize, at hearing dhe prebbend or bennefice interchainged widh dhe prebbendary hoo enjoys it; in days hwen celebbrity itſelf iz undiſtinguiſhed from cellebracion. Yet ſo brightly-dark aliens muſt hav condign ofspring. Az anommaly haz produced anommalous, feliſcity feliſcitous, and bitumen dhe ſcientiffic bituminous; may we not hope to' ſee facillity facillitous, utillity utillitous, acumen acuminous, widh like ezy prodgeny? CHAPTER II. OV VERNACCULAR NEOLLOGY. 1. IN T E R M. BUT dhe dazzel ov perſpicuity may be dimmed widhout a forrain vail. Domeſtic ſubſtitucion, if les oſtentacious, iz no les truly effective. Nor can dhe ſtile be deſtitute ov ſplendor, dhat iz conſtantly ſurprizing by intcrchainge. Ov dhis dhe firſt luſter arizes from dhe adopcion ov ſollemn on familliar, and familliar on ſollemn occazions; az ov ſavior and ſalvacion, for prezerver and prezzervacion, or even ſalvage. If awfool ſtile deſcend dhus into' awles; common terms make ſomtimes dheir haples way into' dhe poolpit, hwen not dhence precluded by Liturgic dignity. Dho Moaſt-- higheſt be vindicabel az a ſuperlative beyond ſuperlatives, or higheſt beyond compare; moaſt-good iz a moddern contraſt (if not coincident) ov moaſt-bad; az dhe abſolutely good or bad, can nedher be more nor les ſo. To' uze in prayer we entreat Thee, we conjure Thee, or dhe like (familliarrities), iz almoaſt petty blaſphemy. Such iz indeed evvery unweighed word in caſes ov ſolemnity. But ſollemn terms hay loſt, reſpectively, dheir idea or dheir employment. Saccraments ſink dhus into' cerremonies, in dhat libberal ſtile, hwich titels relidgion ſuperſtiſcion, faith credulity, hope enthuſiaſm, and charrity blindnes; revvelacion and demmonſtracion az much increddibillities, az impoſſibillity likelihood. On dhe oddher hand, az dhe eſprit faible proovs now dhe French eſprit fort, dhe ſpirrit free from thaught becoms dhe Ingliſh free-thinker, licencioumes libberty, rebellion pattriotiſm, ſediſcion aſſiduity, cunning wiſdom, impudence wit, and inſenſibillity (or irrelidgion) philoſſophy: in like manner, blaſphemy ſpirrit, herreſy candor; hypoccriſy prudence, purity prudery; virtue weaknes, principel predjudice; lerning peddantry, and peddantry lerning. Dhoze, dhat dhus call light darknes, and darknes light; good evil, and evil good; cannot but hold ſuicide currage, and ſinguel combat onnor; ſo muſt be fond ov dhe new flurriſh, hwich makes edher ſelf-deſtruccion or mutual murder, poot a period to' dhe exiſtence ov won, or boath dhe aſſaſſins! But, pomp being dhe prezzent rage, poor Nature muſt be won way or oddher extinguiſhed. Refinement, indeed, muſt cruſh her in dhe cradel; by denying at wonce infants infantine ſtile, and parents (or oddher fondellers) dhe ſpontaneous appellacions ov endearment. Dhe ſweet Pappah! and Mammah! ſtifled in dhe firſt accents, muſt aſpire (before teeth, into' dentallity) even into' Fahdher! and Moddher! or dhe ſtil les nattural Sir, and Maddam. Edher pair wood com in good time. Bil or Billy, az Natures own voice haz named dhe liſper, muſt inſtantaneouſly expand into' William! Pol or Polly knows no more her own charming name, dhan dhat ov dhe dignified Mary. She muſt ſwel, from dhe our ov her baptiſm, into' dhe pompous exottic Maria! Numberles ar dhe inſiddious guizes, in hwich dhe idol Faſcion draws dhe worſhip ov dhe ignorant, dhe inattentive, and dhe affected. Not onely gahps dhe ear for pompoſſity (ov ſound): dhe moaſt common terms rite into' rage. Dheir native propriety brings dhem into' uſe; hwence, warped and bandied in all ſhapes. and at all ventures, dhey firſt becom inſippid and dhen unintelligibel. Dhus hav Londoners (ov almoaſt evvery carracter) ſucceſſively primed, ſpoarted, ſpouted and ſcouted; line, ſtile, circumſtance, period, exiſtence, trifling or oſtenſibel; hwich from hwatevver deſcripcion ov quizzes dhe terms, or dheir tortures, may hav oridginated; ar laffabel, in dhe extreme. Som ov dheze ar but newiſh, dho all be alreddy old in ſubſtitucion, or hwatevver oddher ucion dhey may hav undergon. In words, howevver oridginally fraught widh idea; hwen hacneyed, az dhe abov, into' cant, no meaning can be expected to' remain. Yet cant itſelf, howevver low a member ov human ſpeech, may ſtil be a ſubject ov Anallogy. Prog and ſcrog we ſaw in dheir claſſes (I. 330. II. 179): quiz and bore may be followed down to' dheirs. Quiz iz found, by moddern ſcollars, to' compound queer phyz; and bore may torture (127) Curioſſity manny ways, before it compenſate her pains. A mouth-piece iz a mere voice (or tinkelling cymbal) in certain provvinces: for cant muſt be common to' quaintnes and ruſtiſcity. Widh dhe latter alſo a mort ſucceded a power (dhe Lattin vis) in dhe ſenſe ov a grait indeffinite quantity or number. To' dhis clas ſeems refferabel dhe verb ouſt, perhaps a ſqueze ov outcaſt; a perſon ouſted being outed or caſt out ov favor. A truithteller haz been lately canted into' a truiſt; hoo queſtionles truizes, haven he commits a truiſm. If impropriety in dhe uſe ov ſimpel words ſo diſonnor anny dialect, can Common-ſenſe form or ſuffer ſuch jumbels, az a nec-handkerchief? Dhe Scotch pocket-napkin iz a far more nattural compound, dhan even dhe handkerchief, hwich nocs dhe hed and hand togueddher, and a nec-cloth iz ſurely complex enuf. How wood dhe French brook homme-ſagefemme; for accoucheur? and can dhe Ingliſh ear or eye ſtil bair a man-midwife for a layer or bringer-to-bed? Not ſparrow-- gras iz a graiter corrupcion ov aſparragus, dhan a contry-dance (from contre-danſe) ov counter-dance. 2. IN PHRAZE. FROM quaint terms to' quaint phrazes, dhe advance iz but from components to' dhe compoziſcion. Ov quaint phrazes, perhaps dhe leaſt offenſive ar words ov coarſe, dhe reddy-made ſupplement ov ſenſe and ov civillity. For, az an addequate compliment iz dhe complement ov ellegance; compliments unmerrited, or unment, ar dhe vileſt words ov coarſe. But, if dhe parts may be ſo vindicated from all imputation ov meaning, dhe iddioms (or iddiotiſms) ar not likely to' be loaded widh much intenſional guilt. Hob or nob dherfore (hav or not hav) haz at leaſt az much ſignifficance az I'l thank yoo for ſuch a thing; hware no thanks ar more intended dhan expected; or az dhe ſtil bolder prommiſe, I make yoo laf — by telling yoo — or, I'l tel yoo hwat wil make yoo laf: hware dhe intenſion howevver may be onneſt. But, in dhe rich artikel ov tabel-talk, or dhoze words ov coarſe dhat fil up widh equal convenience dhe vacuities ov thought and ov converſacion; dhat, being levvel to' all ſpeakers, poot all ſpeakers on dhe level; dhat, making a mecannic round ov queſtion and anſer, require mere maſhenes for circulation; SWIFT haz (in hiz Polite Converſacion) drawn up dhe ladder; az dhe French figgure it, ov hooevver haz ſo completely diſcuſſed a ſubject, dhat no won can com after dhe diſcuſſer; hoo, az we ſay, haz left notthing behind him (or her). Yet convivvial joys hav graiter debaſements dhan words ov coarſe; and dheze ar dhe words ov wine. If dhe ſtupiddeſt ov all ſtlies be dhat hwich means notthing; and, far worſe dhan dhe ſtupiddeſt, dhat hwich means dhe unperceived reverſe ov hwat it ſays; worſe dhan dhe former, and (if poſſibel) az bad az dhe latter, iz dhat hwich can guiv (unneſceſſary) pain to' anny prezzent or abſent; hwatevver borders on profannity, or wood minguel indecency widh glee. Dhe ſocial, az dhe poettic, haz doutles its licence; but dhe licence, dhat hopes to' ſublimate libberty; muſt keep az oppozite, az it may ſeem contigguous, to' licenciouſnes. Habittual fiends ov Decency, forguet her not over a glas. From purity ov mind all plezzure ſprings; And, from an umbel ſpirrit, all our pece. ſays dhe Neſtor ov Dhe Night-thaughts, hoo did indeed but bring down to' blank-verſe, Bleſſed ar dhe meek: for dhey ſhal inherrit dhe erth. Bleſſed ar dhe poor in ſpirrit: for dheirs iz dhe kingdom ov Hevven. Bleſſed ar dhe pure in hart: for dhey ſhal ſee God. Az dhe ſoarce, ſuch dhe ſtream: from dellicacy ov thought can notthing flow, but dellicacy ov expreſſion. Dho Truith be too lovly, to' need dhe forrain aid ov ornament; dubbel iz her power, haven clodhed according to' time and place. In gentile days, ſhe laſhed Folly in Folly's language; but Revvelacion braught refinement. Evvery immage, dhat wood be coarſe naked, wil be duly vailed by dhe dellicate. Dhus doo belly, ſtummac, ſwet, and oddher homely terms, ellegantly ſubſtitute ſtummac, appetite, perſpire and perſpiracion, or dhe like. If Nature bluntly ſay, Yoor belly may be fool, child; Polliſh ſays az natturally, yoor ſtummac may be ſtayed. Won, I hav no ſtummac; dhe oddher, I hav no appetite. Dhat, yoo ſwet; dhis, yoo perſpire; or, yoo ar all in a perſpiracion. If all muſt be dhus decent by land, if dhe verry gards ov good-manners muſt evince dhemſelvs ſuch by patiently and politely inviting each oddher to' exchainge but a ball in dhis world, az mutually introductory to' a better! ſhal Common-Civillity, not to' ſay Common-Senſe, creddit, dhat ſudden oaths, can be occazzionally recquizite; dhat dhey can annihware command regard, or blaſphemy lay a ſtorm? Won wood indeed expect dhat a ſtile, hwich defies Hevven, ſhood proov at leaſt omnippotent on Erth. And, dhat it iz omniprevvalent in won human dialect, dhey muſt be az much ſtraingers to' Brittiſh Libberty, hoo doo not own; az inſenſibel to' Brittiſh Elleganee, hoo perſiſt in dhe practice. Hwile dhe Jews trembel to' utter dhe name ov JEHOVAH, can Chriſtians wantonly familliarize its evvery varriacion? Not to' multiply exampels, ov hwich dhe verry exhibiſcion wer contagious; az addiſcionally conducive to' a violation ov dhat Law, on hwich all oddhers turn; can edher Rezon or Relidgion bluſter in dhe name ov GOD? or can Affectacion be ſuffiſciently inſenſibel to' flurriſh her airs in Gods name? Dho it iz nevver abſolutely too late for dantles Rezzolucion to' correct Impropriety; az won poet aſſures: — Labor omnia vincit Improbus, et duris urgens in rebus egeſtas. Strong Perſeverance muſt prevail at laſt; And Triumph follow, hwen Diſtres iz paſt. Yet ſallutary dhe advice ov anoddher: Principiis obſta: ſerò medicina paratur, Dum mala per longas invaluere moras. Chec budding il: leſt remmedy be vain, Hwen Habbit riots in Preſcripcions reign. Such attenſion wood preclude evvery dainger; nor ſhood we hear Infancy liſping, firſt Law! dhen Lord! and dhen — hwatevver can diſonnor and deprave at wonce children and dheir parents. From liſtleſnes ov habbit ſprings neſceſſarily ſuch ov taſte, az produces expreſſions hware Poetry and Piety raddher bleed dhan bluſh togueddher: Hware iz dhe North? at York, tiz on dhe Tweed. On Tweed, 'tiz in dhe Orcades; and dhare In Nova Zembla, or dhe LORD knows hware. Yet can it not be denied, dhat Ingliſh Libberty iz ſomtimes but a ſhoot ov French Fredom. Nor les certainly had dhe Gallic Horrace begun widh Mon Dieu! and reached by due gradation dhe calloſſity ov dhe moddel; Mais moi (grace au Deſtin!) qui n'ai ni feu ni lieu; Je me loge où je puis, et comme il plaît à DIEU. I (thank my ſtars) hav nedher houſe nor home; So, hware God plezes, muſt erect my dome. 3. IN DIALECT. WIDH principels ov life decline principels ov language. Tallent. no longer opperates, hware Taſte no more inſpires. Diſregard to' draught brings careleſnes ov expreſſion, and trivvial peruzals trivvial pubblicacions. Hence dhe inattenſion ſo frequent (and ſo flagrant) in writing az in ſpeech, to' evvery kind ov accuracy; and dhe violation we hav ſeen in boath dialects, ov evvery law dhat ſhood gard Common-ſenſe, no les dhan common Perſpicuity. Hence dhe yet unceſing interchainge ov affirmative and neggative, ov reſt and mocion; ov perſons, ſtates, genders, numbers, degrees; tenſes, moods, formacions, and ſtiles, in dhat hwich jumbels all in won caottic dialect. Hard indeed iz it to' ſay in hwat rank or ſittuacion we doo not ſee az wel az hear, hwat neither you or I could credit; what ſeldom or ever fails to ſhock the unvitiated ear and eye; what therefore you would not imitate on no account: nor I neither. From whence is all this barbarity come? and where ſhall it be going From hence (ſhall it go) in the country of oblivion. Betwixt you and I, no one would hardly believe that you, nor no other in the pariſh of Mary-le-bone, could expreſs, far more exhibit thoſe ſort of reflections, nor bother the learned as inquiſitive public with any of them things. That is very high. It is all a hum. You muſt not think to hum me. It was not me, it was him; or it was all along of him. Was I perſuaded of that, I ſhould be ſatisfied, nor trouble my head no further about it; but till I myſelf am perſuaded, you will forgive my dubiouſneſs (herd often doobuſnes). Nay, give me leave to tell you, I heard him himſelf ſwear that you was the only one, who could be arraigned of the audacity to begin, continue, and finiſh the unpardonable innovation. I leave any rational creature to gueſs which of the two affirmations is the moſt probable, or which of both the worthies deſerves the greateſt credit; whether he that hath ſworn, or him that will not ſwear. I wiſh you had not thus expoſed yourſelf: O that he was here now! Was you among the mob, when the convicts was hung? I'l be hang'd, if he was not there. You don't imagine he was; but I could lay you a guinea on it: as I hope he has too much humanity, to loſe one of the many happy occaſions of bidding friends a very good-night. Not to' comment on a parragraph, hware ſtile iz wordhy dhe thaughts, and hwat dhey hoo know equally Greek and Ingliſh, wood call dhe orthoggraphy (yet write dhe orthography!) ov boath; Writing muſt be, for manny rezons, more accurate dhan Speech. But, if accuracy beguin not in ſpeech, it wil not be annealed in writing; nor can anny, hoos converſe iz ſlovvenly, be expected to' pen widh ellegance. Habbit iz wel named a ſeccond-nature: occazzional exercion wil not chainge it. Nevver wil an aukward and a tawdry oridginal, make at wonce a like and a polliſhed picture. Ov all tawdrines dhe groceſt, we hav alreddy perceived Affectacion. She wil (we know) uze dhe familliar for dhe ſollemn; az chriſten and chriſtening, for baptize and baptiſm: nor les, dhe ſollemn for dhe familliar; az dhe jeſts ov Joſeph Miller, for Joe-Millers jeſts. Solemnity, dhus claiming dhe direct arraingement, leves to' familliarrity, hwat not evvery tung enjoys, dhe power ov tranſpoziſcion. Widh equal propriety dhen, in reſpective place, Shakſpears works may be ſpoke ov; or dhe works ov Shak-ſpear may proov dhe various theme, on hwich dhe opinnions ar ſpoken. Propriety dherfore adapting thaught and expreſſion, nedher ſoars beyond, ſinks beneadh, miſrepprezents nor miſaddreſſes her object; hwile her antipode overhwelms widh compliment inapplicabel, damps by widhholding onnors due; or, worſe dhan edher, Donne de l'encenſoir au travers du viſage, Widh dhe raſh cenſer ſtrikes dhe fearles face. Dignity ſuffering equally from promiſcuouſnes and from pomp; alike ridicculous (cood dhe impious be ridicculous) wer dhe ſtile, dhat ſhood throw togueddher dhe ilands ov Brittain and Iceland; and dhat hwich ſhood impute, perhaps to' a pompous ſpeech, dhe ſalvacion ov dhe Brittiſh Empire; or, ſhood even attempt to' expand dhe hoal Brittiſh Empire at large. If ſtiles dhen ar to' be ſuited to' dheir objects, no les muſt dhey be conſiſtent in dhemſelvs. If he doth and drives muſt be claſſed widh he pardoneth and abſolvs; Conſiſtence cannot dhou and dhee it in won part ov an addres, and yoo and ye it, in anoddher. Dhe ſame quaintnes, dhat ſubſtitutes a collective for a plural, finds an indefinite genteel for a deffinite idea. Dho it haz not yet ventured Pubblic ar — for Dhe pubblic iz — notthing wil now go down but Minniſtry ar — for dhe Minniſtry (or dhe Minniſters ar) and ſo on. Dhe ſame accuracy makes dhey and dhem reprezent a ſingular (collective) ſubject (130, 131). Not dhat dhe deffinite artikel iz quite exploded. Dho dhe grammar ov anny livving language be now beneadh anny ſcollars attenſion, all muſt know French enuf to' admire ſuch (cood ſuch be) az Dhe Abington and Dhe Siddons! Dhey, hoo bluſh not yet to' return back again, ar proud to' meet approbation, to' pledge themſelves, nay ſomtimes to' commit themſelves, and dhe like. Dhe falſe curteſy ov moddern tungs allows familliar ſtile to' addres won perſon and manny perſons, alike by dhe pronoun ov dhe plural number; dho yoo can no more paint perſons in dhe govverning, dhan ye in dhe govverned ſtate. If yoo howevver (widh dhis indiſpenſabel reſtriccion) be dhe promiſcuous repprezentative ov dhe dhe ſeccond perſon; we cannot, but in dhe moaſt awfool ſolemnitv, exhibbit a ſinguel ſpeaker, or dhe firſt perſon ſingular. Hwile a vizzibel individdual can ſo seldom (widhout arrogance) ſwel into' we, an imizzibel and indeffinite plurallitv (ſuppozed a verry legion ov ſpirrits) can urge no better titel, dhan dhe Prieſtes ov Apollo, to' iſſue anny orrakel introduced or enfoarced by we or us. Argument haz no need ov dhe arguer (principal or proxy); and intelligence muſt not ſpeak by dhe intelligencer, in dhe ſpeaking perſon. From anny den dherfore ov pubblicacion, hoo can bair dhe aſſociated voice, hwich at wonce precludes critticiſm, and antiſcipates ſorrow or joy? We are ſorry to' declare — We ar happy to' announce (according to' moddern pomp) — We wood caucion our readers — hoo hav abſolutely no correſpondence widh edher crittics or advertizers. An anonnymous newſwriter may indeffinitely ſay We, (for he cannot I) hear, if anny prefface be needfool, dhat on — day laſt, Mr.— committed dhe raſh action, or (more genteelly) died a Roman deth; and dhat yeſterday was decided in Hyde-park, an affair ov onnor, in hwich won ov dhe heroes (unfortunately!) fel. If a word often more dhan ſuffice to' dhe intellectual, dhe boddily ear and eye ar ſomtimes unitedly ſhocked, nay repeatedly mocked, by dhe cluſter ov informacion. A general Court of Proprietors — was held — for taking into conſideration their ſituation under the operation of the late Act? But, ſuch ſtore being now no ſore, wil warrant even dhe bold ſubſtitucion ov a twanging particippial for an adverb, from a like melodious ſoarce. The various colours of the earth have an amazing pleaſing effect! Dho dhe quallifier ov noun may, in all diccions, repprezent dhe cognate quallifier ov verb; ſo an adjective its adverb (Sweet az tunes Phillomel her nightly ſtrain); an adjective, howevver near in ſound, cannot proxy an adverb, dhat muſt moddify anoddher quallifier. Yet bel, febel in dhe end, iz often herd (nay, ſeen!) dhe ſubſtitute ov bly for belly; particcularly in remarkabel for remarkably: az remarkabel good, for remarkably good; remarkabel wel, for remarkably wel. Dhe ſame untutorednes or inattenſion, dhat knows not or minds not, dhe difference between a febel vowels prezzence and abſence, even haven dhe ſlender vocallity muſt diſtinguiſh adverb from adjective; edher haples cauz may more ezily interchainge a prezzent and an abſent iniſcial aſpiracion; eſpeſcially az dhe picturage ov various moddern tungs haz hiddherto' been apt to' prezent almoaſt alike to' dhe eye ſuch aſpiracion, real or imadginary. Orthoggraphv alone can aſcertain utterance; but notthing (except Nature or Care) can preclude Affectacion and Vulgarrity. Boath wil dherfore pannegyrize, if not dhe hoſpitable builders of hoſpitals; dhe oſpitabel bilders ov hoſpitals; hwile dhey really mean to' cellebrate dhe hoſpitabel bilders ov oſpitals. If propper ſound cannot continnue under impropper picturage, impropper ſound wood be but rattified by dhe juſteſt picture. To' obviate dhis dainger widh reſpect to' iniſcial aſpiracion, a London-- Newſpaper prezented (Sept. 25, 1784) a parragraph hwich a littel varriacion in dhe words, and a total ov dheir picture, haz adapted. To' dhe Printer. SIR, "I hav always had an averſion to' anny departure from rectitude. Yoo wil perhaps think me ſcrupulouſly nice, hwen I tel yoo, dhat I cannot bair extravvagance in behavior, dres, or food; anny miſapplicacion ov words, anny viſcious pronunciacion, or ungrammattic language. Ov won thing, dhat guivs me particcular diſguſt, I obzerv manny perſons guilty: I mean dhe aſpiracion ov all words beguinning widh a vowel, and dhe rejecting ov dhe aſpiracion in dhoze hwich onneſtly beguin widh an H. Such omiſſion, even from dhe nectareous lips ov dhe fair, iz ungracefool In hopes dhat ſom ov my acquaintance may, upon a fool hearing, make due atonement; I take dhe libberty to' prezent Dhe umbel petiſcion ov H, hwich ſhoweth — Dhat manny Ladies, Gentelmen and oddhers, to' hoom H uzed to' find fair az free acces; hav now edher totally diſcarded dhat aſpiring iniſcial, or ridicculouſly aſſociated him widh a company ov ſtraingers. A yong Lady, to' dhe grait mortificacion ov H, obzerved dhe oddher day, dhat ils made a pretty contract widh dhe valleys below; dhat dhe ouzes wer butifoolly diſperſed among dhe woods, and dhat ſhe waz fond ov earing dhe howls in dhe hevening. From dhe verdant harbor, hware dhe birds chant ſo ſweetly; ſhe can admire dhe capacious arbor, hware ſo manny ſhips ſlote ſo ſafely. She trembels at dhe prancing ov a orſe, but fears him not drawing dhe arrow. She lovs dhe harts, az wel az dhe ſciences; but iz conſtantly ſhooting harrows hat ſuſceptibel arts. In ſummer preferring hale to' wine, ſhe heats hartichokes; and in winter ſwallows ot aſhes, widhout receiving anny arm. She ates warm weddher, yet likes verry wel a clear evven, heſpeſcially wen ſantering among dhe haſhes and dhe hoaks. So hamiabel howevver iz dhis yong Lady, dhat, widh her fine air, ſweet hies, quic hears, dellicate harms; abov all, her tender art; ſhe wood guiv anny man a ankering to' halter iz condiſcion. She even toaſts a andſo.m uzband, next to' elth and appines ere and crafter; and dhis verry morning, perhaps meaning no arm, ſhe made a gay yong fellow bluſh, by telling him he waz verry hairy. H umbly dherfore hopes a redres ov hiz wrongs; inazmuch az no human being, more dhan himſelf, can be edher onnored or happy widhout it." H iz here made a a male, contrary to' dhe gender ov ſom parent-diccions, perhaps becauz a Lady iz repprezented az interchainging dhe violation; dho dhe oddher ſex, widh all its aids, be fool az apt to' violate vernaccular Propriety. Dhis barbarous interchainge cannot be ſuppozed peculiar to' won, but common to' all dialects dhat admit iniſcial aſpiracion; hwich by its verry effort, muſt evverihware be les frequent dhan iniſcial vocallity. In Lattin az in Greek, even dhe ruf ſpirrit waz ſo gentel, az ſcarce to' claim dhe rank ov articulacion; and not at all to' ſhare poziſcional onnors. Before a vowel ſtrong or long howevver, it muſt be more effective dhan before a febel won. Hence dhe ezy contraction ov mihi and nihil into' mî and nîl, dhe interchainge ov Hannibal and Annibal, and dhe almoaſt ſamenes ov dhe former ſyllabel in dhe laſt word ov Semper tibi pendeat hamus; and ov reti convenit ames. Simmilarly next to' notthing. became dhe h ov Hic erit, ut perhibent doctorum corda virorum, Primus Romana Criſpus in hiſtoria. Criſpus, dhe Crittics boaſt, ſhal beam dhe glory, Ov primal magnitude, in Roman ſtory. Dho iniſcial aſpiracion muſt be ſtronger in moddern, dhan it waz in aincient languages; and dherfore we cannot ſay an hiſtory, an habit, an heroe, an horror, an human creature, for a hiſtory, a habbit, a heroe, a horror, a human creture; nor even an hiſtoric detail, or dhe like. But dhe febelnes ov Roman aſpiracion made CATULLUS neglect inſtances ov its impropper omiſſion, hwile Affectacion rendered its unnattural prefixture abundantly ridicculous. Nor can we dout dhat ſuch az Arrius foolly gutturalized mihi and nihil into' michi and nichil, az wel az commadum into' chommodum. But hear we Catullus himſelf, firſt in hiz own language, and dhen in ours. De ARRIO. Chommoda dicebat, ſi quando commoda vellet Dicere, et hinſidias Arrius inſidias. Et tun mirificè ſperabat ſi eſſe locutum; Cùm, quantum poterat, dixerat hinſidias! Credo, ſic mater, ſic Liber avunculus ejus; Sic maternus avus dixerat, atque avia! Hoc miſſo in Syrian, requiêrunt omnibus aures: Audîbant eadem haec leniter et leviter. Nec ſibi poſtillà metuebant talia verba, Cùm ſubitò affertur nuncius horribilis: Ionios fluctus, poſtquam illuc Arrius îſſet; Jam non Ionios eſſe, ſed Hionios. On ARRIUS. My character, hwen carracter he'd ſay; Cri'd Arrius, murder'd in hinſiddious way! Dhen ſoar'd aloft, az if inſpir'd he ſpoke, Hwen, on hinſiddious harts! hiz wrauth he wroke. Hiz moddher, unkel, grandſire ſo aſpir'd; Nor had hiz grandame from dhe hight retir'd. Arrius to' Syrria ſent, all ears had reſt; Or from dhe pitteous pant, or breth ſuppreſt: Nor dhencefoarth fear'd to' feel from edher faut; Hwen ſuddcn dhe horriffic news waz braught, Dhat dhe Ionian waves, ſince Arrius croſt, Wer all, alas! in dhe Hionian loſt. But dhe completeſt collection ov London-vulgariſms, may be taken from dhe larger Verſion ov dhe twenty-- ſeccond Eppigram ov dhe firſt Part ov dhe ſixth Book ov digeſted Marſial; V. 8. ov dhe common Ediſcions. De PHASIDE. EDICTUM domini deique noſtri; Quo ſubſellia certiora fiunt, Et puros eques ordines recepit; Dum laudat modò Phaſis in theatro, IN HER PICTURE. Phaſis purpureis rubens lacernis! Et jactat tumido ſuperbus ore: Tandem commodiùs licet ſedere, Nunc eſt reddita dignitas equeſtris: Turbâ non premimur, nec inquinamur. Haec, et talia, dum refert ſupinus; Illas purpureas, et arrogantes, Juſſit Lectius ſurgere lacernas. On PHASIS. Our ſovv'rain Lords auguſt command, Dhat bids dhe ſeats reſpective ſtand; Dhat bids dhe knightly rows be fixt, Nor multitudes be longer mixt; Hear Phaſis mid dhe knights atteſt, Refulgent in hiz purpel veſt! Swelling, he hems: It iz but fit, At length we ſhood commodious ſit. Hiz dignity each knight regains: Dhe mob nor ſcrouges him, nor ſtains. Hwile more, ov ſuch equeſtrian ſtuf, Fond Phaſis pours, ſupinely gruf; Dhe purpel robes, dhat brave dhe ſkies, Dhe awfool Lectius bids arize. Dhe vulgar word ſcrouges, ov dhe tenth line, gave riſe ro' dhe following Comment (p. 543, ov dhe Quarto-- Ediſcion). "Hwatevver may hav been in Pythaggoras' artikel (510) ſuggeſted againſt dhe doctrine ov Tranſmigracion, ſom ſuſpect dhe ſuggeſter a verry Pythaggorean: no oddher indeed dhan MARSIAL himſelf, annimating ſuch an alien to' LONDON, az he waz to' Room; and not onelv prezenting hiz own improoved Works, Loath Lattin and Ingliſh, but writing hiz own Comment upon dhem. Won, ſay dhey, wil appear on collation; dhe oddher by dhe communication, hwich dhe tranſmigrant alone cood make ov Eppigram XXII. at large, widh Phaſis' gennuine harangue; hwich, dho az identic az tungs can tranſmigrate, nedher Room nor London cood admit in dhe text; but hwich edher admire, az an anticquity; exhibbiting, hwen boath languages had attained dheir ſtandard, dhe truly vernaccular ſtile ov boath times. Dhe Lattin oridginal iz no more neſceſſary (perhaps les) dhan it waz ſevventeen hundred years ago. Dhen muſt it hav appeared in dhe oridginal Comment; and widh ſuch Comment vaniſhed, hwen boath had anſered dheir end. But dhe Ingliſh, guivving a ſpeſcimen ov hwat we ſomtimes admire from vennerated pens, and always accept from numberles tungs ov dhe Cappital; may hav its uſe, az wel az its entertainment." Here it may be propper to' premize hwat waz ſubjoined az a note referred to' (*) line 14. "All nations and ages hav been liabel to' corruption ov language, no les dhan ov manners; ov won indeed, widh dhe oddher. Grocenes and Affectacion walking hand in hand, hav evver been apt to' ſuppres licquefaccion and aſpiracion, hware reſpectively indiſpenſabel; and to' ſupply dhem, hware intollerabel; to' tranſpoze, interchainge, or oddherwize alter, widh ſtres, at wonce quantity and ſound; conſequently, to' make ſound and ſymbol, dho no moddels ov each oddher, perhaps too faithfool pictures ov dhe ſenſe. Dhe interchainge dherfore ov dhe depreſſive labial aſpirate, and dhe braud licquefier, (V and W) howevver repprezented, haz been genneral, hwarevver dhe abov fatal ſiſters hav reigned. But, hwile dhey uniformly annimated dhe organs ov a Phafis; manny, dhat gloried to' join him in oddher buties, begged leve to' differ from him in dhis. To' exhibbit a juſt verſion ov ſo curious an anticquity, it ſeems propper to' mark dhe ſtile ov dhe elder ſiſter, or dhe obſolete, Itallic; (dhat) ov dhe yonger, or dhe auguſtan, CAPPITAL? On PHASIS; The knight ſelf-dubb'd, and ſoon degraded; Who ſtill one ſweet half-hour paraded. Our ſov'reign lord's auguſt command, That bids dhe ſeats reſpective ſtand; That bids the knightly rows be fixt, Nor multitudes be longer mixt; Hear Phaſis mid the knights atteſt, Refulgent in his purple veſt; His wiſdom fluſhing in his face! Ve hav at length reſoom'd our place, And can with doo diſtinction ſet, Nor ye the great and wulgar met. Ve dooly ſhall behould the play, Sence ve in no confuſion lay. Of ruination vonc't afear'd, Ven ve vas* nither ſeen or hear'd; Tell this day, write as alablaſter, Bewrays me of myſelf no maſter. One can't ſcarce recollect the tithe, Of all, that hove th' equeſtr'an ſigh; But 'tis ſom comfort for to think, That we was only on the brink. A humble, no; an high delight Pricks us for to aſſert our right: Cur'oſity need never acs, Nor need no wits be on the racks; Childern can, like the larn'd, atteſt Of BOND or FREE, WHICH is the BEST. If you but look AMONG MANKIND, You'll ſee that THEY are not ſo blind, As for to CALL them things IN doubt, Or on THOSE SORT of themes to ſpout. Then let's not wine; but on the whing Of chiefeſt exultation ſing AN UNIVERSAL jubilee! And ſuch AN ONE we never ſee. We ne'er was bleſt with bounty bigger: So ſhall us CUT A tearing FIGURE; Nay, CUT A FLASH with much facility, In this here LINE of true GENTILITY. UTILITY and LUSTRE SHINE, Their CORUSCATIONS o'er our LINE; No rifraf rubbing in VICINITY, Nor none but of our CONSANGUINITY. 'Tis with AVIDITY and chear, TOGETHER we're ASSEMBLED HERE; No inſolence APPROACHING NEAR. Go in the countery or town, A knight is know'd from e'er a clown; And quite as ſoon purceived his KNOWLEDGE, In AN HALF-HOUR, as in AN WHOLE age. Yet wat was all MANKIND, but FOOLS; Ef THEY was not trained up in ſchools? There all my COMPANY WERE high, Who thought THEMSELVES as good as I. The PUBLIC KNOW, ef here I ly. BOTHERED THEM in pride of purſes: But IT was ME, that made the worſes. So an't us, as we was of old: We are got in the age of GOLD: FROM WENCE, high Sirs, 'TWIXT YOU AND I, You was a wand'ring certainly; As how you thought that wat was wrong, Would laſting, or (in ſhort) be long. You muſt allow, that WAS but I there, You had no room to tremble NITHER And, wen you ſee me that there day; I dar'd, as now I dares to ſay, Wat now YOU need not I to tell YE, Do but prowide for back and belly: Be this, with watſomever crown'd; And that, with toonick or withgownd; Your rank is SA FE as mine, AND SURE; Let thunder growl, or tempeſt pour. Our dignity we knights regains: The mob NOR ſcrouges us, OR ſtains. Wat, thof our terror wonc't was GREAT, Leaſt we ſhould loſe our ancient ſeat? Whoe'er hath more or LESSER fear, May bold, az ME MYSELF, Come HERE, Whoe'er's afeard, I a'n't, nor wa'n't Not never that myſelf I VAUNT, Nor nought my manly mind can DAUNT. Nor yet let none ſuſpect me SAUCY, Like a low feller of the cauſey; Wile I the matter WHOLE diſcuſs, Ef cur'ous yoo, or coveteous: For immater'al thof it be, Preſumptious i'n't it not in me, Who never play'd no ANTIQUARIAN; YET STILL a Roman, no barbarian; To give your hopes AN HIGH incentative, Nor leſſer to your fears preventative. As I ſat out then, and BEGUN, Before the horſe of moon or ſun; And, ef I HAD not yet BEGAN, You ALL confeſs I were the man, From who your conſolation SPRUNG, On who your ſorrows all you FLUNG; Who no induſtry ne'er could vary, Watever might be ly'd contrary: THAN WHOM a more ACCEPTABLE Could NITHER doubt OR debt diſpel. You can't ALLEGE, that now I dream, Or wander FOREIGN FROM my theme: AVERSE FROM ſcrouging with the ſcum, How glad I was, wen HERE I come! And ſooner HERE we ſhould have came, But othergueſs folks was to blame. Of woes the cloſe! of joys the ſoorce! As Caledonians ſhape their coorſe! But Oh! I feel a ſudden WOOND — Nor more: the paly PHASIS ſwoon'd. The purple robes, that brav'd the ſkies, Heard awful LECTIUS roar ARISE! Dhis LECTIUS waz won ov dhe officers appointed by dhe Emperor to' prezerv dhe pollity ov dhe Amphitheater; dhat no encroachment might be made on dhe reſpectively appropriated places ov dhe Sennators, Knights, and Commons. Ov dhis, and oddher anticquities, dhe Curious hav a fool inveſtigacion, in dhe Comment hwence dhis ſummary iz taken. To' deſcend from ſuch ſublimmity ov thought and expreſſion, and from a picturage wordhy ov booth; wer to' pas from dhe pathos to' dhe bathos; terms alike lucid to' ſcollars, and vennerated by dhe reſt. But, dho dhe barbariſm, or barbariſms, ov evvery line ſtrike at wonce dhe eye ov evvery attentive peruzer; how manny, even London-ears, or hurt by dhem? becauz in hwat ſtreet (raddher hwat houſe) doo for or oddher ov dhem not occur evvery our, from unimadginabel moudhs? So true it iz, in language az in life, dhat Evil communicacion corrupts good manners. Not howevver to' return bac, far les return bac again, upon dhe abundance, pennury, or puppyiſm, ov dhoze hoo take (not make) us prizzoners, yet meet (not widh) our approbacion; hoo hav ſo often hummed and bored us (111, 129, 136, 145, and hware not?); hoo ſhood hav thought dhat a genius, a ſcollar, and a chriſtian, wood hav chozen for dhe heroe ov won ov dhc moaſt butifool tradgedies in anny language dhe ennemy ov JULIUS? dhat ſo fine a writer, and ſo abel a crittic, ſhood hav introduced hiz heroe ſo ſelf-- ſwolen az to' fancy all Nature in arms againſt him and ROOM, becauz ſhe wood not be commanded by a man, hoo cood not command himſelf? to' make the morning lour at leaſt foar times in dhe two firſt lines, and dhe day thrice tremendous by dhe fate ov dhe philoſopphic ſuicide! Dhe dawn iz overcaſt, dhe morning lours, And hevvily, in clouds, brings on dhe day; Dhe grait, impoartant day! big widh dhe fate Ov Cato, and ov ROOM! If ſuch a writer cood ſo exemplify dhe dainger, to' hwich all human language iz moaſt liabel; no wonder dhat from writers ov evvery clas may be exampled evvery ſort ov imprecizzion: hwich may indeed arize, not more from Redundance, Defiſcience, or Inaddequacy; dhan from Miſarraingement, Miſconnexion, or Miſnomer: dhe laſt, dhe child ov Anaccroniſm. Hence it iz, dhat Inattenſion ſo oft affirms hwat nevver happened: for inſtance, dhat Lord Anſon ſailed round (neoterrically, circumnavvigated) dhe world. Dhe firſt copious ſoarce ov obſcurity may appear in ſuch arrangement az: He tried dhat way ov writing widh ſpirrit; hware Precizzion muſt underſtand ſpirrited writing, not ſpirrited trial: dho (verry common) Imprecizzion might intend, He tried widh ſpirrit dhat way ov writing; or, Dhat way ov writing he tried widh ſpirrit. Ov dhis kind waz 'A report, hwich prevailed (Aug. 3, 1783) dhat dhe French had inſiſted on receiving part ov dhe expences dhey had incurred in aſſiſting dhe Dutch, from dhis contry;' inſted ov receiving from dhis contry, part — So dhe diſtance ov dhe rellative from antecedent, muſt obſcure by interrupting dhe connexion. Hoo dhen ſhal (certainly) underſtand ſuch an artikel ov intelligence, az dhat ov London, Oct. 14,1784? 'A ſwindler was committed by the ſitting magiſtrate in Bowſtreet, on Monday laſt.̒ who was taken by dhe gentleman he had impoſed upon in the following manner' — or dhis ov Nov. 6. 1784? — Not long ago he married a young lady, contrary to the conſent of her parents; by whom he has two children, dhe youngeſt not three months old. The feelings of a wife, ſo circumſtanced, muſt be trying in the extreme. Hwatevver prooved dhe fate ov edher (perhaps won) heroe, dhe abov words probbably ment: On Monday laſt waz comby dhe ſitting madgiſtrate in Bowſtreet, a ſwindeller, hoo waz taken in dhe following manner, by dhe gentelman he had impozed on — or, hoom dhe gentelman he had impozed on, took in dhe following manner — if indeed dhis introduced not dhe manner ov dhe impoziſcion. Dhe oddher tradgic words muſt imply: Not long ago (dho Vulgarrity prefers Not long bac) he married, widhout dhe conſent ov her parents, a yong lady, by hoom he haz two children; dhe yonger (or won) not three months old. Dhe feelings had better been left to' dhe reader, hoo might poſſibly hav gueſſed dhe conſequence. A writer, dhat wood not riſk dhe ſevereſt imputacion ov redundance, wil not think offiſciouſly for dhe reader. Yet a more reſpectabel parragraph (Feb. 17, 1785) mencions a Memorial — requeſting a compenſation — to the ſufferers by the ſurrender of Eaſt-Florida to the Crown of Spain; which has now been delivered up in purſuance — of the Treaty — concluded during the Marquis of Landſdown's adminiſtration. Here we lern dhat dhe Crown ov Spain waz delivvered up, during dhe adminiſtracion ov a perſonage, hoo, it muſt be owned, did not exiſt. But if hoos and hwiches muſt not involve hweel widhin hweel, nor he's and hims confound different males in won period; no proxy can too preciſely repprezent its principal, and ſo no pronoun its noun. If a pronoun muſt preciſely repprezent dhe object, or objects, it pretends to' reprezent; a ſingular can no more proxy a plural, dhan a plural a singular, a male a female, or dhe contrary. Hwat precizzion dhen muſt we admire in dhe following chain ov informacion! London, May 3, 1785. The great Spencer was Poet Laureat to Queen Elizabeth, who died in 1598, about four years before his royal Miſtreſs. He was ſucceeded by Samuel Daniel, who died in 1619, and left the bays to Ben Jonſon, who held it 18 years, and then reſigned it to Sir William Davenant; who dying in 1668, after he had enjoyed it 31 years, it was placed on the head of Dryden. But at the Revolution he was depoſed, and the bays adorned the brow of Thomas Shadwell, whom Dryden hated ſo much for this rivalſhip as to produce one of the ſtrongeſt ſatires in our language, well known by the name of Mac-Fleckno. After Shadwell had worn it four years, he died in the year 1692, and it deſcended to Tate. This Monarch had it 24 years; but dying in 1716, it fell to the Rev. Mr. Euſden, who enjoyed it to the year 1730. Colley Cibber was the immediate heir to Euſden, who perhaps for this and other equally good reaſons, was made the hero of the Dunciad by Pope. His dramatic writings however have reſcued him from the character of a dunce, though his Odes are ſubject to ſome animadverſions. William Whitehead ſucceeded Colley Cibber in 1757, and enjoyed it for 28 years. Dying in April 1785, he is now ſucceeded by the Rev. Thomas Warton, Fellow of Trinity-College, Oxford, Author of the Hiſtory of Engliſh Poetry, and other poetical pieces! Precizzion might hav attended conciſenes in ſom ſuch petty annal az dhis: Queen Elizzabeths (Poet) Laureat, Spenſer, by deth quitted dhe bays in 1598; hiz ſucceſor, Sammuel Danniel enjoyed dhem til 1619. Ben-Jonſon, in 1637, rezigned dhem to' Sir William Davvenant; hoo dying in 1668, dhey wer placed on dhe brow ov Dryden. Dhence dhe Revvolucion transferred dhem (in 1688) to' Tomas Shadwel; hoom hiz preddeceſſor onnored morover widh Mac-Flecno. Shadwel left dhem in 1692, az did Nahum Tate in 1716; and dhe Rev. Mr. Euſden in 1730. To' him ſucceded Colley Cibber; hoo, for dhis perhaps, more dhan anny better rezon, became dhe heroe ov dhe Dunciad. On Cibbers demiſe in 1757, William Hwitehed inherrited dhe laurel; and in 1785 it began to grace, or be graced by, dhe Rev. Tommas Warton, author ov manny poettical pieces, az wel az ov dhe hiſtory ov Ingliſh poetry. Dho ſuch be dhe ſtile ov our pubblic intelligencers, it cannot now be ſuppozed, dhat imprecizzion, or impropriety ov anny clas, iz confined to' perioddic pubblicacion. Nature had matured our language; but Art had not aſcertained it. Hence it iz, dhat ſo few authors in proze or verſe can yet be opened, widhout exemplifying exces, defect, miſchoice, or diſorder; in words, az in dheir repprezentacion. No wonder if almoaſt evvery Inſcripcion in dhe Cappital (or, widh Helleniſtic dignity, dhe Metroppolis) becom a pubblic teſt at wonce ov our forrain and domeſtic litterature. Hwat ſhal our neighbors think ov our attainment in dhe language, widh hwich we ar ſo proud to' interlard our own; hwen dhey ſee us treat Mary az a man, in dhe ſtreets dignified Mary-le-bone? Dhey can no more ſuſpect we ſay Marribone, dhan dhat we mean Marie la bonne. Som antiquaries indeed ettymollogize it Marie la borne; but borne and Marie ar equally femminine; and dhe artikel at anny rate makes no part ov dhe Ingliſh name. How wood poor PRISCIANS hed bleed anew, cood he rear hiz awfool eyes on an eddifice inſcribed, Began in ſuch a year, and Finiſhed in ſuch anoddher! And ſhall Precizzion be expected in a Land, dhat loads dhe front ov a prime oſpital in her principal citty, widh an Inſcripcion exhibbiting it — Supported by the Voluntary Subſcriptions and Benefactions of the Nobility, Gentry, and others; inſted ov Suppoarted by Bennefaccions; if indeed ſuch notice be neſceſſary? Redundance, dhe chief dainger ov human ſpeech, peculiarly ov derivvative diccion, iz partly owing to' dhe dezire ov expreſſing enuf, and to' dhe dellicacy ov perceiving hwen won haz don ſo. But dhe copiouſnes ov derivvative diccion muſt arize from dhe numberles ſoarces dhat ſupply it. Hence haz it ampel ſtore for evvery purpoſe; and parrallel ſtreams ov expreſſion, muſt often contend for prefference. Yet dho anny won ov ſevveral (az from Greek, Lattin, French. Gaulic or German fountain) might, won way or oddher, paint dhe idea; a littel attenſion wil (ſerv to') evince, dhat no language howevver copious in itſelf, or enriched from abraud, can hav anny two terms ſo identic in ſenſe, and ſo equal in ſound, az to' be preciſely ſynonnymous. Be dhe pictures ov won arketype, or terms for won firſt idea, evver ſo numerous; ov evver ſo obvious a rezemblance, or ſo near an equivvalence to' each oddher; (the various channels thro' hwich dhey hav deſcended, muſt hav ſo neſceſſarily varied dhem in extent or expreſſion, ov meaning or mold, dhat non can to' a perfet judge be abſolutelv interchaingeabel. Dhe ſmalleſt diſcrimminacion hints dhe propriety ov choice; and dhe trueſt taſte wil be dhe firſt to' demonſtrate, az wel az to' feel, dhe neceſſity ov prefference. To' dhis wil it be guided, not always inſtantaneouſly, by dhe compas and quallity ov dhe idea, az genneral or particcular, ſo les or more conſined; az ſollemn or familliar, ellegant or vulgar, littoral or figgurative; dhen by dhe foarce and form ov its repprezentacion, dhe precife or indeffinite, dhe luminous or obſcure, dhe expreſſive or inſippid, dhe harmonious or dhe harſh, dhe ezy or dhe affected, dhe native or dhe far-fetched, dhe dellicate or dhe coarſe, dhe pure or dhe barbarous, dhe moddern or dhe obſolete: in anny reſpect, dhe more or les natturally propper, or demonſtrably adapted. For, onely by dhe reſpective precizzion or exact impoart (ov ſenſe, ſound, and picture) can dhe propriety ov choice be aſcertained. Nor wil dhe purity or ſuffiſcience ov evvery part, or ov all dhe parts, avail; widhout dhat union and order, hwich to' render truly happy, ingenuity (or dhe genius ov dhe writer) muſt combine widh dhe genius ov dhe language. Hwile dhus dhe redundant, dhe defiſcient, dhe inaddequate; dhe pompous, dhe quaint; dhe impious, dhe indecent; dhe ſlovvenlv, and dhe ſtrained; dhe forrain, and dhe falſe ov evvery kind; ar, conjunctly or ſevverally, more to' be avoided dhan dhe braudeſt Scotch; hwile Ingland iz more dhan formerly enabled to' annalyze and eſtimate Gawin Douglas and Allan Ramſay widh Chaucer and Spenſer; all dhe aincient Ingliſh, az wel az Scottiſh, ornaments ov mankind: Scotland reannimated to' prezerv her illuſtrious fammilies, at leaſt in dheir names; lerns widh juſtice to' ballance dhe buties and blemmiſhes ov her wonce melodious and expreſſive, dho now paſſing, dialect. Finding it here howevver braught into' a ſyſtem, ſhe now can (hwat ſhe nevver cood before) diſcrimminate her own from dhe Ingliſh diccion; az dhe Poartugueze or Cattalan, from dhe Caſtillian; dhat ſo dhe Scotch may be reggularly and effectually trezzured, not onely widh dhoze three grait dialects ov Spain, but widh dhe Provençal and dhe French; widh dhe Lattin, dhe Greek, and dhe Gaulic: and dhat dhe now anallogized and aſcertained INGLISH LANGUAGE may becom familliar, az it iz indiſpenſabel, to' all hoo converſe widh Ingliſh authors or Ingliſh ſpeakers; much more, to' all hoo pretend to' be edher; and dhat EDDINBURROUGH may gain dhe glory hwich LONDON can at length boaſt, ov ſcientiffically acquiring, purifying, and prezerving, dhat nobel dialect; hwich (parramount, independant, and indiſcerpibel) can alone recovver, reunite, and reexpand dhe members ov dhe Brittiſh dominnion. In dhis VOLLUME, dhe candid Crittic haz probbably red Page Line 44. 1. Iota haz I iniſcial to' Iota (az if I iniſcial) to' 54. 5. interſlice interſtice 64. 13. Lydia, Libya Lydia (Lyddia), Libya (Libbya). 70. 16. marriage marridge 72. 22. clerk clark 120. 20. uze uſe 129. 1. PART IV. SECCION IV. 132. 17. gents. But gents; dho 140. laſt to to' 154. 1. PART V. PART IV. 162. 3. hwile pint hwile pinte 176. 12. iz az 190. 22. contractives contractives; 194. ant. rize riſe 197. 7. ϰαμπτο ϰαμπτω 8. comb ov comb 214. 11. frivolous frivvolous 241. 15. licencioumes licenciouſnes 254. 19. Such omiſſion Such omiſſion or aſſumpcion Hwile dhe conſidderate perhaps raddher wonder, dhat ſo manny Scotticiſms and Ingliſh Vulgariſms cood be, dhan dhat no more ov edher hav been digeſted; dhey muſt perceiv dhis Vollumes graiter object to hav been dhat ov inveſtigating and arrainging, dhan ov filling dhe claſſes: a taſk indeed more dhan Herculean. Yet dhis glory dhe reader may occazzionally partake, by remarking dhe Scottiſh grait ſhears, for dhe littel cizzars? dhe dubbel ov a letter, for dhe duplicate or coppy ov it; dhe drop, for dhe dram-weight; poſſet for caudel, yerning for runnet, linty for linnet; widh dhe verbs open out, ſhear of (liccor), mandate, redargue, inhibbit; for unpic, ſtrain of, con, or commit to' memmory; refute, reſtrain from expending; and dhe numberles reſt. 0